CN111877173A - Long-distance rapid transition method for bridge girder erection machine - Google Patents
Long-distance rapid transition method for bridge girder erection machine Download PDFInfo
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- CN111877173A CN111877173A CN202010746794.1A CN202010746794A CN111877173A CN 111877173 A CN111877173 A CN 111877173A CN 202010746794 A CN202010746794 A CN 202010746794A CN 111877173 A CN111877173 A CN 111877173A
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- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 210000001364 upper extremity Anatomy 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002146 bilateral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D21/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for erecting or assembling bridges
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Abstract
The invention provides a long-distance rapid transition method of a bridge girder erection machine, which is characterized in that 2 sets of girder main gun trucks with the same type and 2 sets of girder auxiliary gun trucks with the same type are arranged at the bottom of the bridge girder erection machine, the transported bridge girder erection machine is firmly connected with the girder main gun trucks and the girder auxiliary gun trucks respectively by utilizing a bridge girder erection machine crown block, a front support leg transverse moving track and a middle support leg transverse moving track, and the bridge girder erection machine is rapidly transported by the transportation gun trucks running at the same speed and the same frequency at low speed. The invention solves the problems of high hoisting safety risk, high requirements on transition transportation equipment, long transition transportation period, large manual operation amount and large cost investment in the disassembly and assembly process during the transition transportation of the existing bridge girder erection machine.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of bridge engineering construction, and particularly relates to a long-distance rapid transition method of a bridge girder erection machine.
Background
The expressway develops rapidly, and at present, expressway structures mainly comprise a roadbed and a bridge, and a long roadbed section is usually arranged between two bridges. After the bridge girder erection is completed, the bridge girder erection machine needs to be transported, if the conventional scheme that the bridge girder erection machine is automatically disassembled in sections to transport is adopted, the transportation is time-consuming and long, the T girder erection process is interrupted for a long time, certain influence on the prefabrication progress of a girder yard is caused, and meanwhile, during a strong wind season in winter, the bridge girder erection machine is large in dismounting, transferring and safe risk. To address this dilemma, improvements in the prior art are needed.
Chinese patent CN103590337B discloses a bridge girder erection machine system and a transfer method thereof, which comprises a bridge girder erection machine and a tire type girder transportation vehicle; wherein, the bridging machine includes: the device comprises double main beams, a fixed front support leg, a middle movable support leg, a fixed rear support leg, a tail end walking support leg, a concave type rear hanging beam crown block and a concave type front hanging beam crown block, wherein the fixed front support leg, the middle movable support leg, the fixed rear support leg, the tail end walking support leg, the concave type rear hanging beam crown block and the concave type front hanging beam; the tail end walking supporting leg is provided with a walking trolley; the top of the middle movable supporting leg is provided with a driving carrier roller mechanism for driving the double main beams to move longitudinally; the tire type beam transporting vehicle is provided with: a rear transverse bolster beam, a tail transverse bolster beam and a front pedal beam; the tail end transverse cushion beam and the rear transverse cushion beam are provided with interfaces connected with the fixed rear supporting legs; the rear transverse bolster and the tail transverse bolster are at a set distance. This scheme mainly hangs short formula power flatbed through the rectangular shape multiaxis hydraulic pressure of tire formula and transports, and the in-process transportation flexibility ratio of using at long distance transition is not enough, needs carry out the dismouting at many positions to the bridge girder erection machine, and to transporting the girder truck that the girder of transporting different structure sizes needs the difference and to the transportation equipment requirement height, use limited.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a long-distance rapid transfer method of a bridge girder erection machine, which aims to solve the problems of high hoisting safety risk, high requirements on transfer transportation equipment, long transfer transportation period, large manual operation amount and large cost investment in the existing dismounting and assembling processes during the transfer of the bridge girder erection machine.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a bridge girder erection machine long-distance rapid transition method comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing a site, and ensuring that the roadbed is compacted and leveled;
