CN111699906B - Pruning method for short-stem small-crown chestnut trees - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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Abstract
The invention discloses a pruning method of short-stem small-crown chestnut trees, which relates to the technical field of shaping and pruning methods of economic forests and comprises the following steps: s1 drying: when the grafted seedlings planted in the field grow to be larger than 60 cm, pinching or cutting off and drying at the position of 50-60 cm; s2 selecting and reserving a first main branch; s3 selecting and reserving other main branches; s4 cultivation of lateral branches and branch groups: selecting and reserving main branches at all levels, selecting and reserving first to third lateral branches on the outer sides of the main branches according to the requirement of interactive dislocation, performing heavy truncation or branch pulling on upright strong branches influencing the growth of the main branches and the lateral branches, and culturing into a fruiting branch group; s5 open core forming: after 3 or 4 main branches are selected, the central branches are subtracted, the main branches are kept to grow outwards and open, no central trunk exists, and the short-stem and small-crown tree forms are formed. And beginning in the fourth year, the tree crowns are controlled by retracting and updating every year. Effectively avoids the problems of over-vigorous growth vigor, strong exterior, weak interior, empty interior, peripheral fruiting, low yield, poor quality and low benefit of the Chinese chestnut.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of pruning methods for economic forests, in particular to a pruning method for short-stem small-crown Chinese chestnut trees.
Background
The average yield per mu of the Shandong Chinese chestnut is only about 140 kilograms, and the yield is low and low, mainly because the plastic pruning technology is not proper. In the past, the traditional habit of putting Chinese chestnut trees into consideration is that the Chinese chestnut trees are tall and big, have few fruits and are widely planted and thin and harvested. After the pruning is carried out later, most of the adopted tree forms are trunk tree forms, although the tree forms are open heart-shaped tree forms, the trunks are too high, main branches and side branches are left, the quantity of mother branches is large, and the tree forms cause over-vigorous growth of Chinese chestnuts, strong outside, weak inside, empty inside, deficient outside, result in periphery, low yield, poor quality, low benefit and large quantity of low-yield gardens.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a pruning method of short-stem small-crown chestnut trees, which effectively avoids the problems of over-vigorous growth vigor, strong outside, weak inside, empty inside, peripheral fruiting, low yield, poor quality and low benefit of chestnuts.
The invention specifically adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention discloses a pruning method of short-stem small-crown chestnut trees, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1 drying: when the grafted seedling grows to a height of more than 60 cm, pinching or cutting off the grafted seedling at a position of 50-60 cm for drying;
s2 selecting and reserving a first main branch: promoting hair growth and culturing vigorous young shoots under pinching or clipping, selecting a young shoot with the uppermost end standing upright as a central branch, selecting a young shoot with an open angle and vigorous and strong at a position 40-50 cm higher than a trunk below the central branch as a first main branch;
s3 selecting and reserving other main branches: performing repeated truncation on the central branches to promote new vigorous shoots, selecting and reserving 1 or more main branches at one time according to the standard of the first main branch in the step S2 and sequentially selecting and reserving second to third or fourth main branches according to the requirements of mutual staggering at intervals of 23-27 cm;
s4 cultivation of lateral branches and branch groups: selecting and reserving first to third lateral branches on the outer sides of the main branches according to the requirement of interactive dislocation while selecting and reserving main branches at all levels, and performing heavy truncation or branch pulling and the like on upright strong branches influencing the growth of the main branches and the lateral branches to cultivate a fruiting branch group;
s5 open core forming: after 3 or 4 main branches are selected, the central branches are subtracted, the main branches are kept to grow outwards and open, no central trunk exists, and the short-stem and small-crown tree forms are formed.
In the step S3, when the growth vigor is weak, the selection, the retention and the culture of all the main branches can be completed for many years.
In the step S4, when the main branches grow to 55-65 cm in the growing season, pinching is carried out in time, and secondary branches are promoted to be beneficial to culturing lateral branches.
The present invention is further preferred: less than 12 branches per square meter of fruiting mother branches of trees in the initial fruit period, 8-10 branches per square meter of trees in the full fruit period, and 5-7 branches per square meter of weak trees.
The present invention is further preferred: in spring, the robust branches in the inner space of the crown are leveled, buds are carved on the outer walls of the robust branches to promote the growth of the robust branches, the multi-branch parts are reduced during winter pruning, and the robust branches are cultured into branch groups.
The present invention is further preferred: pruning the fruiting mother branches: weak dredging, vigorous elimination, strong retention; thinning and removing weak mother branches such as endogenous branches and cross branches, and keeping enough space among the branches; removing upright weak and vigorous mother branches, inhibiting vigorous growth and compacting crowns; cutting strong and vigorous mother branches, promoting the growth of more strong bearing mother branches and building a foundation for the next year; keeps the moderate strong fruit mother branch, ensures the current year blossoming and fruiting, and has stable and high yield.
