CN112514749A - Intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method for corn, green manure and potatoes - Google Patents
Intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method for corn, green manure and potatoes Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C3/00—Fertilisers containing other salts of ammonia or ammonia itself, e.g. gas liquor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C9/00—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
- C05F17/20—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation using specific microorganisms or substances, e.g. enzymes, for activating or stimulating the treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/40—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rate; for affecting solubility
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/90—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting the nitrification of ammonium compounds or urea in the soil
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/10—Solid or semi-solid fertilisers, e.g. powders
- C05G5/12—Granules or flakes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Abstract
The invention provides a intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method for corn, green manure and potatoes, which relates to the technical field of planting and comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of (I) land preparation, (II) corn planting, (III) green manure planting, and (IV) potato planting; according to the invention, the adaptive green manure crop is selected for planting in the open space according to respective climatic characteristics of corn and potato planting systems, photo-thermal resources of main crops in the open space period are fully utilized, meanwhile, the growth of weeds is inhibited, the artificial weeding cost is reduced, and the multiple cropping index and species diversity are improved.
Description
[ technical field ] A method for producing a semiconductor device
The invention relates to the technical field of planting, in particular to a intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method for corn, green manure and potatoes.
[ background of the invention ]
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), solanaceae, Solanum, annual herbaceous plants, which are called as eggs, potatoes and the like, have the advantages of high yield, wide application, stable yield, strong adaptability, wide distribution, rich nutrition and the like. China is the largest potato producing country, the planting area accounts for 29% of the total planting area in the world, the total yield accounts for 25% of the total yield in the world, and China is the fourth major food crop following corn, rice and wheat. The potato planting area in China is wide, and the southwest, northwest, inner Mongolia and northeast regions are main producing areas. In 2015, the nation proposes a potato staple grain development strategy, and potatoes have wide development space in China as an important economic crop and an important crop security guarantee crop. The cultivation method of the potatoes is divided into mulching cultivation, greenhouse cultivation, open field cultivation and the like according to the growth environment of the potatoes, and clear cropping, intercropping and the like according to the configuration of the potatoes in the field. Due to the driving of benefits, the planting area is continuously increased, the suitable land resources are continuously reduced, the continuous cropping of the potatoes is gradually increased, the deterioration of the cultivated land soil structure, the unbalance of nutrients, the reduction of organic matters and the destruction of the microbial balance of root areas are caused, the diseases and insect pests of the potatoes are increased, and the quality and the yield are reduced.
Corn (Zea mays L.) and Zea of the family gramineae belong to the genus Zea, are grain crops with the largest planting area and total yield in China, and are widely distributed in planting areas. Therefore, the crop rotation planting of corn and potato is selected, the photo-thermal resource can meet the phenological characteristics of two crops on a time scale, in addition, the crop rotation of solanaceae and gramineae can easily achieve the purpose of overcoming continuous cropping obstacles, although the potato and corn rotation production mode can meet the requirements of people on corn and potato at the same time and improve the production capacity of a unit area of land, the soil impoverishment can be aggravated by repeated cropping in many years, particularly, the potato production capacity is seriously reduced, and the yield reduction can reach 20-40%. Therefore, a farming mode and a technical measure which can simultaneously guarantee the production and living demands of people on the corns and the potatoes and can overcome the continuous cropping obstacle of the potatoes are found, and the method has important social significance and production practice value for promoting the sustainable development of the potato-corn rotation planting system.