s2, jacking a hydraulic system of the bridge girder erection machine, lifting the main girder and ensuring that the main girder is in a horizontal state;
s3, driving the transportation device to a beam below the main beam of the bridge girder erection machine to be in place;
s4, adjusting the positions of a front leg transverse moving track of the front leg and a middle leg transverse moving track of the middle leg, and respectively hoisting the front leg transverse moving track and the middle leg transverse moving track to a working platform of the transportation device by using a bridge girder erection machine crown block;
s5, fixing the front leg transverse moving rail and the middle leg transverse moving rail on the working platform through a fixing device, withdrawing the front leg and the rear leg of the bridge girder erection machine, and enabling the bridge girder erection machine hydraulic system to work to enable the main girder of the bridge girder erection machine to descend to the transverse moving rail of the front leg and the transverse moving rail of the middle leg;
s6, fixing a crane hook of the bridge girder erection machine with a front support leg transverse moving track and a middle support leg transverse moving track through a hoisting cable respectively until a steel rope of the hook is tightened, and then installing safety limiting devices at two ends of a crane pulley of the bridge girder erection machine;
s7, connecting and fixing the main beam of the bridge girder erection machine and the fixing device through the anchoring device, firstly, removing the top seat and the lower part of the front support leg of the bridge girder erection machine, then removing the cross beam and the lower part of the middle support leg, and finally removing the rear support leg and the rear support;
s8, the transportation bridge girder erection machine reaches the position of the abutment roadbed, and the dismantled components S7 are sequentially installed;
and S9, removing the anchoring device, the safety limiting device and the fixing device, jacking the main beam of the bridge girder erection machine by the bridge girder erection machine hydraulic system, and driving the transportation device out of the site and withdrawing the transportation device from the site.
In the preferred scheme, the conveyer includes 2 sets of fortune roof beam main cannon cars and 2 sets of fortune roof beam vice big gun cars, and 2 sets of fortune roof beam main cannon cars set up in the one side that is nearer apart from the back landing leg, and 2 sets of fortune roof beam vice big gun cars set up in the one side that is nearer apart from the preceding landing leg.
In the preferred scheme, fixing device includes fixed plate, joint board and limiting plate, and the fixed plate is located the joint board below, and the fixed plate passes through the connecting plate and the joint board is connected, and the limiting plate symmetry sets up in the joint board top, and limiting plate and joint board are connected, and the limiting plate is equipped with the screw hole, and the fixed plate passes through the bolt and connects with work platform.
In the preferred scheme, safety stop device includes steel wedge and mount, and the steel wedge passes through the connecting rod and the mount is connected, steel wedge one side appearance and overhead traveling crane pulley appearance phase-match, and the steel wedge is equipped with a plurality of antiskid teeth, and the mount is equipped with the draw-in groove that is used for being connected with the girder including two baffles that the symmetry set up, baffle lower part, and the draw-in groove is equipped with 2 at least screw holes, and two baffles pass through screw rod fixed connection.
In the preferred scheme, anchor includes the roof, and roof bilateral symmetry has set firmly the riser, and the riser is equipped with waist circular slot, and the riser passes through the bolt and is connected with the limiting plate.
Preferably, the axis of the S3 transportation device is coincident with the axis of the piggyback girder.
In a preferable scheme, the step S5 is that before the main girder descends, square timber and steel plates are placed on the transverse moving rails of the front support legs and the transverse moving rails of the middle support legs, and the positions of the square timber and the steel plates are adjusted to ensure stability and firmness.
In the preferred scheme, the 2 sets of the transporting beam main gun trucks and the 2 sets of the transporting beam auxiliary gun trucks run synchronously, the wheel axes of the 2 sets of the transporting beam main gun trucks are overlapped, the wheel axes of the 2 sets of the transporting beam auxiliary gun trucks are overlapped, and the wheel axes of the 2 sets of the transporting beam main gun trucks are parallel to the wheel axes of the 2 sets of the transporting beam auxiliary gun trucks.
