CN111965327A - Plane model test device and method for stratum subsidence rule of thick surface soil and thin bedrock mining - Google Patents
Plane model test device and method for stratum subsidence rule of thick surface soil and thin bedrock mining Download PDFInfo
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- CN111965327A CN111965327A CN202010739153.3A CN202010739153A CN111965327A CN 111965327 A CN111965327 A CN 111965327A CN 202010739153 A CN202010739153 A CN 202010739153A CN 111965327 A CN111965327 A CN 111965327A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/24—Earth materials
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
Abstract
The invention provides a test device and a method for a plane model of a stratum subsidence rule of thick surface soil and thin bedrock exploitation, wherein the test device comprises a model frame, a simulated stratum, a pressure-bearing water bag, a hydraulic loading system and a data monitoring system, wherein the simulated stratum sequentially comprises an upper aquifer, a middle aquifer and a bottom aquifer from top to bottom; the pressure-bearing water bag comprises a bottom pressure-bearing water bag and a top pressure-bearing water bag, the hydraulic loading system comprises an oil cylinder, the oil cylinder is located above the simulated formation, the data monitoring system comprises a first optical fiber, a second optical fiber and a data collector, and the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber are in communication connection with the data collector. The testing device and the method fill the blank of the stratum subsidence rule model testing device and method under the combined action of thick-surface soil thin bedrock coal seam mining and bottom hydrophobic sedimentation, and have important significance for revealing the stratum subsidence rule under the geological condition and mining condition.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of mine construction, in particular to a device and a method for testing a plane model of a stratum subsidence rule of mining of thick surface soil and thin bedrock.
Background
Since the 80 s in the 20 th century, the mining intensity of coal resources in China is continuously increased, shallow resources are gradually reduced, and partial mines in China successively enter a deep coal mining state. Along with the large and medium-sized mines exploit underground coal resources in large quantities, a goaf is formed, and the structure and the stress state of an underground rock mass are greatly changed. When the water-conducting fracture zone of the overlying rock layer of the goaf is communicated with the loose aquifer, a large amount of water resources of the loose stratum of the new boundary are easily lost, the migration of underground water is formed, and the stratum is sunk. At the later 80 s, scholars at home and abroad have researched the influence of coal mining on the underground water seepage field of the overlying bedrock to obtain certain results, but the research on the hydraulic connection between the underground water seepage field of the thick surface soil and the thin bedrock is less in the aspect of mining drainage of the relevant working face. The research on the mining ground surface subsidence movement law of the coal bed with thick surface soil and thin bedrock starts late, is still in the stage of establishing a mining ground surface subsidence model and inverting the expected parameters of subsidence based on measured data, and rarely develops the research on the aspect of the subsidence movement deformation law of overlying strata under the coupling action of seepage flow of the mining working face and a force field aiming at hydrographic and engineering geology of the thin bedrock with thick surface soil (more than 400 m).
At present, research aiming at the movement deformation rule of an overburden stratum under the coupling action of seepage flow of a thick surface soil and a thin bedrock working surface and a force field mainly focuses on theoretical research and field monitoring data analysis. The theoretical research result is often greatly different from the actual stratum deformation condition due to complex hydrogeological conditions of the mining working face, difficult determination of theoretical parameters and excessive artificial assumptions; the field monitoring disturbance is large, the technical difficulty is large, the cost is high, and the time consumption is long, so that the relatively accurate stratum movement parameters and the movement rule thereof are difficult to obtain.
In view of the fact that at present, no systematic model test device and method exist in the aspect of research on the stratum subsidence rule under the combined action of coal mining of thick-surface soil thin bedrock and bottom-containing hydrophobic water, in order to reveal the stratum subsidence rule under the combined action of coal mining and bottom-containing hydrophobic water, a plane model test device for the stratum subsidence rule of thick-surface soil thin bedrock mining is built, and a test method is determined to be urgent.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a device and a method for testing a plane model of a stratum subsidence rule in thick-surface soil and thin bedrock mining, which are used for researching the stratum subsidence rule under the combined action of thick-surface soil and thin bedrock coal seam mining and bottom water drainage and disclosing the stratum subsidence rule under the combined action of coal mining and bottom water drainage.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a test device for a plane model of a stratum subsidence rule of mining of thick surface soil and thin bedrock comprises a model frame, a simulated stratum, a pressure-bearing water bag, a hydraulic loading system and a data monitoring system, wherein the model frame is used for accommodating the simulated stratum; the simulated stratum sequentially comprises an upper aquifer, a middle aquifer and a bottom aquifer from top to bottom; the pressure-bearing water bag comprises a bottom pressure-bearing water bag and a top pressure-bearing water bag, the bottom pressure-bearing water bag is positioned at the bottom of the bottom aquifer, and the top pressure-bearing water bag is positioned at the top of the bottom aquifer; the hydraulic loading system comprises an oil cylinder, the oil cylinder is positioned above the simulated formation, and the oil cylinder can provide overlying equivalent pressure for the simulated formation; the data monitoring system comprises a first optical fiber, a second optical fiber and a data collector, wherein the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber are arranged in the simulated formation, and the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber are in communication connection with the data collector.