[ summary of the invention ]
In view of the above, the present invention provides a method for planting corn, green manure, potato and inter-crop rotation, which comprises, firstly, selecting corn rotation for potato single continuous cropping, thereby overcoming continuous cropping obstacles, increasing income of main crop in one season, and improving economic benefit of unit land area, secondly, fully excavating phenological characteristics of potato-corn rotation planting system and fertilizing application potential of corn stalk, selecting appropriate green manure crop to insert into empty space for planting, thereby fully utilizing photothermal resources of main crop in idle period, preventing idle soil from easily promoting malignant weeds, and most importantly, utilizing nutrient characteristics of corn stalk and green manure plant body to make nutrition balance, The green and clean organic fertilizer is used for fertilizing soil, realizes the combination of land use and cultivation, and practices the green agricultural development concept of reduced application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method for corn, green manure and potatoes comprises the following steps:
(I) land preparation
Removing the root stubble and weeds on the ground of the planting fieldThe soil conditioner is added after the corn is deeply ploughed 10-15 days before the corn is ploughed, the pH value of the soil of the planting field is adjusted to 6.5-7.5 according to the formula of 1200-1800kg/hm2Spreading base fertilizer and uniformly turning and burying the base fertilizer into soil;
planting of corn
(1) Sowing: in early 3 months to early 5 months, opening corn planting rows according to the row spacing of 60-70cm, the row furrow width of 20-30cm and the depth of 10-15cm, carrying out hole sowing on seeds in the corn planting row furrows according to the specification of the plant spacing of 30-40cm, carrying out hole sowing on 2-3 seeds in each hole, and then covering fine soil with the thickness of 2-3 cm;
(2) field management: after sowing, topdressing corn fertilizer for 3 times respectively from the seedling stage to the jointing stage, from the jointing stage to the booting stage and from the booting stage to the grouting stage;
(III) planting of green manure
a. Sowing: sowing green manure seeds in a corn planting field in a broadcast sowing mode within 15 days before corn harvest, wherein the seed using amount is 3-4 kg/mu;
b. turning and pressing: after the green manure is sown for 60-80 days, the green manure and the corn straws are turned over and returned to the field before the lignification of the green manure plants according to the growth condition, and the specific operation is as follows: cutting off corn straws, mowing the green manure, uniformly spreading the corn straws and the green manure in a planting field, uniformly spreading a decomposition agent on the corn straws and the green manure, turning and pressing decomposed substances into soil, raking and uniformly preparing the soil so as to promote and accelerate straw decomposition; uniformly stirring the straw decomposition agent and fine soil, and then spreading;
(IV) planting of Potato
Ridging and seed placing: in the beginning of 10 months to 11 months, planting ridges with the width of 80cm, the width of 40cm and the height of 20cm in the land blocks processed in the step (III); selecting potatoes without insect pests and with intact epidermis, cutting into 5-6cm sections, adhering plant ash at the cut, making potato planting holes according to the specification of row spacing of 60cm × 25cm, planting 2 rows in each ridge, placing the processed seed potatoes in the holes, and covering with soil of 3-5 cm;
secondly, field management: timely cultivating after watering in a seedling stage to promote rooting and rooting, cultivating and earthing up in a rooting stage, keeping proper soil water content in the late stage of potato bearing, and stopping watering 7-8 days before harvesting; weeds are cleaned in time, and pest control is carried out by using the insecticidal plate and the insecticidal lamp. The suitable soil water content is the water content which is most suitable for the growth of plants.
The potatoes are processed according to the method of the step (I) after being harvested, and can be planted circularly.
In the invention, further, the base fertilizer in the step (one) is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-30 parts of tea seed cakes, 3-8 parts of nitrobacteria, 15-25 parts of rice bran, 10-15 parts of animal urine, 3-8 parts of urea, 2-4 parts of shale powder, 2-3 parts of bentonite, 4-8 parts of low-density polyethylene, 2-4 parts of talcum powder, 5-9 parts of sodium salt aqueous solution and 35-45 parts of turpentine.
In the invention, further, the preparation method of the base fertilizer comprises the following steps:
(1) uniformly mixing the tea seed cake, nitrobacteria, rice bran and animal urine, and fermenting for 15-20 days at the temperature of 30-40 ℃ and the humidity of 55-65% to obtain a mixed fermented fertilizer;
(2) mixing and stirring bentonite and a sodium salt water solution, adding shale powder and urea into the mixture, mixing and roasting to obtain a coating material A;
(3) mixing talcum powder, low-density polyethylene and turpentine, heating the mixture to 115 ℃ and uniformly stirring to obtain a coating material B;
(4) and (2) coating the mixed fermented fertilizer obtained in the step (1) with a coating material A to obtain coated particles, and coating the coated particles with a coating material B to obtain the base fertilizer.
In the invention, further, the corn fertilizer is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 8-16 parts of plant ash, 15-25 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 6-10 parts of compound sodium nitrophenolate and 30-40 parts of sugar alcohol chelated liquid fertilizer.
In the invention, further, the straw decomposition agent is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 2-3 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 5-10 parts of cane sugar, 2-4 parts of aspergillus niger and 3-8 parts of citric acid.
In the invention, further, when the corn is fertilized at 3 stages, the fertilizer is applied to the roots of the corn plants along with irrigation.
The fertilization mode is specifically as follows: dissolving the corn fertilizer in water with the mass 2-3 times of that of the corn fertilizer to obtain a corn liquid fertilizer for later use; when fertilizing at each stage, uniformly mixing the liquid fertilizer and irrigation water, and directly applying the mixture to the root of the corn for 2 times, wherein the interval time between the two times is 2-5 days.
In the invention, further, the green manure is sesbania.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention effectively overcomes the problem that continuous cropping obstacles are easy to generate in potato continuous cropping, and in a corn-potato planting system, proper green manure crops are matched, the potential and the capability of different green manure crops serving different planting systems are fully exerted, and the corn-green manure-potato planting mode is adopted, so that the crop rotation of two crops of corn and green manure is completed before potato planting, the continuous cropping obstacles are reduced, the occurrence probability of soil-borne diseases is reduced, and corn straws and green manure are jointly turned over and pressed and returned to the field, so that the sustainable production capability of a potato field is maintained; in addition, the green manure crops can activate soil nutrients, the nitrogen fixation function of the leguminous green manure can reduce the investment of chemical fertilizers, the fertilizer cost is reduced, and the fertilizer utilization rate is improved. Due to the insertion of the green manure, the production capacity of the land is maintained and improved, the yield and the quality of the potatoes can be stably improved, the income of main crops in one season is increased, and the economic benefit of unit area is improved.