The present invention is further preferred: and from the fourth year, retracting the main branch extended branches and the large branch groups when the branches are cut in winter every year.
The present invention is further preferred: the tree is retracted at the 2 and 3 year old parts of the retracted branches, fruiting mother branches are left under the retracted branches, the tree is retracted every year, the crown is controlled to be enlarged, the external strength is prevented, the robust fruiting mother branches in an internal hall are ensured, the foundation is laid for the next year retraction, the operation is repeated, the annual stable yield is maintained, and the small crown tree shape is maintained.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the tree vigor is controlled by the short trunks not exceeding 50 cm, and the small tree shape is kept; cutting stems, opening hearts, retracting, updating, cutting and controlling mother branches, maintaining the shape of a small-crown tree, and keeping the chestnut garden ventilated and transparent for a long time; the method has the advantages that a central trunk is not reserved, the number of main branches, side branches and fruiting mother branches is reduced, invalid branches are timely thinned out, the purposes of effectively controlling the total branch quantity of the chestnut garden, stabilizing the quality of the mother branches in the inner hall and avoiding the vigorous closing and growing are achieved, the high and stable yield is realized, and the economic value of the chestnut tree garden is improved. Can effectively avoid the problems of over-vigorous growth vigor, strong exterior, weak interior, empty interior, peripheral fruiting, low yield, poor quality and low benefit of the Chinese chestnut.
Detailed Description
The following describes embodiments of the present invention in detail. The following examples are merely for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention more clearly, and therefore are only examples, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby.
It is to be noted that, unless otherwise specified, technical or scientific terms used herein shall have the ordinary meaning as understood by those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.
Example 1
The invention discloses a pruning method of short-stem small-crown chestnut trees, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1 drying: when the grafted seedling grows to a height of more than 60 cm, pinching or cutting off the grafted seedling at a position of 50 cm for drying;
s2 selecting and reserving a first main branch: promoting hair growth and culturing vigorous young shoots under pinching or clipping, firstly selecting a young shoot standing at the uppermost end as a central branch, and taking a young shoot which is opened at an angle and strong at a position 40 cm higher than a trunk below the central branch as a first main branch;
s3 selecting and reserving other main branches: carrying out repeated truncation on the central branches to promote new vigorous shoots, selecting and reserving 1 or more main branches at one time according to the standard of selecting the first main branch in the step S2 and successively reserving other 2 main branches according to the requirements of spacing 23 cm and mutual staggering; when the growth vigor is weak, the selection, the retention and the culture of all the main branches can be completed for many years;
s4 cultivation of lateral branches and branch groups: selecting and reserving first to third lateral branches on the outer sides of the main branches according to the requirement of interactive dislocation while selecting and reserving main branches at all levels, and performing heavy truncation or branch pulling and the like on upright strong branches influencing the growth of the main branches and the lateral branches to cultivate a fruiting branch group; when the main branches reach 55 cm in the growing season, timely pinching is carried out, and secondary branches are promoted to be beneficial to culturing lateral branches;
s5 open core forming: after 3 main branches are selected, the central branch is subtracted, the main branches are kept to grow outwards and open, no central trunk exists, and the short-stem and small-crown tree form is formed.
Less than 12 branches are left per square meter of fruiting mother branches of trees in the initial fruiting period, 8 branches are left per square meter of trees in the full fruiting period, and 5 branches are left per square meter of weak trees.
In spring, the robust branches in the inner crown are leveled, buds are carved on the outer walls of the robust branches to promote the growth of the robust branches, the branches are reduced at multiple branch positions during winter pruning, and the robust branches are cultured into branch groups.
Pruning the fruiting mother branches: weak to remove vigorous growth, strong to retain. I.e. thinning and removing the weak mother branches such as endogenous branches, cross branches and the like, and keeping enough space among the branches; removing upright weak and vigorous mother branches, inhibiting vigorous growth and compacting crowns; cutting strong and vigorous mother branches, promoting more strong fruit mother branches and laying a foundation for the next year; keeps the moderate strong fruit mother branch, ensures the current year blossoming and fruiting, and has stable and high yield.
And from the fourth year, retracting the main branch extended branches and the large branch groups when the branches are cut in winter every year.
The growth parts of the retracted branches are retracted at 2 and 3 years, bearing mother branches are left under the retracted branches, the retraction is carried out every year, the expansion of tree crowns is controlled, the external strength is prevented, the robust bearing mother branches are ensured in an internal chamber, a foundation is laid for the next retraction, the operation is repeated, the annual stable yield is maintained, and the small-crown tree shape is maintained.