Further, in the above test apparatus, the soil in the simulated formation is all similar materials of the actual formation, and the similar materials in the upper aquifer, the middle water-resisting layer and the bottom aquifer are made of sand, lime, gypsum and water according to different configuration ratios; preferably, the similar materials of the middle water-resisting layer are prepared according to the mass ratio: the mass ratio of the sand to the lime to the gypsum is 6: 9: 1, and the mass of the water is 10 percent of the sum of the mass of the sand, the mass of the lime and the mass of the gypsum; preferably, the similar materials of the upper aquifer and the bottom aquifer are as follows according to mass ratio: the mass ratio of the sand to the lime to the gypsum is 5: 7: 3, and the mass of the water is 10 percent of the sum of the mass of the sand, the mass of the lime and the mass of the gypsum; preferably, the similar materials in the simulated formation are layered from bottom to top in the model frame, the thickness of each layer of the similar materials is 2 cm-3 cm, and mica powder is laid between two adjacent layers of the similar materials.
Further, in the test device, the geometric similarity ratio between the length of the simulated formation and the actual formation is 1/(100-200), the density similarity ratio is 1.67 according to the density of the actual formation and the density ratio of the similar material, the time similarity ratio is 10-14.14, and the stress similarity ratio is 167-334; preferably, the thickness of the bottom pressure-bearing water bag is 3 cm-5 cm, and the length of the bottom pressure-bearing water bag is the actual working face advancing distance multiplied by the geometric similarity ratio multiplied by (1-1.5).
Further, in the test device, the top pressure-bearing water bag is provided with a plurality of water filling cavities, the plurality of water filling cavities can independently discharge water and release pressure to simulate the drainage process of a bottom aquifer, the plurality of water filling cavities are connected with a pressurizing device through a conduit to simulate pressure-bearing water pressure, and the pressure value applied by the pressurizing device to the water in the water filling cavities is determined according to the stress similarity ratio of an actual stratum; preferably, the thickness of the top pressure-bearing water bag is 10 cm-15 cm.
Further, in the above test apparatus, the data monitoring system further includes a resistance strain gauge, and the resistance strain gauge is connected to the data acquisition unit.
Further, in the above test apparatus, the hydraulic loading system further includes a hydraulic controller, a reaction frame, a first steel plate, a plurality of second steel plates, and a plurality of restraint screws; the plurality of restraining screws are arranged around the model frame and fixed on the ground, a nut is arranged at the top end of each restraining screw, the reaction frame is arranged above the simulated stratum, and the top ends of the plurality of restraining screws penetrate through the reaction frame and are fixed through the nuts; the first steel plate is fixedly connected with the lower surface of the reaction frame, the second steel plates are sequentially arranged and cover the upper surface of the simulated stratum, and the oil cylinders are positioned between the first steel plate and the second steel plates; the oil cylinder is connected with the hydraulic controller through a data line; the pressure value of the oil cylinder is 5 t-8 t; preferably, the length of the second steel plate is 20 cm-30 cm, the width of the second steel plate is 20 cm-30 cm, the thickness of the second steel plate is 5 cm-10 mm, and each second steel plate is provided with one oil cylinder.
Further, in the above test apparatus, in the simulated formation, 3 to 7 first optical fibers are arranged from top to bottom, each first optical fiber is arranged horizontally, 6 to 10 second optical fibers are arranged from left to right, and each second optical fiber is arranged vertically; the vertical distance between two adjacent first optical fibers is 200-500 mm; the vertical distance between two adjacent second optical fibers is 200-500 mm; preferably, the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber are both distributed optical fibers; the axes of all the first optical fibers and the second optical fibers are located in a vertical plane.
Further, in the test device, in the simulated formation, 3 to 5 rows of the resistance strain gauges are arranged from top to bottom, each row is arranged transversely, the vertical distance between two adjacent rows of the resistance strain gauges is 300mm to 600mm, and the distance between two adjacent resistance strain gauges in each row is 200mm to 400 mm; preferably, the resistance strain gauge is a constantan wire strain gauge; the centers of all the resistance strain gauges are located in a vertical plane.
Further, in the test device, a plurality of monitoring points are arranged on one side surface of the simulated formation, a measuring mark is placed in each monitoring point, the monitoring points are arranged in a matrix manner, the vertical distance between two adjacent rows of monitoring points in height is 80-120 mm, and the distance between two adjacent monitoring points in each row is 80-120 mm; the data monitoring system further comprises a digital camera; the digital camera can shoot the side surface of the simulated stratum, which is provided with the monitoring points, and the movement deformation of the simulated stratum in the test process is monitored through the movement of the plurality of measuring targets.