2. According to the invention, according to the phenological characteristics of the potato and corn crop rotation planting system, a proper green manure crop is selected for planting in an inserting manner, photo-thermal resources of the main crop in the neutral stage are fully utilized, meanwhile, the problem of growth of malignant weeds caused by seasonal idling of land is effectively prevented, and the green agricultural development concept that chemical herbicides are used, green manure is turned over and pressed to fertilize the land, and chemical fertilizer and pesticide reduction application is practiced is reduced.
3. The invention also solves the problem that the imbalance of the C/N ratio in the soil affects the growth of crops, the corn straws and the green manure in summer are turned over and returned to the field, the C/N ratio of the substances returned to the field is optimized, the C/N ratio of the corn straws is high, the decomposition of the corn straws in the field alone easily causes the shortage of N source required by the propagation of soil microorganisms, and the N source is absorbed from the fertilizer or the soil to cause the reduction of the effective nitrogen content of the soil in stages and affect the growth of main crops, the corn straws are decomposed and then used as the fertilizer of the next crop in the prior art, and the problem that the C/N ratio is high and affects the growth of the crops exists, the application aims to solve the problems, and researches show that the leguminous green manure crops have low C/N content, the N element is excessive in the decomposition process and easily causes the loss of the N element nutrients, the C/N ratio, controlling the ratio to be in a proper range; the leguminous green manure sesbania has the advantages of strong environment adaptability, early and quick growth and higher biological yield in a short period, the fresh grass yield of 1500-2000 kg can be obtained after sowing for 60-80 days generally, 7.5-9 kg of pure nitrogen can be provided, the nitrogen fixing capacity of the sesbania is 20-30 times of that of soybeans, and the sesbania is the best green manure crop for turning crops in summer and filling a short-period leisure field.
4. In the process of turning over and pressing the green manure and the corn straws, the invention adds the decomposition agent containing trace elements, thereby not only accelerating the decomposition speed, but also providing more scientific and reasonable organic and inorganic fertilizer nutrient collocation for the succeeding crops. The decomposition agent of the invention is not only beneficial to the growth of crops, but also reduces the use amount of the micro-fertilizer.
5. By adopting the planting method of the invention, in the fertilizing process, firstly, the planting field is pretreated before planting corn, and simultaneously, base fertilizer is applied and buried, the base fertilizer has the effect of prolonging the fertilizer effect of soil and can provide nutrients in the whole growth cycle of corn, green manure and potatoes, wherein the base fertilizer is obtained by fermenting the main raw materials and then coating for the second time, the base fertilizer has the effect of long fertilizer effect and slow fertility, the coating material A mixes bentonite and sodium salt aqueous solution to increase the interlayer spacing to form a microporous grid structure and increase the specific surface area, thereby improving the water absorption and plasticity of the base fertilizer, and then the base fertilizer is mixed with shale powder and urea, the shale powder has a large number of hairy-hole-shaped void structures, the specific surface area is large, nitrogen can be effectively fixed, the nitrogen in the urea is effectively adsorbed by mixing with the urea, and the urea is used as a binder, soaking sodium saltThe bentonite and the shale powder can be effectively bonded, and nitrogen is fixed and slowly released according to factors such as the content of nitrogen in the environment and the like; the coating material B ensures that the fertilizer has good controlled release performance, improves the degradation efficiency of a resin coating, and enables the base fertilizer to be slowly decomposed in soil through the combined action of the coating material A and the coating material B so as to slowly release nutrient components; in addition, the corn fertilizer is composed of plant ash, ammonium bicarbonate, polyaspartic acid, compound sodium nitrophenolate and sugar alcohol chelated liquid fertilizer, the bone meal fertilizer is rich in phosphorus elements, the plant ash is rich in potassium elements, the corn fertilizer is a slow-release fertilizer, the growth of corn stalks can be promoted, the grouting and fructification are facilitated, the quality of spike grains is improved, the compound sodium nitrophenolate can quickly permeate into the plant body after contacting with the plant, the cell protoplasm flow is promoted, the cell activity is improved, and nutrient substances in the plant ash can be fully absorbed by the plant after the plant ash is mixed with the compound sodium nitrophenolate; the sugar alcohol chelated liquid fertilizer can improve the stress resistance of plants, the main component of the sugar alcohol chelated liquid fertilizer is a sugar alcohol substance which is a mixture of mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol and glycerol and nutrient elements required by crops according to a specific proportion, the nutrient elements can be easily conveyed to the leaves from rhizomes and absorbed and utilized by the leaves, and after entering the tissues of the leaves, the nutrient elements can carry other mineral nutrients to smoothly enter phloem and can be redistributed according to the