The invention provides a bridge girder erection machine long-distance rapid transition method, which has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides a long-distance rapid transition method of a bridge girder erection machine, which can rapidly transport the bridge girder erection machine to a target position for bridge girder erection and installation through a transportation device, a transportation working platform, a safety limiting device and an anchoring connection system.
1. The integrated transportation degree is high, only few parts of the bridge girder erection machine need to be dismantled, and the time consumption for dismantling, transferring and assembling is short;
2. the material utilization rate is high, the cross beam rail of the bridge girder erection machine is ingeniously utilized as the cross beam bracket of the beam transporting gun carriage, and the purchase of material materials is reduced;
3. the adaptability is strong, and the bridge girder transporting gun carriage has the characteristic of adjustable transverse and longitudinal intervals and can be suitable for most bridge girder erection machines with different structural sizes to transport;
4. the method is flexible, convenient and strong in operability, simple in process principle, simple and convenient to operate, easy to master by constructors, and low in demand on equipment and personnel;
5. the transfer efficiency is high, and the security is good, has greatly reduced demolising and the equipment of bridging machine part, practices thrift a large amount of time, has improved the transport efficiency, and can effectively avoid conventional bridging machine to demolish the potential safety hazard of equipment.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples in conjunction with the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic front elevation view of a main beam of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a ready view of the transport apparatus of the present invention in place;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a support leg transverse moving track and a middle support leg transverse moving track before hoisting of the overhead travelling crane;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the main beam attachment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the present invention with the attachment removed;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the attachment installation of the present invention after transportation to a destination;
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of the jacking of a main beam of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the bridge girder erection machine of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic right side view of the bridge girder erection machine transportation of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a front schematic view of a longeron main gun of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a schematic view of the safety stop of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a schematic view of the attachment of the anchoring device and anchoring device of the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a schematic view of a connecting rod of the present invention;
in the figure: a roadbed 1; a main beam 2; a transport device 3; a girder transporting main gun carriage 31; a girder transporting auxiliary gun carriage 32; a front leg 4; the front leg traverses the rail 41; a middle leg 5; the middle leg traversing rail 51; a crown block 6; a working platform 7; a fixing device 8; a fixed plate 81; a chucking plate 82; a stopper plate 83; a connecting plate 84; a rear leg 9; a safety stop device 10; a steel wedge 1001; a fixed mount 1002; a connecting rod 1003; a baffle 1004; a card slot 1005; a threaded hole 1006; an anchoring device 11; a top plate 1101; a riser 1102; a waisted groove 1103.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1 to 6, a method for quickly transferring a bridge girder erection machine in a long distance includes the following steps:
s1, preparing a site, and ensuring that the roadbed 1 is compacted and leveled;
s2, jacking a hydraulic system of the bridge girder erection machine, lifting the main girder 2 and ensuring that the main girder 2 is in a horizontal state;
s3, driving the transportation device 3 to a beam below the main beam 2 of the bridge girder erection machine to be in place;
s4, adjusting the positions of the front leg transverse moving rail 41 of the front leg 4 and the middle leg transverse moving rail 51 of the middle leg 5, and hoisting the front leg transverse moving rail 41 and the middle leg transverse moving rail 51 to the working platform 7 of the transportation device 3 by using the bridge girder erection machine crown block 6;
s5, fixing the front leg transverse moving rail 41 and the middle leg transverse moving rail 51 on the working platform 7 through the fixing device 8, retracting the front leg 4 and the rear leg 9 of the bridge girder erection machine, and enabling the bridge girder erection machine hydraulic system to work to enable the main girder 2 of the bridge girder erection machine to descend to the transverse moving rail 41 of the front leg 4 and the transverse moving rail 51 of the middle leg 5;
s6, respectively fixing a lifting hook of the bridge girder erection crane crown block 6 with the front support leg transverse moving rail 41 and the middle support leg transverse moving rail 51 through a lifting rope until the steel rope of the lifting hook is tightened, and then installing safety limiting devices 10 at two ends of a pulley of the bridge girder erection crane crown block 6;
s7, connecting and fixing the main beam 2 and the fixing device 8 of the bridge girder erection machine through the anchoring device 11, firstly removing the top seat and the lower part of the front support leg 4 of the bridge girder erection machine, then removing the cross beam and the lower part of the middle support leg 5, and finally removing the rear support leg 9 and the rear support;
s8, the transportation bridge girder erection machine reaches the position of the abutment roadbed, and the dismantled components S7 are sequentially installed;
s9, the anchoring releasing device 11, the safety limiting device 10 and the fixing device 8 are used, the bridge girder 2 of the bridge girder erection machine is jacked up by the hydraulic system of the bridge girder erection machine, and the transportation device 3 is driven out and evacuated from the site.