On the other hand, the method for testing by using the plane model test device for the stratum subsidence rule of the thick surface soil and the thin bedrock mining comprises the following steps:
1) preparing materials: configuring similar materials according to the calculated parameters of the upper aquifer, the middle aquifer and the bottom aquifer;
2) die filling: firstly, installing a model frame, determining the specification of the model frame according to the geometric similarity ratio of the model frame and an actual stratum, cleaning the model frame and a protective plate, coating lubricating oil on the inner side of the protective plate to prevent the protective plate from being bonded with a simulated stratum, vertically arranging a second optical fiber in the model frame by virtue of a horizontal rope or a steel wire, laying a bottom pressure-bearing water bag at the bottom of the model frame, filling similar materials of a bottom water-bearing layer and covering the bottom pressure-bearing water bag, then filling the similar materials in the model frame to the designed height of the model, compacting and flattening,
the protection plate is provided with a plurality of sections, one section of protection plate is arranged at the corresponding position around the model frame before similar materials are filled, the first optical fiber and the resistance strain gauge are transversely paved while the similar materials are paved, and when the similar materials are close to the upper interface of the aquifer at the bottom, the top pressure-bearing water bag is buried;
3) weighting: after the similar materials are laid to the set height of the model, covering rubber on the similar materials; then, a reaction frame and a jack on the upper part of the model frame are adopted to apply the simulated formation dead weight stress;
4) and (5) maintenance: recording the temperature and humidity of each day during the maintenance period after the step 3);
5) removing the mold: removing the guard plate 1-2 days after the mold is made;
6) air drying: starting air drying 1-2 days after the mold making in the step 5) is finished, and enabling similar materials of the model to reach the design strength after the air drying for 4-5 days;
7) and (3) arrangement of monitoring points: in order to facilitate the arrangement of monitoring points on the surface of the model and facilitate the visualization of the subsequent subsidence rule, brushing a layer of white calcium carbonate on the surface of one side of the model, then arranging the monitoring points according to the research purpose, determining the displacement reference of the similar material model, shooting all measuring marks by using a digital camera before the test, and collecting the position data of each monitoring point twice;
8) the test was started: firstly, opening a valve of a bottom pressure-bearing water bag, simulating formation deformation caused by actual coal seam mining through drainage, opening the valves of a top pressure-bearing water bag from the middle to two sides in sequence when the deformation reaches the top pressure-bearing water bag, and simulating a pressure-bearing water drainage process through non-uniform drainage of the top pressure-bearing water bag until the formation moves completely;
the second optical fiber, the first optical fiber and the resistance strain gauge are all monitoring elements, and each monitoring element acquires corresponding monitoring data in real time in the test process;
preferably, in the step 2), similar materials are sequentially filled in a layered manner from bottom to top when being filled into the model frame, each layer is filled with 2-3 cm when being filled, mica powder is added between two adjacent layers of similar materials, and the manufacturing work of each layer of similar materials is completed within 20-30 min until the model frame is completely filled with the similar materials;
preferably, in the step 7), the distance between two adjacent monitoring points is 80mm to 120 mm.
The analysis shows that the plane model test device and the method for the subsidence rule of the stratum mined by the thick surface soil and the thin bedrock are characterized in that a simulated stratum is arranged in the test device, the simulated stratum sequentially comprises an upper aquifer, a middle water-resisting layer and a bottom aquifer from top to bottom, a bottom confined water bag is arranged at the bottom of the bottom aquifer, a top confined water bag is arranged at the top of the bottom aquifer, the bottom confined water bag is used for draining water to simulate coal seam mining, the top confined water bag is used for draining water unevenly to simulate drainage of the bottom aquifer, the interior of the simulated stratum can move and deform in the process of draining the bottom confined water bag and draining water unevenly to the top confined water bag, the movement change rule, the stress and the strain in the simulated stratum are monitored through a first optical fiber, a second optical fiber and a resistance strain gauge, and a side surface of the simulated stratum, which, the movement deformation of the simulated stratum is monitored, and the purpose of testing the movement change rule in the simulated stratum is achieved.
At present, a model test device and a method for stratum subsidence rules under the combined action of thick-surface soil thin bedrock coal seam mining and bottom water-containing hydrophobic sedimentation are not considered, the application fills the gap, the influence of the combined action of the coal seam mining effect and the bottom water-containing hydrophobic effect on the stratum subsidence in the actual coal mine production can be considered at the same time through the drainage of the bottom pressure-containing water bag and the top pressure-containing water bag, and the model test device and the method have important significance for disclosing the stratum subsidence rules under the geological conditions and the mining conditions.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention. Wherein:
fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the arrangement of monitoring points on one side surface of a simulated formation according to an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic layout diagram of the first optical fiber, the second optical fiber and the resistance strain gauge inside the simulated formation according to an embodiment of the invention.
Description of reference numerals: 1, a ground surface; 2, a model frame; 3 an upper aqueous layer; 4 middle water-resisting layer; 5 bottom aquifer; 6, a pressure-bearing water bag at the bottom; 7, a top pressure-bearing water bag; 8, an oil cylinder; 9 a hydraulic controller; 10 a reaction frame; 11 a nut; 12 a first steel plate; 13 a second steel plate; 14 a captive screw; 15 a first optical fiber; 16 a second optical fiber; 17 resistance strain gauges; and 18 monitoring points.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings. The various examples are provided by way of explanation of the invention, and not limitation of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit thereof. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment, can be used with another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. It is therefore intended that the present invention encompass such modifications and variations as fall within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
In the description of the present invention, the terms "longitudinal", "lateral", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the drawings, which are for convenience of description of the present invention only and do not require that the present invention must be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus, should not be construed as limiting the present invention. The terms "connected," "connected," and "disposed" as used herein are intended to be broadly construed, and may include, for example, fixed and removable connections; can be directly connected or indirectly connected through intermediate components; the connection may be a wired electrical connection, a wireless electrical connection, or a wireless communication signal connection, and a person skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms according to specific situations.