requirements of the tissues of all parts; ammonium bicarbonate provides carbon source and nitrogen source, and this application configures maize fertilizer into liquid fertilizer, evenly carries plant root soil through liquid manure integration, in time satisfies maize to the demand of various nutrient element, realizes accurate fertilization, has improved the fertilizer utilization ratio, releases CO after the carbonaceous materials decomposes the conversion when the crop absorbs the nutrient2The gas, because the carbonaceous material is applied with water, the carbonaceous material is more evenly distributed in the field, and the released CO2The gas is more uniform, and the technical problems of uniform distribution and effective release of the fertilizer containing the carbon in field application are solved. In addition, the invention does not apply any fertilizer in the process of planting the potatoes, but the corn straws and the green manure are returned to the field for decompositionThe potato cultivation method has the advantages that the fertilizer source for potatoes can reduce the input of chemical fertilizers and the fertilizer cost, and the fertilizer serving as the potato fertilizer can be decomposed only by returning corn straws and green manure to the field possibly has the risk of insufficient nutrients, so that the coating base fertilizer is adopted in combination, the nutrients can be provided in the whole planting period, the purpose of no need of additional fertilization is achieved by combining the crop rotation mode, the yield and the quality of crops can be ensured, the coating base fertilizer is combined with crop rotation planting, and the economic benefit is greatly improved.
[ detailed description ] embodiments
The following examples may help one skilled in the art to more fully understand the present invention, but are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a corn, green manure and potato intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method, which comprises the following steps:
(I) land preparation
Removing root stubble and weeds on the ground of the planting field, deeply ploughing 10 days before planting corn, adding a soil regulator, regulating the pH value of the soil of the planting field to 6.5, and controlling the pH value to be 1200kg/hm2Spreading base fertilizer in the amount of the fertilizer, and uniformly turning and burying the fertilizer into soil;
the base fertilizer consists of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20 parts of tea seed cakes, 3 parts of nitrobacteria, 15 parts of rice bran, 10 parts of animal urine, 3 parts of urea, 2 parts of shale powder, 2 parts of bentonite, 4 parts of low-density polyethylene, 2 parts of talcum powder, 5 parts of sodium salt water solution and 35 parts of turpentine; the preparation method of the base fertilizer comprises the following steps:
(1) uniformly mixing the tea seed cake, nitrobacteria, rice bran and animal urine, and fermenting for 15 days at the temperature of 30 ℃ and the humidity of 55% to obtain a mixed fermented fertilizer;
(2) mixing and stirring bentonite and a sodium salt water solution, adding shale powder and urea into the mixture, mixing and roasting to obtain a coating material A;
(3) mixing talcum powder, low-density polyethylene and turpentine, heating the mixture to 100 ℃, and uniformly stirring to obtain a coating material B;
(4) coating the mixed fermented fertilizer obtained in the step (1) with a coating material A to obtain coated particles, and coating the coated particles with a coating material B to obtain the base fertilizer;
planting of corn
(1) Sowing: in the beginning of 3 months, opening corn planting rows according to the row spacing of 70cm, wherein the width of a row ditch is 20cm, the depth of the row ditch is 10cm, performing hole sowing on seeds in the corn planting row ditch according to the specification of the plant spacing of 30cm, sowing 2 seeds in each hole, and covering fine soil with the thickness of 2 cm;
(2) field management: after sowing, topdressing corn fertilizer for 3 times respectively from the seedling stage to the jointing stage, from the jointing stage to the booting stage and from the booting stage to the grouting stage; the corn fertilizer is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 8 parts of plant ash, 15 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 6 parts of compound sodium nitrophenolate and 30 parts of sugar alcohol chelated liquid fertilizer;
the fertilization mode of 3 stages of corns is as follows: dissolving the corn fertilizer in water with the mass 2 times of that of the corn fertilizer to obtain a corn liquid fertilizer for later use; fertilizing from the seedling stage to the jointing stage: irrigating for 2 times, each time with 35m3Applying corn liquid fertilizer 5 kg/mu with water each time, and irrigating twice with interval of 2 days; fertilizing from the jointing stage to the booting stage: 2 times of irrigation with water amount of 35m3Applying corn liquid fertilizer 5 kg/mu each time, and irrigating twice with interval of 2 days; fertilizing from booting stage to grouting stage: 2 times of irrigation with water amount of 35m3Applying corn liquid fertilizer 5 kg/mu each time, and irrigating twice with interval of 2 days;
(III) planting of green manure
a. Sowing: sowing green manure seeds 15 days before corn harvest in a broadcast sowing mode in a corn planting field, wherein the seed using amount is 3 kg/mu; watering thoroughly after sowing, and keeping the humidity of the soil at 75%;
