CN112909421A - Method for preventing thermal runaway diffusion of lithium ion battery or battery pack - Google Patents

Method for preventing thermal runaway diffusion of lithium ion battery or battery pack Download PDF

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Publication number
CN112909421A
CN112909421A CN202110123333.3A CN202110123333A CN112909421A CN 112909421 A CN112909421 A CN 112909421A CN 202110123333 A CN202110123333 A CN 202110123333A CN 112909421 A CN112909421 A CN 112909421A
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baking soda
interlayer
lithium ion
ion battery
thermal runaway
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张慧渊
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Beijing Institute of Electronic System Engineering
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Beijing Institute of Electronic System Engineering
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C3/00—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places
    • A62C3/16—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places in electrical installations, e.g. cableways
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/30—Batteries in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for preventing thermal runaway diffusion of a lithium ion battery or a battery pack, wherein the temperature rises after the battery is thermally runaway, baking soda is heated to release carbon dioxide to isolate oxygen of a burning object, and meanwhile, the produced water can play a role in cooling, delaying the temperature rise, stopping and slowing down the thermal runaway diffusion speed, stopping instantaneous explosion and finally playing a role in automatically extinguishing a fire. Meanwhile, time is provided for a battery management system to detect faults and give an alarm or feel a heating principle, and the use safety of the lithium ion battery can be improved. The invention has low cost and obvious effect.