As shown in fig. 1 to 3, according to an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a planar model test apparatus for a subsidence rule of a mining stratum with thick surface soil and thin bedrock, the test apparatus includes a model frame 2, a simulated stratum, a pressure-bearing water bag, a hydraulic loading system and a data monitoring system, the model frame 2 is used for accommodating the simulated stratum; the simulated stratum sequentially comprises an upper aquifer 3, a middle aquifer 4 and a bottom aquifer 5 from top to bottom; the soil in the upper aquifer 3, the middle aquifer 4 and the bottom aquifer 5 is similar material of the actual stratum.
The pressure-bearing water bag comprises a bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6 and a top pressure-bearing water bag 7, water is filled in the bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6 and the top pressure-bearing water bag 7, the bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6 is positioned at the bottom of the bottom aquifer 5, and the top pressure-bearing water bag 7 is positioned at the top of the bottom aquifer 5, namely, similar materials of the bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6, the bottom aquifer 5, the top pressure-bearing water bag 7, the middle water barrier 4 and the upper aquifer 3 are sequentially filled into the model frame 2 from bottom to top and are compacted; the hydraulic loading system comprises an oil cylinder 8, the oil cylinder 8 is positioned above the simulated stratum, and the oil cylinder 8 can provide overlying equivalent pressure for the simulated stratum, namely the pressure of the oil cylinder 8 is adopted to be equivalent to the dead weight load of the stratum above the upper aquifer 3; the data monitoring system comprises a first optical fiber 15, a second optical fiber 16 and a data collector, wherein the first optical fiber 15 and the second optical fiber 16 are vertically arranged in the simulation stratum, and the first optical fiber 15 and the second optical fiber 16 are in communication connection with the data collector.
In actual production, due to the combined action of drainage of a bottom water-bearing layer caused by coal seam mining and seepage formed on a working surface and force field coupling formed by the self-weight stress of a surface soil layer, an overlying stratum is caused to sink, move and deform, the overlying stratum refers to a thick unconsolidated layer (an impulsive layer and a surface soil layer), and mainly comprises an upper stratum of the actual stratum, a water-resisting layer of the actual stratum and a bottom water-bearing layer of the actual stratum. This test device can test overburden stratum subsides removal deformation law, and upper portion aquifer 3 is used for simulating the upper portion stratum of actual stratum, and middle part aquifer 4 is used for simulating the aquifer of actual stratum, and bottom aquifer 5 is used for simulating the bottom aquifer of actual stratum, and the bottom aquifer of actual stratum often directly covers on thin bedrock. The coal mining and the mining deformation of the thin bedrock are equivalently simulated by the bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6, namely the coal mining is simulated by draining water from the bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6, and the drainage of the bottom aquifer 5 is simulated by non-uniformly draining water from the top pressure-bearing water bag 7. The oil cylinder 8 is used for simulating the dead weight stress from the ground layer to the surface soil layer in the test by using the overburden equivalent pressure provided by the simulated ground layer, the inside of the simulated ground layer can move and deform in the process of draining water from the bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6 and non-uniformly draining water from the top pressure-bearing water bag 7, and the movement change rule inside the simulated ground layer can be monitored by the first optical fiber 15 and the second optical fiber 16.
Furthermore, the simulated stratum is converted through geometric and physical mechanical parameters according to an actual mining working face, and the geometric similarity ratio between the size of the simulated stratum (mainly along the coal seam trend or inclined length) and the size of the actual stratum is 1/(100-200), namely the size of the simulated stratum (mainly along the coal seam trend or inclined length) and the size of the actual stratum (mainly along the length) is 1/(100-200); because the present application is directed to a planar model, the width need not be considered; the height direction also has part of the stratum to be replaced by the load, so the geometric similarity ratio only can consider the length. The density similarity ratio is 1.67 according to the density ratio of the actual stratum to the model test material (similar material), namely the density of the actual stratum to the density of the model test material (similar material) is 1.67; the time similarity ratio is 10-14.14, namely the actual mining speed of the coal seam is 10-14.14 to the equivalent hydrophobic speed of model mining, and the stress similarity ratio is 167-334, namely the stress of the actual stratum is 167-334 to the stress of the model test material. Preferably, the thickness of the bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6 is 3 cm-5 cm, and the length is the actual working face advancing distance multiplied by the geometric similarity ratio multiplied by (1-1.5).
Further, the model frame 2 is a cubic frame structure. When the test device is used for testing, firstly, guard plates are required to be respectively installed on the periphery of the model frame 2, namely the front side, the rear side, the left side and the right side, then similar materials for simulating the stratum, a bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6 and a top pressure-bearing water bag 7 are filled into the model frame 2, and the guard plates are removed and the test is carried out after the simulated stratum reaches the designed strength.
Furthermore, the soil bodies in the simulated formation are similar materials of the actual formation, the similar materials in the upper aquifer 3, the middle aquifer 4 and the bottom aquifer 5 are made of sand, lime, gypsum and water according to different configuration ratios, and the specific configuration ratio is determined according to the actual formation strength and the similar ratio.
Preferably, the similar materials of the middle water-resisting layer 4 are as follows according to the mass ratio: the mass ratio of the sand to the lime to the gypsum is 6: 9: 1, and the mass of the water is 10 percent of the sum of the mass of the sand, the mass of the lime and the mass of the gypsum;
preferably, the similar materials of the upper aquifer 3 and the bottom aquifer 5 are, in mass proportions: the mass ratio of sand to lime to gypsum is 5: 7: 3, and the mass of water is 10% of the sum of the mass of sand, lime and gypsum.