b. turning and pressing: after the green manure is sowed for 60 days, the green manure and the corn straws are turned over and returned to the field before the lignification of the green manure plants according to the growth condition, and the specific operation is as follows: cutting off corn straws, mowing the green manure, uniformly spreading the corn straws and the green manure in a planting field, uniformly spreading a decomposition agent on the corn straws and the green manure, turning and pressing decomposed substances into soil, raking and uniformly preparing the soil so as to promote and accelerate straw decomposition; uniformly stirring the straw decomposition agent and fine soil, and then spreading; the straw decomposition agent is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 2 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 5 parts of cane sugar, 2 parts of aspergillus niger and 3 parts of citric acid; the green manure is sesbania;
(IV) planting of Potato
Ridging and seed placing: at the beginning of 10 months, planting ridges with the width of 80cm, the width of the furrow of 40cm and the height of 20cm in the land blocks processed in the step (III); selecting potatoes without insect pests and with intact epidermis, cutting into 5cm sections, adhering plant ash at the cut, making potato planting holes according to the specification of row spacing of 60cm multiplied by 25cm, planting 2 rows in each ridge, putting the processed seed potatoes into the holes, and covering soil for 3 cm;
secondly, field management: timely cultivating after watering in a seedling stage to promote rooting and rooting, cultivating and earthing up in the rooting stage, keeping proper soil water content in the late stage of potato bearing, and stopping watering 7 days before harvesting; weeds are cleaned in time, and pest control is carried out by using the insecticidal plate and the insecticidal lamp.
And (5) processing the potatoes in the mode of the step (I) after harvesting, and performing circulating planting.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a corn, green manure and potato intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method, which comprises the following steps:
(I) land preparation
Removing root stubble and weed on the ground of the planting field, deeply ploughing 12 days before planting corn, adding soil regulator, adjusting pH of the soil of the planting field to 7.0 according to 1500kg/hm2Spreading base fertilizer and uniformly turning and burying the base fertilizer into soil;
the base fertilizer consists of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 25 parts of tea seed cakes, 6 parts of nitrobacteria, 20 parts of rice bran, 12 parts of animal urine, 3 parts of urea, 3 parts of shale powder, 2 parts of bentonite, 6 parts of low-density polyethylene, 3 parts of talcum powder, 7 parts of sodium salt aqueous solution and 40 parts of turpentine; the preparation method of the base fertilizer comprises the following steps: (1) uniformly mixing the tea seed cake, nitrobacteria, rice bran and animal urine, and fermenting for 17 days at the temperature of 35 ℃ and the humidity of 60% to obtain a mixed fermented fertilizer;
(2) mixing and stirring bentonite and a sodium salt water solution, adding shale powder and urea into the mixture, mixing and roasting to obtain a coating material A;
(3) mixing talcum powder, low-density polyethylene and turpentine, heating the mixture to 107 ℃, and uniformly stirring to obtain a coating material B;
(4) coating the mixed fermented fertilizer obtained in the step (1) with a coating material A to obtain coated particles, and coating the coated particles with a coating material B to obtain the base fertilizer;
planting of corn
(1) Sowing: in the beginning of 4 months, opening corn planting rows according to the row spacing of 65cm, the row furrow width of 25cm and the depth of 12cm, carrying out hole sowing on seeds in the corn planting row furrows according to the specification of the plant spacing of 35cm, sowing 3 seeds in each hole, and covering fine soil with the thickness of 2.5 cm;
(2) field management: after sowing, topdressing corn fertilizer for 3 times respectively from the seedling stage to the jointing stage, from the jointing stage to the booting stage and from the booting stage to the grouting stage; the corn fertilizer is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 12 parts of plant ash, 20 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 8 parts of compound sodium nitrophenolate and 35 parts of sugar alcohol chelated liquid fertilizer;
the fertilization mode of 3 stages of corns is as follows: dissolving the corn fertilizer in water with the mass 2.5 times that of the corn fertilizer to obtain a corn liquid fertilizer for later use; fertilizing from the seedling stage to the jointing stage: irrigating for 2 times, each time with irrigation amount of 37m3Applying liquid corn fertilizer 6 kg/mu with water drop each time, and irrigating twice with 3 days; fertilizing from the jointing stage to the booting stage: irrigating for 2 times, each time with irrigation amount of 37m3The liquid fertilizer is applied to the corn in a dripping mode for 6 kg/mu each time, and the time interval between two times of irrigation is 3 days; fertilizing from booting stage to grouting stage: irrigating for 2 times with irrigation amount of 37m3Applying corn liquid fertilizer 6 kg/mu each time; the time interval of the two times of water irrigation is 3 days;
(III) planting of green manure
a. Sowing: sowing green manure seeds in a corn planting field in a broadcast sowing mode 10 days before corn harvesting, wherein the seed using amount is 3.5 kg/mu, watering is conducted thoroughly after sowing, and the humidity of soil is kept at 75%;