Example 2
The invention discloses a pruning method of short-stem small-crown chestnut trees, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1 drying: when the grafted seedlings planted in the field grow to be higher than 60 cm, pinching or cutting off the grafted seedlings at 55 cm for drying;
s2 selecting and reserving a first main branch: promoting hair growth and culturing vigorous young shoots under pinching or clipping, selecting a young shoot standing at the uppermost end as a central branch, selecting a young shoot which is open at an angle and strong at a position 45 cm higher than a trunk below the central branch as a first main branch;
s3 selecting and reserving other main branches: carrying out repeated truncation on the central branches to promote new vigorous shoots, selecting and reserving 1 or more main branches at one time according to the standard of selecting the first main branch in the step S2 and successively reserving other 2 main branches according to the requirements of spacing 25 cm and mutual staggering; when the growth vigor is weak, the selection, the retention and the culture of all the main branches can be completed for many years;
s4 cultivation of lateral branches and branch groups: selecting and reserving first to third lateral branches on the outer sides of the main branches according to the requirement of interactive dislocation while selecting and reserving main branches at all levels, and performing heavy truncation or branch pulling and the like on upright strong branches influencing the growth of the main branches and the lateral branches to cultivate a fruiting branch group; when the main branches are 60 cm long in the growing season, timely pinching is carried out, and secondary branches are promoted to be beneficial to culturing lateral branches;
s5 open core forming: after 3 main branches are selected, the central branch is subtracted, the main branches are kept to grow outwards and open, no central trunk exists, and the short-stem and small-crown tree form is formed.
Less than 12 branches are left per square meter of fruiting mother branches of trees in the initial fruiting period, 9 branches are left per square meter of trees in the full fruiting period, and 6 branches are left per square meter of weak trees.
In spring, the robust branches in the inner crown are leveled, buds are carved on the outer walls of the robust branches to promote the growth of the robust branches, the branches are reduced at multiple branch positions during winter pruning, and the robust branches are cultured into branch groups.
Pruning the fruiting mother branches: weak dredging, vigorous elimination, strong retention; thinning and removing weak mother branches such as endogenous branches and cross branches, and keeping enough space among the branches; removing upright weak and vigorous mother branches, inhibiting vigorous growth and compacting crowns; cutting strong and vigorous mother branches, promoting more strong fruit mother branches and laying a foundation for the next year; keeps the moderate strong fruit mother branch, ensures the current year blossoming and fruiting, and has stable and high yield.
And from the fourth year, retracting the main branch extended branches and the large branch groups when the branches are cut in winter every year.
The growth parts of the retracted branches are retracted at 2 and 3 years, bearing mother branches are left under the retracted branches, the retraction is carried out every year, the expansion of tree crowns is controlled, the external strength is prevented, the robust bearing mother branches are ensured in an internal chamber, a foundation is laid for the next retraction, the operation is repeated, the annual stable yield is maintained, and the small-crown tree shape is maintained.
Example 3
The invention discloses a pruning method of short-stem small-crown chestnut trees, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1 drying: when the grafted seedling grows to a height of more than 60 cm, pinching or cutting off the grafted seedling at a position of 60 cm for drying;
s2 selecting and reserving a first main branch: promoting hair growth and culturing vigorous young shoots under pinching or shearing, selecting a young shoot standing at the uppermost end as a central branch, selecting a young shoot which is open at an angle and strong at a position 50 cm higher than a trunk below the central branch as a first main branch;
s3 selecting and reserving other main branches: carrying out repeated truncation on the central branches to promote new vigorous shoots, selecting and reserving 1 or more main branches at one time according to the standard of selecting the first main branch in the step S2 and successively reserving other 3 main branches according to the requirements of spacing 27 cm and mutual staggering; when the growth vigor is weak, the selection, the retention and the culture of all the main branches can be completed for many years;
s4 cultivation of lateral branches and branch groups: selecting and reserving first to third lateral branches on the outer sides of the main branches according to the requirement of interactive dislocation while selecting and reserving main branches at all levels, and performing heavy truncation or branch pulling and the like on upright strong branches influencing the growth of the main branches and the lateral branches to cultivate a fruiting branch group; when the main branches are 60 cm long in the growing season, timely pinching is carried out, and secondary branches are promoted to be beneficial to culturing lateral branches;
s5 open core forming: after 4 main branches are selected, the central branch is subtracted, the main branches are kept to grow outwards and open, no central trunk exists, and the short-stem and small-crown tree form is formed.
Less than 12 branches are left per square meter of fruiting mother branches of trees in the initial fruit period, 10 branches are left per square meter of trees in the full fruit period, and 7 branches are left per square meter of weak trees.