The mass configuration ratio of the similar materials is a value in the model test, and the aim is to ensure that the model test and the prototype meet the similar criterion as much as possible so that the deformation result of the model test can reflect the deformation rule of the prototype.
Preferably, the similar materials of the simulated formation are layered from bottom to top in the model frame 2, the thickness of each layer of similar materials in the simulated formation is 2 cm-3 cm, and mica powder is laid between two adjacent layers of similar materials. The mica powder plays a role in dividing between two adjacent layers of similar materials, so that the deformation of the simulated stratum is more obvious.
Further, the top pressure-bearing water bag 7 is provided with a plurality of water filling cavities, the plurality of water filling cavities can independently discharge water and release pressure to simulate the drainage process of the bottom aquifer 5, and the plurality of water filling cavities can discharge water in a non-uniform manner. The multiple water filling cavities are connected with a pressurizing device through a guide pipe so as to simulate the pressure-bearing water pressure of an actual stratum, and the pressure value applied by the pressurizing device to the water in the water filling cavities is determined according to the stress similarity ratio of the actual stratum; if the stress similarity ratio is k, the pressure applied by the pressurizing device to the water in the water filling cavity is as follows: the pressure-bearing water pressure/k of the actual stratum is preferably 167-334 in stress similarity ratio k in the application. Preferably, the thickness of the top pressurized water bag 7 is 10cm to 15 cm.
The purpose of the numerical value selection is to ensure that the model test and the prototype meet the similar criterion as much as possible so that the deformation result of the model test can reflect the deformation rule of the prototype.
Further, the data monitoring system further comprises a resistance strain gauge 17, and the resistance strain gauge 17 is connected with the data acquisition unit. The resistive strain gage 17 is used to monitor the stress and strain within the simulated formation.
In the simulated formation, a plurality of resistance strain gauges 17 are arranged in a matrix form, 3-5 rows of the resistance strain gauges 17 are arranged from top to bottom, each row of the resistance strain gauges 17 are transversely arranged, the vertical distance between two adjacent rows of the resistance strain gauges 17 is 300-600 mm, and the distance between two adjacent resistance strain gauges 17 in each row is 200-400 mm; preferably, the resistance strain gauge 17 is a constantan wire strain gauge, and the constantan wire strain gauge has the advantages of small temperature coefficient, stability, suitability for long-term observation under static load and the like. The centers of all the resistance strain gauges 17 are located in a vertical plane. The resistance strain gauge 17 can measure the internal stress change and the strain change of the simulated formation caused by the drainage of the bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6 and the non-uniform drainage of the top pressure-bearing water bag 7.
Further, the hydraulic loading system also comprises a hydraulic controller 9, a reaction frame 10, a first steel plate 12, a plurality of second steel plates 13 and a plurality of constraint screws 14;
a plurality of restraint screws 14 are arranged around the model frame 2 and fixed on the ground 1, the top end of each restraint screw 14 is provided with a nut 11, the reaction frame 10 is arranged above the simulated stratum, and the top ends of the plurality of restraint screws 14 penetrate through the reaction frame 10 and are fixed through the nuts 11;
the first steel plate 12 is fixedly connected with the lower surface of the reaction frame 10, and the plurality of second steel plates 13 are sequentially arranged and cover the upper surface of the simulated ground layer. The plurality of oil cylinders 8 are positioned between the first steel plate 12 and the second steel plate 13; the dead weight stress simulated by the hydraulic loading system applies a vertical load on the simulated stratum through the second steel plate 13; the oil cylinder 8 is connected with a hydraulic controller 9 through a data line; the pressure value of the oil cylinder 8 is 5 t-8 t. Preferably, the length of the second steel plate is 20 cm-30 cm, the width is 20 cm-30 cm, the thickness is 5 cm-10 mm, each second steel plate is provided with an oil cylinder 8, and the oil cylinders 8 can be replaced by jacks.
The hydraulic loading system simulates the dead weight stress from the test stratum to the surface soil layer through the cooperation of the oil cylinder 8 and the reaction frame 10, and the dead weight stress simulated by the hydraulic loading system is applied to the simulated stratum through the second steel plate 13.
Further, 3-7 first optical fibers 15 are arranged from top to bottom in the simulated formation, and each first optical fiber 15 is arranged transversely. The second optical fibers 16 are arranged from left to right in 6-10 pieces, and each second optical fiber 16 is vertically arranged. Within the simulated formation, the first optical fiber 15 and the second optical fiber 16 are a single optical fiber, arranged in a zigzag pattern as shown in fig. 3. The vertical distance between two adjacent first optical fibers 15 is 200 mm-500 mm, and the vertical distance between two adjacent second optical fibers 16 is 200 mm-500 mm; the axes of all the first optical fibers 15 and the second optical fibers 16 are located in one vertical plane. Preferably, the first optical fiber 15 and the second optical fiber 16 are both distributed optical fibers. The distributed optical fiber has the advantages of high measurement precision, small diameter, soft quality, easiness in using a universal instrument and a signal processing equipment interface and the like, and the first optical fiber 15 and the second optical fiber 16 are used for monitoring the seepage and force field coupling effect of a mining working surface simulated by the drainage of the bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6 and the non-uniform drainage of the top pressure-bearing water bag 7 and simulating the movement change rule inside the stratum.