From this structure, the road bed is leveled, after the compaction, the bridge girder erection machine haulage road additionally lays one deck 20cm rubble soil, it is closely knit to roll, ensure the roughness of road, the haulage road longitudinal slope should not be greater than 2%, utilize the hydraulic system of bridge girder erection machine self to place girder 2 on the work platform 7 of fortune roof beam main cannon car 31 and fortune roof beam vice cannon car 32 to pass through fixing device 8 and work platform firm connection with preceding landing leg sideslip track 41 and well landing leg sideslip track 51 respectively, guaranteed the convenience of operation and transportation stability.
In the preferred scheme, conveyer 3 includes 2 sets of fortune roof beam main gun cars 31 and 2 sets of fortune roof beam vice big gun cars 32, and 2 sets of fortune roof beam main gun cars 31 set up in the one side that is nearer apart from back landing leg 9, and 2 sets of fortune roof beam vice big gun cars 32 set up in the one side that is nearer apart from preceding landing leg 4. By the structure, the 2 sets of the transporting beam main cannon cars 31 provide power to pack the bridge girder erection machine to advance, and the 2 sets of the transporting beam main cannon cars 31 control steering according to the route, so that transportation can meet different scene requirements.
In the preferred scheme, fixing device 8 includes fixed plate 81, joint board 82 and limiting plate 83, and fixed plate 81 is located joint board 82 below, and fixed plate 81 passes through connecting plate 84 and joint board 82 and connects, and limiting plate 83 symmetry sets up in joint board 82 top, and limiting plate 83 and joint board 82 connect, and limiting plate 83 is equipped with the screw hole, and fixed plate 81 passes through the bolt and connects with work platform 7. With the structure, the front support leg transverse moving rail 41 and the middle support leg transverse moving rail 51 can be firmly fixed on the working platform 7, so that the whole transportation is safe and stable.
In the preferred scheme, safety stop device 10 includes steel wedge 1001 and mount 1002, and steel wedge 1001 passes through connecting rod 1003 and mount 1002 and connects, and steel wedge 1001 one side appearance and overhead traveling crane 6 pulley appearance phase-match, steel wedge 1001 are equipped with a plurality of antiskid teeth, and mount 1002 is including two baffles 1004 that the symmetry set up, and baffle 1004 lower part is equipped with the draw-in groove 1005 that is used for being connected with girder 2, and draw-in groove 1005 is equipped with 2 at least screw holes 1006, and two baffles 1004 pass through screw rod fixed connection. By the structure, the overhead travelling crane 6 is firmly fixed on the main beam 2 in the transportation process, and the transportation safety is ensured.
In a preferable scheme, the anchoring device 11 comprises a top plate 1101, risers 1102 are symmetrically and fixedly arranged on two sides of the top plate 1101, the risers 1102 are provided with oval grooves 1103, and the risers 1102 are connected with the limiting plates 83 through bolts. From this structure to make as required adjustment girder 2 by the fixed height, guaranteed holistic firm in connection simultaneously.