Description

Method for preventing thermal runaway diffusion of lithium ion battery or battery pack
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for preventing thermal runaway diffusion of a battery or a battery pack, in particular to a method for preventing thermal runaway diffusion of a lithium ion battery or a battery pack.
Background
Along with the expansion of the application field of the lithium ion battery, the safety problem of the lithium ion battery is obvious, for example, traffic and transportation tools such as mobile phones, mobile power supplies, small electric tools and electric vehicles are reported to have the problem of safety runaway of the lithium ion battery, and the safety of the lithium ion battery is more and more concerned by people.
The lithium ion battery needs to be used in a proper temperature window to ensure the service life and safety of the battery, and the explosion of the lithium ion battery and the safety accidents such as fire disasters can be caused due to the technical reasons of the battery or the problems of improper use and the like. Lithium ion batteries emit a large amount of chemical energy inside the battery when they are thermally out of control, and in addition, a large amount of heat is also emitted by the combustion of materials. Thermal runaway of 1Ah capacity lithium ion batteries is sufficient to cause injury.
Currently, the thermal runaway and diffusion of lithium ion batteries are mostly focused on the protection of the casing or the interlayer. The shell is mainly used for insulating water and preventing vibration, and the middle interlayer such as foam and an aluminum plate is mainly used for heat preservation and heat dissipation. And a direct method for preventing diffusion and extinguishing fire after the lithium ion battery is out of control is lacked.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for preventing thermal runaway diffusion of a lithium ion battery or a battery pack, and solves the problems that in the prior art, a shell is mainly used for insulating water and resisting shock, an intermediate interlayer is mainly used for heat preservation and heat dissipation, and diffusion prevention and fire extinguishment after the lithium ion battery is out of control are lacked.
A method for preventing thermal runaway diffusion of a lithium ion battery or a battery pack comprises the following specific steps:
the first step is as follows: a baking soda interlayer is added at the location where a fire is expected to occur.
The second step is that: the adsorption mass of baking soda in the interlayer is calculated by the amount of heat or gas volume expected to be used.
The heat calculation formula is as follows:
m＝M*Q/△H (1)
in the formula (1), Q is the designed consumed heat, delta H is the reaction endotherm in the baking soda thermal decomposition reaction equation, and M is the baking soda molar mass.
And m is the mass of the baking soda interlayer.
The gas volume calculation formula is as follows:
m＝n*M (2)
in the formula (2), M is the molar mass of the baking soda, and n is the molar mass of the baking soda.
The calculation formula of the baking soda molar quantity n is as follows:
n＝PV/RT (3)
in the formula (3), V is based on the use of CO2T is the ambient temperature.
P is atmospheric pressure. And R is a thermodynamic gas constant.
The interlayer thickness was estimated by estimating the adsorption capacity of the baking soda when the carrier had an adsorption capacity of X g/cm for the baking soda interlayer3The volume of the baking soda interlayer is V1The thickness h of the baking soda interlayer is obtained according to the volume and area of the baking soda interlayer.
Preferably, the baking soda interlayer is a porous layer, baking soda is adsorbed in the porous layer, and the porous of the porous layer adsorbs solid powder.
Preferably, the solid powder is: porous fiber cloth, sponge, or foam.
Preferably, the baking soda interlayer is a hollow structure surrounded by the flame retardant material, and the baking soda is filled in the flame retardant material.
The invention has low cost and obvious effect. By production of CO2Oxygen is isolated to extinguish the fire while H is simultaneously present2The O can also play a role in cooling, delay the temperature rise and prevent instantaneous explosion, so that the battery management system detects faults and gives an alarm, or the battery management system thinks that the heating principle provides time, and the use safety of the lithium ion battery can be improved. By using the technical scheme of the invention, the temperature rises after the thermal runaway of the battery, and the baking soda is heated to release carbon dioxide CO2Isolating oxygen O from the combustion object2The heat absorption and the water generation can prevent and slow down the speed of thermal runaway diffusion, and the automatic fire extinguishing function is achieved.
Drawings
Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a baking soda interlayer.
Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the embodiment showing the position of the baking soda interlayer.
Figure 3 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a two-baking soda sandwich installation.
Detailed Description
A method for preventing thermal runaway diffusion of a lithium ion battery or a battery pack comprises the following specific implementation modes:
the first step is as follows: a baking soda interlayer is added at the location where a fire is expected to occur.
a) The baking soda interlayer can be a porous layer which has the porous characteristic and can adsorb solid powder. Baking soda is adsorbed in the porous layer.
The solid powder is: porous fiber cloth, sponge, or foam.
b) The baking soda interlayer can also be a hollow structure surrounded by the required flame retardant material, and the flame retardant material is filled with baking soda. The baking soda interlayer may be flame retardant, thermally conductive, as desired for the corresponding function.
The second step is that: the interlayer thickness and the adsorption quality of the baking soda are estimated according to the residual volume of the closed space and a baking soda thermal decomposition formula.
The heat calculation formula is as follows:
m＝M*Q/△H (1)
in the formula (1), Q is the designed consumed heat, delta H is the reaction endotherm in the baking soda thermal decomposition reaction equation, and M is the baking soda molar mass.
And m is the mass of the baking soda interlayer.
The gas volume calculation formula is as follows:
m＝n*M (2)
in the formula (2), M is the molar mass of the baking soda, and n is the molar mass of the baking soda.
The calculation formula of the baking soda molar quantity n is as follows:
n＝PV/RT (3)
in the formula (3), V is based on the use of CO2T is the ambient temperature in K.
P is atmospheric pressure. And R is a thermodynamic gas constant.
P＝101000Pa，R＝8.314。
The thickness of the interlayer can be estimated by estimating the adsorption capacity of the baking soda when the adsorption capacity of the carrier to the baking soda interlayer is X g/cm3The volume of the baking soda interlayer is V1The thickness h of the baking soda interlayer is obtained according to the volume and area of the baking soda interlayer.
Therefore, the lithium ion battery or the battery pack can prevent thermal runaway diffusion.
Figure BDA0002922876870000041
This reaction is endothermic Δ H214.7 KJ/mol.
The first embodiment is as follows: foam is usually added between the single batteries in the lithium ion battery pack and used for buffering volume deformation and insulating heat. The foam is porous, and a proper amount of baking soda can be added into the foam, so that if a monomer is subjected to thermal runaway, the thermal runaway can be prevented from spreading, and a protection effect is achieved. The calculation of the baking soda amount can be calculated by formula (1) or formula (2) or a comprehensive consideration.
The second embodiment: the lithium ion battery pack voltage acquisition lines on the same side of the pole lug are large in number and close in distance, safety problems such as short circuit, subsequent spark and ignition of a circuit board to cause combustion and thermal runaway can be caused in the use process, a porous layer adsorbing sodium bicarbonate can be added on the acquisition line side, and the sodium bicarbonate can decompose to generate CO at the temperature of over 50 DEG C2Local sparks can be extinguished, and subsequent combustion is prevented. On one hand, the battery management system is provided with time for detecting short circuit, and on the other hand, sudden explosion is prevented from happening. The calculation of the baking soda amount can be calculated by formula (1) or formula (2) or a comprehensive consideration.
The third embodiment is as follows: the technical scheme can also be used together with a pressure sensor and a gas detector. Such as gas detector pair CO2The concentration is used as the detection basis, and the residual volume V of the closed spaceRemainder ofIf the local part is out of control, the baking soda is heated and decomposed to generate CO2Increasing CO in the enclosed space2The concentration, as for the pressure sensor, increases in gas content, increases in pressure, to a degree equivalent to amplifying the gas signal, and can improve the detection sensitivity. When the lithium ion battery is out of control due to heat, an alarm signal is sent out as soon as possible. The baking soda amount can be calculated according to the formula (2).
The invention solves the problems that the thermal runaway and diffusion of the lithium ion battery at present are mainly focused on the protection of a shell or an intermediate interlayer, and a direct method for preventing diffusion and extinguishing fire after the lithium ion battery is out of control is lacked. The invention provides a technical scheme for adding an interlayer containing baking soda in a lithium ion battery use scene, wherein the temperature rises after the battery is thermally out of control, and the baking soda is released by heatingCarbon dioxide isolates oxygen of a combustion object, and meanwhile, the produced water can play a role in cooling, delays temperature rise, prevents and slows down the speed of thermal runaway diffusion, prevents instantaneous explosion and finally plays a role in automatic fire extinguishing. Meanwhile, time is provided for a battery management system to detect faults and give an alarm or think that a heating principle is sensed, the use safety of the lithium ion battery can be improved, and the lithium ion battery heating device is low in cost and obvious in effect. Baking soda, academic name sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3The solid begins to gradually decompose at a temperature above 50 ℃ to generate sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water. The application range is as follows: lithium ion battery and lithium ion battery group's small-size airtight space.