Furthermore, a plurality of monitoring points 18 are arranged on one side surface of the simulated stratum, a measuring mark is placed in each monitoring point 18, the monitoring points 18 are arranged in a matrix mode, the vertical distance between two rows of adjacent monitoring points 18 in the height is 80-120 mm, and the distance between two adjacent monitoring points 18 in each row is 80-120 mm;
the data monitoring system further comprises a digital camera; the digital camera can shoot the side surface of the simulated stratum provided with the monitoring points 18, and the moving deformation of the simulated stratum in the test process is monitored through the moving of a plurality of measuring targets.
The invention also discloses a method for testing by using the test device for the plane model of the stratum subsidence rule of the thick surface soil and the thin bedrock mining, which comprises the following steps:
1) preparing materials: similar materials are configured according to the calculated parameters of the upper aquifer 3, the middle aquifer 4 and the bottom aquifer 5.
2) Die filling: firstly, a model frame 2 is installed, the specification of the model frame 2 is determined according to the geometric similarity ratio of the model frame 2 and an actual stratum, the model frame 2 and a protective plate are cleaned, lubricating oil is coated on the inner side of the protective plate to prevent the protective plate from being bonded with a simulated stratum, a second optical fiber 16 is vertically arranged in the model frame 2 by virtue of a horizontal rope or a steel wire, a bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6 is paved at the bottom of the model frame 2, similar materials of a bottom water-bearing layer 5 are filled in the bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6 and cover the bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6, and then the similar materials are filled in the model frame 2 to the designed height of the model.
The guard plate has the multistage, and similar material installs one section guard plate in model frame 2 relevant position all around before filling, and the multistage guard plate is installed from bottom to top along with the going on of die filling step in proper order. The method comprises the steps of laying similar materials, transversely laying a first optical fiber 15 and a resistance strain gauge 17 at an inner design position, burying a top pressure-bearing water bag 7 when the similar materials are close to an upper interface of a bottom aquifer 5, ensuring that each interface is watertight when laying the bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6 and the top pressure-bearing water bag 7, ensuring that the bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6 and the top pressure-bearing water bag 7 are filled as full as possible, ensuring that the bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6 and the top pressure-bearing water bag 7 have certain expansibility, better transmitting the pressure of the overlying stratum, avoiding model instability caused by insufficient filling of the bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6 and the top pressure-bearing water bag 7, and simultaneously avoiding that the model at the lower part of the top pressure-bearing water bag 7 is buffered and further causing the weakening of.
3) Weighting: after the similar material is laid to the set height of the model, covering a rubber sheet on the similar material to avoid the inconsistency of the condensation and air drying of the interior and the surface of the model; then, a plurality of second steel plates are sequentially arranged and covered on the upper surface of the rubber sheet, and the reaction frame 10 and a jack on the upper part of the model frame 2 are adopted to apply the simulated formation dead weight stress.
4) And (5) maintenance: and 3) recording the temperature and the humidity of each day during the curing period after the step 3) is finished.
5) Removing the mold: and (4) removing the guard plate 1-2 days after the mold is molded, and not damaging the model during removal.
6) Air drying: and (5) starting air drying 1-2 days after the mold is molded in the step 5), and enabling the similar material of the model to reach the design strength after air drying for 4-5 days.
7) Layout of monitoring points 18: in order to facilitate the arrangement of the monitoring points 18 on the surface of the model and facilitate the visualization of the subsequent subsidence rule, a layer of white calcium carbonate is brushed on the surface of one side of the model, then the monitoring points 18 are arranged according to the research purpose, the displacement reference of the similar material model is determined, all measuring marks are shot by a digital camera before the test, and the position data of each monitoring point 18 is collected twice. The position data of the monitoring points 18 acquired here are only subsequently acquired data as reference points.
8) The test was started: firstly, a valve of a bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6 is opened, stratum deformation caused by actual coal seam mining is simulated through drainage, when the deformation reaches a top pressure-bearing water bag 7, the valves of the top pressure-bearing water bag 7 are opened from the middle to two sides in sequence, and a pressure-bearing water drainage process is simulated through non-uniform drainage of the top pressure-bearing water bag 7 until the stratum moves completely. The second optical fiber 15, the first optical fiber 16 and the resistance strain gauge 17 are all monitoring elements, and in the test process, each monitoring element is utilized to measure simulated formation internal stress, strain change and displacement at different positions above the simulated formation internal stress and strain change caused by drainage of the bottom pressure-bearing water bag 6 and non-uniform drainage of the top pressure-bearing water bag 7 in real time, and corresponding monitoring data are obtained through a data acquisition unit.
Preferably, in the step 2), the simulated formation is composed of similar materials of a bottom water-bearing layer 5, a middle water-bearing layer 4 and an upper water-bearing layer 3, the similar materials are sequentially filled from bottom to top in a layered manner when being filled into the model frame 2, each layer is filled with 2 cm-3 cm when being filled, mica powder is laid between two adjacent layers of the similar materials to make the model layer clear, the manufacturing work of each layer of the similar materials is completed within 20 min-30 min until the model frame 2 is completely filled with the similar materials, for example, the actual formation thickness is 400m, if the geometric similarity ratio is 200, the model height is 2m, and if each layer is filled according to 2cm, 100 layers are required to be filled. The thicknesses of the bottom 5, middle 4 and upper 3 aquifers are determined by the geometric similarity ratio.