b. turning and pressing: 70 days after the green manure is sown, the green manure and the corn straws are turned over and returned to the field before the lignification of the green manure plants according to the growth condition, and the specific operation is as follows: cutting off corn straws, mowing the green manure, uniformly spreading the corn straws and the green manure in a planting field, uniformly spreading a decomposition agent on the corn straws and the green manure, turning and pressing decomposed substances into soil, raking and uniformly preparing the soil so as to promote and accelerate straw decomposition; uniformly stirring the straw decomposition agent and fine soil, and then spreading; the straw decomposition agent is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 2 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 7 parts of cane sugar, 3 parts of aspergillus niger and 6 parts of citric acid; the green manure is sesbania;
(IV) planting of Potato
Ridging and seed placing: in 10-month middle ten days, planting ridges with the width of 80cm, the width of 40cm and the height of 20cm on the potato in the land blocks processed in the step (III); selecting potatoes without insect pests and with intact epidermis, cutting into 5.5cm sections, adhering plant ash at the cut, making potato planting holes according to the specification of row spacing of 60cm × 25cm, planting 2 rows in each ridge, placing the processed seed potatoes into the holes, and covering soil of 4 cm;
secondly, field management: timely cultivating after watering in a seedling stage to promote rooting and rooting, cultivating and earthing up in the rooting stage, keeping proper soil water content in the late stage of potato bearing, and stopping watering 7 days before harvesting; weeds are cleaned in time, and pest control is carried out by using the insecticidal plate and the insecticidal lamp.
And (5) processing the potatoes in the mode of the step (I) after harvesting, and performing circulating planting.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a corn, green manure and potato intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method, which comprises the following steps:
(I) land preparation
Removing root stubble and weed on the ground of the planting field, deeply ploughing 15 days before planting corn, adding soil regulator, adjusting pH of the soil of the planting field to 7.5 according to 1800kg/hm2Spreading base fertilizer and uniformly turning and burying the base fertilizer into soil;
the base fertilizer consists of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 30 parts of tea seed cakes, 8 parts of nitrobacteria, 25 parts of rice bran, 15 parts of animal urine, 8 parts of urea, 4 parts of shale powder, 3 parts of bentonite, 8 parts of low-density polyethylene, 4 parts of talcum powder, 9 parts of sodium salt aqueous solution and 45 parts of turpentine; the preparation method of the base fertilizer comprises the following steps:
(1) uniformly mixing the tea seed cake, nitrobacteria, rice bran and animal urine, and fermenting for 20 days at the temperature of 40 ℃ and the humidity of 65% to obtain a mixed fermented fertilizer;
(2) mixing and stirring bentonite and a sodium salt water solution, adding shale powder and urea into the mixture, mixing and roasting to obtain a coating material A;
(3) mixing talcum powder, low-density polyethylene and turpentine, heating the mixture to 115 ℃ and uniformly stirring to obtain a coating material B;
(4) coating the mixed fermented fertilizer obtained in the step (1) with a coating material A to obtain coated particles, and coating the coated particles with a coating material B to obtain the base fertilizer;
planting of corn
(1) Sowing: in the beginning of 5 months, opening corn planting rows according to the row spacing of 60cm, wherein the width of a row ditch is 30cm, the depth of the row ditch is 15cm, performing hole sowing on seeds in the corn planting row ditch according to the specification of the plant spacing of 40cm, sowing 3 seeds in each hole, and covering fine soil with the thickness of 3 cm;
(2) field management: after sowing, topdressing corn fertilizer for 3 times respectively from the seedling stage to the jointing stage, from the jointing stage to the booting stage and from the booting stage to the grouting stage; the corn fertilizer is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 16 parts of plant ash, 25 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 10 parts of compound sodium nitrophenolate and 40 parts of sugar alcohol chelated liquid fertilizer;
the fertilization mode of 3 stages of corns is as follows: dissolving the corn fertilizer in water with the mass of 3 times that of the corn fertilizer to obtain a corn liquid fertilizer for later use; seedling stage to jointing stage: irrigating for 2 times, each time with irrigation amount of 40m3Applying 7kg of corn liquid fertilizer per mu with water drop each time, wherein the time interval of twice irrigation is 5 days; the jointing stage to the booting stage: irrigating for 2 times, each time with irrigation amount of 40m3Applying 7kg of corn liquid fertilizer per mu in a dripping mode, wherein the time interval of twice watering is 5 days; fertilizing from booting stage to grouting stage: irrigating for 2 times with irrigation amount of 40m3Applying corn liquid fertilizer 7 kg/mu each time; the time interval of the two times of water irrigation is 5 days;
(III) planting of green manure
a. Sowing: sowing green manure seeds 5 days before corn harvest in a broadcast sowing mode, wherein the seed using amount is 4 kg/mu; watering thoroughly after sowing, and keeping the humidity of the soil at 80%;