In the preferred scheme, the axis of the S3 transportation device 3 is coincident with the axis of the piggyback main beam 2. By the structure, the bridge girder erection machine and the conveying device 3 synchronously advance in the conveying process, and the conveying accuracy is ensured.
Preferably, the step S5 further includes placing the square timber and the steel plate on the traverse rails 41 of the front legs 4 and the traverse rails 51 of the middle legs 5 before the girder 2 is dropped, and adjusting the positions of the square timber and the steel plate to ensure the stability and the firmness. From this structure, avoided direct rigid contact to cause the damage to girder 2.
In a preferable scheme, the 2 sets of transport beam main cannon cars 31 and the 2 sets of transport beam auxiliary cannon cars 32 run synchronously, the wheel axes of the 2 sets of transport beam main cannon cars 31 are overlapped, the wheel axes of the 2 sets of transport beam auxiliary cannon cars 32 are overlapped, and the wheel axes of the 2 sets of transport beam main cannon cars 31 are parallel to the wheel axes of the 2 sets of transport beam auxiliary cannon cars 32. With the structure, the running routes and speeds of the 2 sets of the transporting beam main cannon cars 31 and the 2 sets of the transporting beam auxiliary cannon cars 32 are consistent, the cannon cars are monitored by adopting a method of driving the transporting beam cannon cars at low speed and marking lines on a roadbed, and the running speeds of the cannon cars are not more than 200 m/h.
The above-described embodiments are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, and should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the claims, and equivalents including technical features described in the claims. I.e., equivalent alterations and modifications within the scope hereof, are also intended to be within the scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A bridge girder erection machine long-distance rapid transition method is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
s1, preparing a site, and ensuring that the roadbed (1) is compacted and leveled;
s2, jacking a hydraulic system of the bridge girder erection machine, lifting the main girder (2) and ensuring that the main girder (2) is in a horizontal state;
s3, driving the transportation device (3) to a beam below the main beam (2) of the bridge erecting machine to be in place;
s4, adjusting the positions of the transverse moving rail (41) of the front support leg (4) and the transverse moving rail (51) of the middle support leg (5), and respectively hoisting the transverse moving rail (41) of the front support leg (4) and the transverse moving rail (51) of the middle support leg (5) to a working platform (7) of the conveying device (3) by using a bridge girder erection machine overhead crane (6);
s5, fixing a front leg transverse moving track (41) of a front leg (4) and a middle leg transverse moving track (51) of a middle leg (5) on a working platform (7) through a fixing device (8), retracting the front leg (4) and the rear leg (9) of the bridge girder erection machine, and enabling a bridge girder (2) of the bridge girder erection machine to descend to the transverse moving track (41) of the front leg (4) and the transverse moving track (51) of the middle leg (5) when a hydraulic system of the bridge girder erection machine works;
s6, respectively fixing a lifting hook of the overhead crane (6) of the bridge girder erection machine with a front support leg transverse moving rail (41) and a middle support leg transverse moving rail (51) through a lifting rope until a steel rope of the lifting hook is tightened, and then installing safety limiting devices (10) at two ends of a pulley of the overhead crane (6) of the bridge girder erection machine;
s7, connecting and fixing a main beam (2) of the bridge girder erection machine and a fixing device (8) through an anchoring device (11), firstly removing a top seat and the lower part of a front supporting leg (4) of the bridge girder erection machine, then removing a cross beam and the lower part of a middle supporting leg (5), and finally removing a rear supporting leg (9) and a rear support;
s8, the transportation bridge girder erection machine reaches the position of the abutment roadbed, and the dismantled components S7 are sequentially installed;
s9, the anchoring releasing device (11), the safety limiting device (10) and the fixing device (8), the bridge girder erection machine hydraulic system jacks up the bridge girder erection machine main beam (2), and the transportation device (3) is pulled out and evacuated from the site.