Preferably, the distance between two adjacent monitoring points 18 is 80mm to 120mm (the centers of two adjacent monitoring points are located on the same vertical line or the same horizontal line).
From the above description, it can be seen that the above-described embodiments of the present invention achieve the following technical effects:
the invention provides a plane model test device and a method for the subsidence rule of a thick surface soil thin bedrock mined stratum, wherein a simulated stratum is arranged in the test device, the simulated stratum sequentially comprises an upper aquifer 3, a middle water-resisting layer 4 and a bottom aquifer 5 from top to bottom, a bottom confined water bag 6 is arranged at the bottom of the bottom aquifer 5, a top confined water bag 7 is arranged at the top of the bottom aquifer 5, the bottom confined water bag 6 is used for draining water to simulate coal seam mining, the top confined water bag 7 is used for draining water to simulate the drainage of the bottom aquifer 5 in a non-uniform manner, the interior of the simulated stratum can generate movement deformation in the process of draining the bottom confined water bag 6 and draining water from the top confined water bag 7 in a non-uniform manner, the movement change rule, stress and strain in the simulated stratum are monitored through a first optical fiber 15, a second optical fiber 16 and a resistance strain gauge 17, the side surface of, the movement deformation of the simulated stratum is monitored, and the purpose of testing the movement change rule in the simulated stratum is achieved.
The invention provides a device and a method for testing a stratum subsidence rule planar model in thick-surface soil and thin bedrock mining, which fill the blank that no device and method for testing the stratum subsidence rule model under the combined action of thick-surface soil and thin bedrock coal seam mining and bottom hydrophobic sedimentation are considered at present.
The test device solves the problems of long time, huge production cost and large technical difficulty in the process of monitoring the formation stress and deformation in the prior art, greatly shortens the monitoring time of the formation stress strain and the ground surface subsidence data, improves the accuracy of analysis of the movement law of the formation subsidence, greatly reduces the monitoring technical requirements, and has remarkable social and economic benefits.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A test device for a plane model of stratum subsidence rule of mining of thick surface soil and thin bedrock is characterized in that,
the test device comprises a model frame, a simulated stratum, a pressure-bearing water bag, a hydraulic loading system and a data monitoring system, wherein the model frame is used for accommodating the simulated stratum;
the simulated stratum sequentially comprises an upper aquifer, a middle aquifer and a bottom aquifer from top to bottom;
the pressure-bearing water bag comprises a bottom pressure-bearing water bag and a top pressure-bearing water bag, the bottom pressure-bearing water bag is positioned at the bottom of the bottom aquifer, and the top pressure-bearing water bag is positioned at the top of the bottom aquifer;
the hydraulic loading system comprises an oil cylinder, the oil cylinder is positioned above the simulated formation, and the oil cylinder can provide overlying equivalent pressure for the simulated formation;
the data monitoring system comprises a first optical fiber, a second optical fiber and a data collector, wherein the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber are arranged in the simulated formation, and the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber are in communication connection with the data collector.
2. Testing device according to claim 1,
the soil bodies in the simulated formation are similar materials of the actual formation, and the similar materials in the upper aquifer, the middle aquifer and the bottom aquifer are made of sand, lime, gypsum and water according to different configuration ratios;
preferably, the similar materials of the middle water-resisting layer are prepared according to the mass ratio: the mass ratio of the sand to the lime to the gypsum is 6: 9: 1, and the mass of the water is 10 percent of the sum of the mass of the sand, the mass of the lime and the mass of the gypsum;
preferably, the similar materials of the upper aquifer and the bottom aquifer are as follows according to mass ratio: the mass ratio of the sand to the lime to the gypsum is 5: 7: 3, and the mass of the water is 10 percent of the sum of the mass of the sand, the mass of the lime and the mass of the gypsum;
preferably, the similar materials in the simulated formation are layered from bottom to top in the model frame, the thickness of each layer of the similar materials is 2 cm-3 cm, and mica powder is laid between two adjacent layers of the similar materials.
3. Testing device according to claim 2,
the geometric similarity ratio between the length of the simulated stratum and the actual stratum is 1/(100-200), the density similarity ratio is 1.67 according to the density ratio between the density of the actual stratum and the density of the similar material, the time similarity ratio is 10-14.14, and the stress similarity ratio is 167-334;
preferably, the thickness of the bottom pressure-bearing water bag is 3 cm-5 cm, and the length of the bottom pressure-bearing water bag is the actual working face advancing distance multiplied by the geometric similarity ratio multiplied by (1-1.5).
4. Testing device according to claim 1,
the top pressure-bearing water bag is provided with a plurality of water filling cavities, the plurality of water filling cavities can independently discharge water and release pressure to simulate the drainage process of a bottom aquifer, the plurality of water filling cavities are connected with a pressurizing device through a conduit to simulate pressure of pressure-bearing water, and the pressure value applied by the pressurizing device to the water in the water filling cavities is determined according to the stress similarity ratio of an actual stratum;
preferably, the thickness of the top pressure-bearing water bag is 10 cm-15 cm.
5. Testing device according to claim 1,
the data monitoring system further comprises a resistance strain gauge, and the resistance strain gauge is connected with the data acquisition unit.