b. turning and pressing: 80 days after the green manure is sown, the green manure and the corn straws are turned over and returned to the field before the lignification of the green manure plants according to the growth condition, and the specific operation is as follows: cutting off corn straws, mowing the green manure, uniformly spreading the corn straws and the green manure in a planting field, uniformly spreading a decomposition agent on the corn straws and the green manure, turning and pressing decomposed substances into soil, raking and uniformly preparing the soil so as to promote and accelerate straw decomposition; uniformly stirring the straw decomposition agent and fine soil, and then spreading; the straw decomposition agent is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 3 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 10 parts of cane sugar, 4 parts of aspergillus niger and 8 parts of citric acid; the green manure is sesbania;
(IV) planting of Potato
Ridging and seed placing: at the beginning of 11 months, planting ridges with the width of 80cm, the width of 40cm and the height of 20cm in the land blocks processed in the step (III); selecting potatoes without insect pests and with intact epidermis, cutting into 6cm sections, adhering plant ash at the cut, opening potato planting holes according to the specification of row spacing of 60cm multiplied by 25cm, planting 2 rows in each ridge, putting the processed seed potatoes into the holes, and covering soil for 5 cm;
secondly, field management: timely cultivating after watering in a seedling stage to promote rooting and rooting, cultivating and earthing up in the rooting stage, keeping proper soil water content in the late stage of potato bearing, and stopping watering 8 days before harvesting; weeds are cleaned in time, and pest control is carried out by using the insecticidal plate and the insecticidal lamp.
And (5) processing the potatoes in the mode of the step (I) after harvesting, and performing circulating planting.
Test examples
To further illustrate the utility value of the planting method of the present invention, applicants conducted the following comparative tests:
test one: comparing the economic benefits of different planting modes
According to different planting modes, the method is divided into the following groups:
a first group: planting corn separately;
second group: planting potatoes separately;
third group: corn and potato crop rotation planting;
and a fourth group: the invention relates to a planting mode.
Table 1: comparative analysis of benefit of various planting modes
The results in table 1 show that by adopting the planting mode of the application, the adaptive green manure crop is selected to be planted in the air according to the phenological characteristics of the crop rotation planting system of corn and potato, the photo-thermal resource of the main crop in the idle period is fully utilized, the economic benefit per unit area is improved, the continuous cropping obstacle of potato is avoided, the combination of land use and soil culture is realized, the sustainable development of corn and potato is coordinated, and the dual effects of improving the land fertility and the economic benefit are finally achieved.
And (2) test II: comparing the nutrient contents of the soil in different planting modes
And a fifth group: replacing the base fertilizer with: uniformly mixing 25 parts by weight of tea seed cakes, 6 parts by weight of nitrobacteria, 20 parts by weight of rice bran and 12 parts by weight of animal urine, and fermenting for 17 days under the conditions that the temperature is 35 ℃ and the humidity is 60% to obtain a mixed fertilizer, wherein the other modes are strictly carried out according to the embodiment 2;
a sixth group: planting without green manure, and carrying out other modes strictly according to the embodiment 2;
a seventh group: the operation of corn fertilization is removed, and the other modes are strictly carried out according to the example 2;
and an eighth group: the planting method in embodiment 2 of the application.
Detecting the variation trend of soil nutrients of different planting methods of the group, and recording the data in a table 2;
TABLE 2 trend of variation of soil nutrient content for different planting patterns
From the results in table 2, it can be seen that in the fifth group, the base fertilizer is treated by the coating material to achieve a slow release effect, the amount of fertilizer required for the early growth of corn is small, and the quick-acting fertilizer is applied in the nutrient sensitive period to provide the corn growth requirement in time, so that the release rate of the base fertilizer can be properly reduced, the fertilizer efficiency can be prolonged, and the base fertilizer can continuously provide nutrients in the whole planting period (corn-green manure-potato); after green manure is removed from the sixth group, the C/N is high, so that the growth of the potatoes is influenced; the seventh group removes the operation of corn fertilization, which causes insufficient fertilizer efficiency in soil, and the application does not perform additional fertilization in the potato planting process, so that the corn straws and the green manure are decomposed and returned to the field to be matched with the slow-release base fertilizer, and the nutrients required by the later-stage potato growth can be provided; by adopting the planting mode of the application to planting, the soil fertility is improved, the soil has no harmful ingredient residue, meanwhile, the investment of fertilizer can be reduced, the material cost is reduced, the economic benefit is improved, the yield and the quality of corn and potato are improved, the continuous cropping obstacle is improved, and the sustainable development of the potato industry is promoted; the invention intercrops the corns in the early stage of potato planting, and inserts the green manure crops in one season after the corns are harvested, thereby improving the economic benefit of unit area, avoiding continuous cropping obstacles of the potatoes and realizing the combination of land use and soil cultivation.