2. The bridge girder erection machine long-distance rapid transition method as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the transportation device (3) comprises 2 sets of transporting beam main gun trucks (31) and 2 sets of transporting beam auxiliary gun trucks (32), wherein the 2 sets of transporting beam main gun trucks (31) are arranged on one side close to the rear supporting legs (9), and the 2 sets of transporting beam auxiliary gun trucks (32) are arranged on one side close to the front supporting legs (4).
3. The bridge girder erection machine long-distance rapid transition method as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: fixing device (8) are including fixed plate (81), joint board (82) and limiting plate (83), and fixed plate (81) are located joint board (82) below, and fixed plate (81) are connected through connecting plate (84) and joint board (82), and limiting plate (83) symmetry sets up in joint board (82) top, and limiting plate (83) and joint board (82) are connected, and limiting plate (83) are equipped with the screw hole, and fixed plate (81) are connected through bolt and workstation (7).
4. The bridge girder erection machine long-distance rapid transition method as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: safety stop device (10) include steel wedge (1001) and mount (1002), steel wedge (1001) are connected through connecting rod (1003) and mount (1002), steel wedge (1001) one side appearance and overhead traveling crane (6) pulley appearance phase-match, steel wedge (1001) are equipped with a plurality of antiskid teeth, mount (1002) are including two baffle (1004) that the symmetry set up, baffle (1004) lower part is equipped with draw-in groove (1005) that are used for being connected with girder (2), draw-in groove (1005) are equipped with 2 at least screw holes (1006), draw-in groove (1005) width slightly is greater than girder 2 truss steel plate thickness, two baffle (1004) pass through screw rod fixed connection.
5. The bridge girder erection machine long-distance rapid transition method as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the anchoring device (11) comprises a top plate (1101), wherein vertical plates (1102) are symmetrically and fixedly arranged on two sides of the top plate (1101), waist circular grooves (1103) are formed in the vertical plates (1102), and the vertical plates (1102) are connected with limiting plates (83) through bolts.
6. The bridge girder erection machine long-distance rapid transition method as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the axis of the S3 transportation device (3) is coincident with the axis of the piggyback main beam (2).
7. The bridge girder erection machine long-distance rapid transition method as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: and S5, placing square timbers on the transverse moving tracks (41) of the front supporting legs (4) and the transverse moving tracks (51) of the middle supporting legs (5) before the main beam (2) falls down, and adjusting the positions of the square timbers to ensure stability and firmness.
8. The bridge girder erection machine long-distance rapid transition method as claimed in claim 2, wherein: the 2 sets of the girder transporting main gun trucks (31) and the 2 sets of the girder transporting auxiliary gun trucks (32) run synchronously, the wheel axes of the 2 sets of the girder transporting main gun trucks (31) are overlapped, the wheel axes of the 2 sets of the girder transporting auxiliary gun trucks (32) are overlapped, and the wheel axes of the 2 sets of the girder transporting main gun trucks (31) are parallel to the wheel axes of the 2 sets of the girder transporting auxiliary gun trucks (32).
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| CN115432603A (en) * | 2022-10-17 | 2022-12-06 | 徐州建机工程机械有限公司 | Chassis device of trackless mobile tower crane |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112874417A (en) * | 2021-01-21 | 2021-06-01 | 中交二航局第二工程有限公司 | Bridge girder erection machine transition system and bridge girder erection machine transition method |
| CN112874417B (en) * | 2021-01-21 | 2022-02-01 | 中交二航局第二工程有限公司 | Bridge girder erection machine transition system and bridge girder erection machine transition method |
| CN115432603A (en) * | 2022-10-17 | 2022-12-06 | 徐州建机工程机械有限公司 | Chassis device of trackless mobile tower crane |
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| CN111877173B (en) | 2022-07-15 |
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