6. Testing device according to claim 1,
the hydraulic loading system also comprises a hydraulic controller, a reaction frame, a first steel plate, a plurality of second steel plates and a plurality of constraint screws;
the plurality of restraining screws are arranged around the model frame and fixed on the ground, a nut is arranged at the top end of each restraining screw, the reaction frame is arranged above the simulated stratum, and the top ends of the plurality of restraining screws penetrate through the reaction frame and are fixed through the nuts;
the first steel plate is fixedly connected with the lower surface of the reaction frame, the second steel plates are sequentially arranged and cover the upper surface of the simulated stratum, and the oil cylinders are positioned between the first steel plate and the second steel plates;
the oil cylinder is connected with the hydraulic controller through a data line;
the pressure value of the oil cylinder is 5 t-8 t;
preferably, the length of the second steel plate is 20 cm-30 cm, the width of the second steel plate is 20 cm-30 cm, the thickness of the second steel plate is 5 cm-10 mm, and each second steel plate is provided with one oil cylinder.
7. Testing device according to claim 1,
in the simulated formation, 3-7 first optical fibers are arranged from top to bottom, each first optical fiber is transversely arranged, 6-10 second optical fibers are arranged from left to right, and each second optical fiber is vertically arranged;
the vertical distance between two adjacent first optical fibers is 200-500 mm;
the vertical distance between two adjacent second optical fibers is 200-500 mm;
preferably, the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber are both distributed optical fibers;
the axes of all the first optical fibers and the second optical fibers are located in a vertical plane.
8. Testing device according to claim 5,
in the simulated formation, 3-5 rows of resistance strain gauges are arranged from top to bottom, each row is transversely arranged, the vertical distance between two adjacent rows of resistance strain gauges is 300-600 mm, and the distance between two adjacent resistance strain gauges in each row is 200-400 mm;
preferably, the resistance strain gauge is a constantan wire strain gauge;
the centers of all the resistance strain gauges are located in a vertical plane.
9. Testing device according to claim 1,
a plurality of monitoring points are arranged on one side surface of the simulated stratum, a measuring mark is placed in each monitoring point,
the monitoring points are arranged in a matrix mode, the vertical distance between two rows of the monitoring points which are adjacent in height is 80-120 mm, and the distance between two adjacent monitoring points in each row is 80-120 mm;
the data monitoring system further comprises a digital camera; the digital camera can shoot the side surface of the simulated stratum, which is provided with the monitoring points, and the movement deformation of the simulated stratum in the test process is monitored through the movement of the plurality of measuring targets.
10. The method for testing by using the plane model test device for the subsidence rule of the mining stratum of the thick overburden thin bedrock as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9, is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) preparing materials: configuring similar materials according to the calculated parameters of the upper aquifer, the middle aquifer and the bottom aquifer;
2) die filling: firstly, installing a model frame, determining the specification of the model frame according to the geometric similarity ratio of the model frame and an actual stratum, cleaning the model frame and a protective plate, coating lubricating oil on the inner side of the protective plate to prevent the protective plate from being bonded with a simulated stratum, vertically arranging a second optical fiber in the model frame by virtue of a horizontal rope or a steel wire, laying a bottom pressure-bearing water bag at the bottom of the model frame, filling similar materials of a bottom water-bearing layer and covering the bottom pressure-bearing water bag, then filling the similar materials in the model frame to the designed height of the model, compacting and flattening,
the protection plate is provided with a plurality of sections, one section of protection plate is arranged at the corresponding position around the model frame before similar materials are filled, the first optical fiber and the resistance strain gauge are transversely paved while the similar materials are paved, and when the similar materials are close to the upper interface of the aquifer at the bottom, the top pressure-bearing water bag is buried;
3) weighting: after the similar materials are laid to the set height of the model, covering rubber on the similar materials; then, a reaction frame and a jack on the upper part of the model frame are adopted to apply the simulated formation dead weight stress;
4) and (5) maintenance: recording the temperature and humidity of each day during the maintenance period after the step 3);
5) removing the mold: removing the guard plate 1-2 days after the mold is made;
6) air drying: starting air drying 1-2 days after the mold making in the step 5) is finished, and enabling similar materials of the model to reach the design strength after the air drying for 4-5 days;
7) and (3) arrangement of monitoring points: in order to facilitate the arrangement of monitoring points on the surface of the model and facilitate the visualization of the subsequent subsidence rule, brushing a layer of white calcium carbonate on the surface of one side of the model, then arranging the monitoring points according to the research purpose, determining the displacement reference of the similar material model, shooting all measuring marks by using a digital camera before the test, and collecting the position data of each monitoring point twice;
8) the test was started: firstly, opening a valve of a bottom pressure-bearing water bag, simulating formation deformation caused by actual coal seam mining through drainage, opening the valves of a top pressure-bearing water bag from the middle to two sides in sequence when the deformation reaches the top pressure-bearing water bag, and simulating a pressure-bearing water drainage process through non-uniform drainage of the top pressure-bearing water bag until the formation moves completely;
the second optical fiber, the first optical fiber and the resistance strain gauge are all monitoring elements, and each monitoring element acquires corresponding monitoring data in real time in the test process;
preferably, in the step 2), similar materials are sequentially filled in a layered manner from bottom to top when being filled into the model frame, each layer is filled with 2-3 cm when being filled, mica powder is added between two adjacent layers of similar materials, and the manufacturing work of each layer of similar materials is completed within 20-30 min until the model frame is completely filled with the similar materials;
preferably, in the step 7), the distance between two adjacent monitoring points is 80mm to 120 mm.
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