Although the invention has been described in detail hereinabove with respect to a general description and specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications or improvements may be made thereto based on the invention. Accordingly, such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (7)
1. A corn, green manure and potato intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(I) land preparation
Removing root stubbles and weeds on the ground of the planting field, adding a soil regulator after deep ploughing 10-15 days before planting the corn, regulating the pH value of the soil of the planting field to 6.5-7.5 according to the formula of 1200 plus 1800kg/hm2Spreading base fertilizer and uniformly turning and burying the base fertilizer into soil;
planting of corn
(1) Sowing: in early 3 months to early 5 months, opening corn planting rows according to the row spacing of 60-70cm, the row furrow width of 20-30cm and the depth of 10-15cm, carrying out hole sowing on seeds in the corn planting row furrows according to the specification of the plant spacing of 30-40cm, carrying out hole sowing on 2-3 seeds in each hole, and then covering fine soil with the thickness of 2-3 cm;
(2) field management: after sowing, topdressing corn fertilizer for 3 times respectively from the seedling stage to the jointing stage, from the jointing stage to the booting stage and from the booting stage to the grouting stage;
(III) planting of green manure
a. Sowing: sowing green manure seeds in a corn planting field in a broadcast sowing mode within 15 days before corn harvest, wherein the seed using amount is 3-4 kg/mu;
b. turning and pressing: after the green manure is sown for 60-80 days, the green manure and the corn straws are turned over and returned to the field before the lignification of the green manure plants according to the growth condition, and the specific operation is as follows: cutting off corn straws, mowing the green manure, uniformly spreading the corn straws and the green manure in a planting field, uniformly spreading a decomposition agent on the corn straws and the green manure, turning and pressing decomposed substances into soil, raking and uniformly preparing the soil so as to promote and accelerate straw decomposition; uniformly stirring the straw decomposition agent and fine soil, and then spreading;
(IV) planting of Potato
Ridging and seed placing: in the beginning of 10 months to 11 months, planting ridges with the width of 80cm, the width of 40cm and the height of 20cm in the land blocks processed in the step (III); selecting potatoes without insect pests and with intact epidermis, cutting into 5-6cm sections, adhering plant ash at the cut, making potato planting holes according to the specification of row spacing of 60cm × 25cm, planting 2 rows in each ridge, placing the processed seed potatoes into the holes, and covering with 3-5cm soil;
secondly, field management: timely cultivating after watering in a seedling stage to promote rooting and rooting, cultivating and earthing up in the rooting stage, keeping proper soil water content in the late stage of potato bearing, and stopping watering 7-8 days before harvesting; weeds are cleaned in time, and pest control is carried out by using the insecticidal plate and the insecticidal lamp.
2. The corn, green manure, potato intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method of claim 1, wherein the base fertilizer in the step (one) is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-30 parts of tea seed cakes, 3-8 parts of nitrobacteria, 15-25 parts of rice bran, 10-15 parts of animal urine, 3-8 parts of urea, 2-4 parts of shale powder, 2-3 parts of bentonite, 4-8 parts of low-density polyethylene, 2-4 parts of talcum powder, 5-9 parts of sodium salt aqueous solution and 35-45 parts of turpentine.
3. The corn, green manure, potato intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method of claim 2, wherein the base fertilizer is prepared by the following method:
(1) uniformly mixing the tea seed cake, nitrobacteria, rice bran and animal urine, and fermenting for 15-20 days at the temperature of 30-40 ℃ and the humidity of 55-65% to obtain a mixed fermented fertilizer;
(2) mixing and stirring bentonite and a sodium salt water solution, adding shale powder and urea into the mixture, mixing and roasting to obtain a coating material A;
(3) mixing talcum powder, low-density polyethylene and turpentine, heating the mixture to 115 ℃ and uniformly stirring to obtain a coating material B;
(4) and (2) coating the mixed fermented fertilizer obtained in the step (1) with a coating material A to obtain coated particles, and coating the coated particles with a coating material B to obtain the base fertilizer.
4. The corn, green manure and potato intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method of claim 1 is characterized in that the corn fertilizer is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 8-16 parts of plant ash, 15-25 parts of ammonium bicarbonate, 6-10 parts of compound sodium nitrophenolate and 30-40 parts of sugar alcohol chelated liquid fertilizer.
5. The corn, green manure and potato intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method of claim 1, wherein the straw decomposition agent is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 2-3 parts of monopotassium phosphate, 5-10 parts of cane sugar, 2-4 parts of aspergillus niger and 3-8 parts of citric acid.
6. The corn, green manure, potato intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation planting method of claim 1, wherein the fertilizer is applied to the roots of the corn plants with irrigation in the 3-stage topdressing of the corn.
7. The corn, green manure, potato intercropping, interplanting and crop rotation method of claim 1, wherein the green manure is sesbania.
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