CN111456779B - 一种抗冲击吸能让压锚索锚固装置及其方法 - Google Patents
一种抗冲击吸能让压锚索锚固装置及其方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111456779B CN111456779B CN202010285124.4A CN202010285124A CN111456779B CN 111456779 B CN111456779 B CN 111456779B CN 202010285124 A CN202010285124 A CN 202010285124A CN 111456779 B CN111456779 B CN 111456779B
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- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 85
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 85
- 230000001681 protective Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M buffer Substances 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[Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound 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[C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D20/00—Setting anchoring-bolts
- E21D20/003—Machines for drilling anchor holes and setting anchor bolts
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D20/00—Setting anchoring-bolts
- E21D20/02—Setting anchoring-bolts with provisions for grouting
- E21D20/025—Grouting with organic components, e.g. resin
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D21/00—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
- E21D21/0026—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection characterised by constructional features of the bolts
- E21D21/0033—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection characterised by constructional features of the bolts having a jacket or outer tube
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D21/00—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
- E21D21/008—Anchoring or tensioning means
Abstract
本发明公开的一种抗冲击吸能让压锚索锚固装置及其方法，属地下工程支护技术领域。装置包括锚索、滑动式异形锚索托盘、金属保护套筒、缓冲橡胶垫板、收缩吸能盒、W形可伸展变形材料及弹性树脂填充剂填充与金属保护套筒，通过滑动式异形锚索托盘在金属保护套筒内移动，具有大变形让压和抗冲击让压吸能的双重工作效能。在围岩发生变形时，通过滑动式异形锁具滑移，W形伸展变形材料及弹性树脂填充剂压缩变形让压，使收缩吸能盒挤压变形吸收巷道围岩变形破坏释放的变形能量，有效防止锚索发生突发性破断，维持围岩与支护结构的稳定及使用安全，满足深埋高应力巷道、冲击地压巷道的支护要求，具有吸能让压、结构合理、安装便捷等优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及地下工程支护领域，尤其是一种适用于深部高应力巷道、冲击地压巷道支护的吸能让压大变形锚索的抗冲击吸能让压锚索锚固装置及其方法。
背景技术
近年来，随着煤矿、铁矿、金属等矿产资源的开采深度不断加大，面临的开采环境与地质条件越来越复杂，在一些高地应力区域，巷道围岩发生大变形破坏或冲击地压，造成深部高应力巷道支护困难，多次返修后围岩仍不稳定，对施工人员和生产设备造成巨大的生命财产损失，是我国深部矿产资源安全高效开发亟待解决的技术难题。