In spring, the robust branches in the inner crown are leveled, buds are carved on the outer walls of the robust branches to promote the growth of the robust branches, the branches are reduced at multiple branch positions during winter pruning, and the robust branches are cultured into branch groups.
Pruning the fruiting mother branches: weak dredging, vigorous elimination, strong retention; thinning and removing weak mother branches such as endogenous branches and cross branches, and keeping enough space among the branches; removing upright weak and vigorous mother branches, inhibiting vigorous growth and compacting crowns; cutting strong and vigorous mother branches, promoting more strong fruit mother branches and laying a foundation for the next year; keeps the moderate strong fruit mother branch, ensures the current year blossoming and fruiting, and has stable and high yield.
And from the fourth year, retracting the main branch extended branches and the large branch groups when the branches are cut in winter every year.
The growth parts of the retracted branches are retracted at 2 and 3 years, bearing mother branches are left under the retracted branches, the retraction is carried out every year, the expansion of tree crowns is controlled, the external strength is prevented, the robust bearing mother branches are ensured in an internal chamber, a foundation is laid for the next retraction, the operation is repeated, the annual stable yield is maintained, and the small-crown tree shape is maintained.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; the modifications and the substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, and the corresponding technical solutions are all covered in the claims and the specification of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A pruning method of short-stem small-crown chestnut trees is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1 drying: when the grafted seedling grows to a height of more than 60 cm, pinching or cutting off the grafted seedling at a position of 50-60 cm for drying;
s2 selecting and reserving a first main branch: promoting hair growth and culturing vigorous young shoots under pinching or clipping, selecting a young shoot with the uppermost end upright as a central branch, and selecting a young shoot which is open at an angle and strong as a first main branch at the position 40-50 cm higher than a trunk below the central branch;
s3 selecting and reserving other main branches: performing repeated truncation on the central branches to promote new vigorous shoots, selecting and reserving 1 or more main branches at one time according to the standard of the first main branch in the step S2 and sequentially selecting and reserving second to third or fourth main branches according to the requirements of mutual staggering at intervals of 23-27 cm;
s4 cultivation of lateral branches and branch groups: selecting and reserving first to third lateral branches on the outer sides of the main branches according to the requirements of interactive dislocation while selecting and reserving main branches at all levels, performing heavy truncation or branch pulling on upright strong branches influencing the growth of the main branches and the lateral branches, and culturing into fruiting branch groups;
when the main branches grow to 55-65 cm in the growing season, pinching is carried out in time, and secondary branches are promoted to be beneficial to culturing lateral branches;
s5 open core forming: after 3 or 4 main branches are selected, the central branches are cut off, the main branches are kept to grow outwards and open, no central trunk exists, and the short-stem and small-crown tree forms are formed.
2. The method for pruning a short-stem crowned chestnut tree according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step S3, when the growth vigor is weak, the selection, the retention and the culture of all the main branches can be completed for many years.
3. The method for pruning a short-stem crowned chestnut tree according to claim 1, characterized in that: less than 12 branches per square meter of fruiting mother branches of trees in the initial fruit period, 8-10 branches per square meter of trees in the full fruit period, and 5-7 branches per square meter of weak trees.
4. The method for pruning a short-stem crowned chestnut tree according to claim 1, characterized in that: in spring, the robust branches in the inner bore of the crown are leveled, buds are carved on the outer walls of the robust branches to promote the growth of the robust branches, and when the robust branches are cut in winter, the robust branches are cut in a shrinking mode at the positions of multiple branches to be cultured into branch groups.
5. The method for pruning a short-stem crowned chestnut tree according to claim 1, characterized in that: pruning the fruiting mother branches: weak dredging, vigorous elimination, strong retention; i.e. thinning out endogenetic branches, cross branches and thin and weak mother branches, and keeping enough space among the branches; removing upright weak and vigorous mother branches, inhibiting vigorous growth and compacting crowns; cutting strong and vigorous mother branches, promoting the growth of more strong fruit mother branches; the mediocre strong fruit mother branches are reserved.
6. The method for pruning a short-stem crowned chestnut tree according to claim 1, characterized in that: and from the fourth year, retracting the main branch extended branches and the large branch groups when the branches are cut in winter every year.
7. The method for pruning a short-stem crowned chestnut tree according to claim 6, characterized in that: retracting at 2 and 3 year-old parts of the retracted branches, reserving fruiting mother branches, retracting every year, controlling the crown to expand, preventing external strength, ensuring that the bore has robust fruiting mother branches, laying a foundation for the next year retraction, repeating the steps, keeping stable yield every year, and maintaining the shape of a small crown tree.
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