Claims (4)

1. A method for preventing thermal runaway diffusion of a lithium ion battery or a battery pack is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
the first step is as follows: adding a baking soda interlayer at the position where fire is expected to occur;
the second step is that: the adsorption mass of baking soda in the interlayer is calculated by the predicted heat or gas volume used;
the heat calculation formula is as follows:
m＝M*Q/△H (1)
in the formula (1), Q is the designed consumed heat, delta H is the reaction endotherm in the baking soda thermal decomposition reaction equation, and M is the molar mass of the baking soda; m is the mass of the baking soda interlayer;
the gas volume calculation formula is as follows:
m＝n*M (2)
in the formula (2), M is the molar mass of the baking soda, and n is the molar mass of the baking soda;
the calculation formula of the baking soda molar quantity n is as follows:
n＝PV/RT (3)
in the formula (3), V is based on the use of CO2T is the ambient temperature; p is atmospheric pressure; r is a thermodynamic gas constant; the interlayer thickness was estimated by estimating the adsorption capacity of the baking soda when the carrier had an adsorption capacity of X g/cm for the baking soda interlayer3Of the baking soda interlayerVolume is V1The thickness h of the baking soda interlayer is obtained according to the volume and area of the baking soda interlayer.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the baking soda interlayer is a porous layer, baking soda is adsorbed in the porous layer, and the porous layer is a porous adsorption solid powder.
3. The method for preventing thermal runaway diffusion in a lithium ion battery or battery pack according to claim 2, wherein the solid powder is: porous fiber cloth, sponge, or foam.
4. The method for preventing thermal runaway diffusion of a lithium ion battery or battery pack as claimed in claim 1, wherein the baking soda interlayer is a hollow structure surrounded by a flame retardant material, and the flame retardant material is filled with baking soda.
CN202110123333.3A 2021-01-29 2021-01-29 Method for preventing thermal runaway diffusion of lithium ion battery or battery pack Pending CN112909421A (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP7531610B2 (en) 2020-10-27 2024-08-09 エルジー エナジー ソリューション リミテッド Battery module and battery pack including same

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CN104953083A (en) * 2015-06-08 2015-09-30 浙江超威创元实业有限公司 Battery cell structure capable of preventing battery fire explosion and lithium ion battery adopting battery cell structure
US20170214018A1 (en) * 2014-07-30 2017-07-27 Zhejiang Chilwee Chuangyuan Industry Company Ltd. Lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle utilizing the same
CN107359297A (en) * 2017-07-25 2017-11-17 吕海党 A kind of explosion-proof lithium battery cabin
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CN108400408A (en) * 2018-04-24 2018-08-14 华南理工大学 It is a kind of that there is fire-retardant Vehicular dynamic battery multichannel liquid cooling apparatus
CN109718490A (en) * 2018-12-19 2019-05-07 中国科学技术大学 A kind of foamite amount screening technique of fighting lithium-ion electric Pool fire
CN110227224A (en) * 2019-06-14 2019-09-13 郑州轻工业学院 A kind of container-type lithium ion battery energy storage system sprays fire extinguisher coupled structure design
CN110828935A (en) * 2019-11-14 2020-02-21 中国科学技术大学 A kind of lithium-ion battery electric vehicle safety protection method
CN210685101U (en) * 2019-09-11 2020-06-05 深圳市宝晟建设集团有限公司 Heat-insulation fireproof curtain wall plate

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN203800094U (en) * 2014-04-14 2014-08-27 浙江君飞科技有限公司 Storage battery with fire prevention function
US20170214018A1 (en) * 2014-07-30 2017-07-27 Zhejiang Chilwee Chuangyuan Industry Company Ltd. Lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle utilizing the same
CN104953083A (en) * 2015-06-08 2015-09-30 浙江超威创元实业有限公司 Battery cell structure capable of preventing battery fire explosion and lithium ion battery adopting battery cell structure
CN108054460A (en) * 2016-11-29 2018-05-18 北京科易动力科技有限公司 The heat absorption heat insulation structural of battery module
CN107359297A (en) * 2017-07-25 2017-11-17 吕海党 A kind of explosion-proof lithium battery cabin
CN108400408A (en) * 2018-04-24 2018-08-14 华南理工大学 It is a kind of that there is fire-retardant Vehicular dynamic battery multichannel liquid cooling apparatus
CN109718490A (en) * 2018-12-19 2019-05-07 中国科学技术大学 A kind of foamite amount screening technique of fighting lithium-ion electric Pool fire
CN110227224A (en) * 2019-06-14 2019-09-13 郑州轻工业学院 A kind of container-type lithium ion battery energy storage system sprays fire extinguisher coupled structure design
CN210685101U (en) * 2019-09-11 2020-06-05 深圳市宝晟建设集团有限公司 Heat-insulation fireproof curtain wall plate
CN110828935A (en) * 2019-11-14 2020-02-21 中国科学技术大学 A kind of lithium-ion battery electric vehicle safety protection method

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP7531610B2 (en) 2020-10-27 2024-08-09 エルジー エナジー ソリューション リミテッド Battery module and battery pack including same

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