锚索作为高应力或冲击地压巷道常用的一种有效的高强度支护形式，在地下工程领域得到了广泛应用。一般而言，锚索是由多股钢绞线组成的钢束，受限于其延伸率(约3.5～7.0％)，在应对深部大变形及冲击地压时其延伸长度往往不足，易被拉断而失效。为克服锚索延伸率不足之处，目前结合锚索本身特性开发出一些让压变形锚固装置(不局限于此)，如CN205876363U、CN205189912U在锚索托盘上增加叠板弹簧、鼓形让压管，CN205689229U将托盘设计成可压缩变形圆拱形，CN206090556U在锚索绞合成的椭球形内加入变形材料来实现让压变形，间接地提高了锚索的延伸率。但是，一方面，上述的让压变形锚固装置因其自身设计的缺陷，例如让压装置设计过于简单或设计不合理，采用的让压变形材料单一，和让压原理不合理，造成所设计装置的实际让压变形量较小，难以适用深部高应力巷道大变形的要求；另一方面，已有的让压变形锚固装置没有考虑吸收围岩变形破坏所释放的能量，以减弱深部巷道发生冲击地压的可能，故不适用于具有冲击倾向性巷道支护。因此，亟需研制一种具有大变形让压和吸能特性的锚索锚固装置，以满足深部高应力巷道、冲击地压巷道支护的需求。
发明内容
技术问题：本发明的目的是要克服现有技术中的不足之处，提供一种抗冲击吸能让压锚索锚固装置及其使用方法，具有大变形让压和抗冲击让压吸能的双重工作模式，以弥补现有让压锚索装置在应对大变形巷道及冲击地压巷道的让压不足和不吸收能量的缺陷。
技术方案：本发明的抗冲击吸能让压锚索锚固装置，包括经锚固剂固定在锚索孔内的锚索，所述锚索位于锚索孔入口段为扩孔段，所述的扩孔段内设有底部穿过锚索的金属保护套筒，金属保护套筒的外端面呈压扣在孔口的围岩上的环形盘，所述的金属保护套筒内设有依次套装在锚索上的弹性材料层、收缩吸能盒、缓冲橡胶垫板和滑动式异形锚索托盘，所述金属保护套筒的外端内孔中开有多个使滑动式异形锚索托盘在金属保护套筒内滑动的轨道滑槽。
所述的滑动式异形锚索托盘包括含有多个平头齿的棱形基盘，所述棱形基盘上的每个平头齿内均设有弹性滑移组件，所述的弹性滑移组件包括楔形套、多个钢珠、滑块、弹出式锁止器和弹簧，所述的多个钢珠通过弹性树脂填充剂设在平头齿的凹槽内，所述的滑块一端经弹出式锁止器和弹簧固定在平头齿的凹槽内，另一端经弹出式锁止器挤压弹簧伸出与轨道滑槽相配合，所述的楔形套位于棱形基盘中心孔套装在锚索杆上。
所述压扣在孔口围岩上的环形盘与围岩的接触面上设有塑胶垫板。
所述的收缩吸能盒截面为多边形的空心结构，收缩吸能盒由弹簧、设在弹簧两侧的金属挡板和充填在金属挡板内的弹性树脂填充剂构成。
所述的弹性材料层由W形可伸展变形材料和充填在W形可伸展变形材料空隙中的弹性树脂填充剂构成。
金属保护套筒内中的轨道滑槽倾斜，倾斜水平夹角为3～6°。
使用上述装置的抗冲击吸能让压锚索锚固方法，包括钻孔、扩孔、在钻孔的孔底部用锚固剂固定锚索，在扩孔段内安装金属保护套筒，并在金属保护套筒内围绕锚索设置依次由W形可伸展变形材料和弹性树脂填充剂构成的弹性材料层、收缩吸能盒、缓冲橡胶垫板和滑动式异形锚索托盘，滑动式异形锚索托盘既能固定锚索，又能让压滑移，为Ⅰ级让压结构；
当围岩发生变形时，锚索的轴向拉力逐渐增大时，滑块挤压滑动式异形锚索托盘凹槽内的钢珠与弹性树脂填充剂组成的混合压缩变形体，钢珠相互之间发生错动且弹性树脂填充剂从滑块与腔体的缝隙中流出，同时滑动式异形锚索托盘沿金属保护套筒内的轨道滑槽向钻孔内滑动，当滑动至轨道滑槽的末端时，与缓冲橡胶垫板接触继而挤压金属挡板，直至脱离轨道，此时滑动式异形锚索托盘完成第一阶段让压过程；
随着锚索轴向拉力进一步增大，滑动式异形锚索托盘通过缓冲橡胶垫板、金属挡板传递压力挤压收缩吸能盒、W形可伸展变形材料和弹性树脂填充剂，弹性树脂填充剂、W形可伸展变形材料均产生弹性变形，当锚索轴向拉力大于弹性树脂填充剂的弹性极限后，弹性树脂填充剂通过金属保护套筒底部与锚索的空隙排出，W形可伸展变形材料开始产生塑性变形，以提供让压空间，此时收缩吸能盒受力而产生变形吸收巷道变形所释放的部分能量；
当发生冲击地压时，若滑动式异形锚索托盘未脱离轨道滑槽，则缓冲橡胶垫板首先缓冲吸能，同时金属挡板传传递压力，截面为多边形的收缩吸能盒瞬间压缩变形吸收大部分的冲击荷载的能量，以避免锚索瞬间达到伸长极限而断裂，与W形可伸展变形材料、弹性树脂填充剂共同完成第二阶段的让压过程，在第二阶段让压过程中，滑动式异形锚索托盘与金属保护套筒内壁是直接接触的，滑动过程中与金属保护套筒内壁摩擦，亦为让压锚固装置提供了部分工作阻力，从而有效防止锚索发生突发性破断而导致支护结构失效。
有益效果：由于采用了上述技术方案，本发明具有大变形让压和抗冲击让压吸能的双重工作模式，弥补了现有让压锚索装置在应对大变形巷道及冲击地压巷道的让压不足和不吸收能量的缺陷。将锚索托盘与让压结构结合，既能与金属保护套筒摩擦产生工作阻力，又能节省外部空间；缓冲橡胶垫板使得Ⅱ级让压结构进入让压过程中，使得分级让压结构之间衔接的更为紧密；设置压缩吸能盒，既可满足深部高应力巷道大变形的让压需求，又可满足发生冲击地压时巷道对支护结构让压和吸能的要求，该装置具有吸能让压、结构合理、安装便捷等优点。当锚索的轴向拉力逐渐增大时，滑动式异形锚索托盘的滑块挤压钢珠和弹性树脂填充剂组成的混合压缩变形材料，弹性树脂填充剂可通过滑动式异形锚索托盘的腔体与滑块的缝隙流出，同时滑动式异形锚索托盘沿着金属保护套筒内的轨道向内移动，当滑动至轨道的末端时与缓冲橡胶垫板接触，借此挤压金属挡板，直至脱离轨道，此时滑动式异形锚索托盘完成第一阶段让压过程。随后，随着锚索轴向拉力进一步增大，滑动式异形锚索托盘通过缓冲橡胶垫板、金属挡板传递压力挤压收缩吸能盒、W形可伸展变形材料和弹性树脂填充剂，弹性树脂填充剂、W形可伸展变形材料均产生弹性变形，当轴向拉力大于弹性树脂填充剂的弹性极限后，弹性树脂填充剂通过金属保护套筒底部与锚索的空隙排出，W形可伸展变形材料开始产生塑性变形，以提供让压空间。在此期间，收缩吸能盒也会产生一定的变形。当发生冲击地压时，若滑动式异形锚索托盘未脱离轨道，则缓冲橡胶垫板首先缓冲吸能，同时金属挡板传递压力，截面为多边形的收缩吸能盒瞬间压缩变形吸收大部分的冲击荷载的能量，避免锚索瞬间达到伸长极限而断裂。在第二阶段让压过程中，滑动式异形锁具与金属保护套筒内壁是直接接触的，滑动过程中与金属保护套筒内壁摩擦，亦为让压锚固装置提供了部分工作阻力。其结构简单，操作方便，使用效果好，在本技术领域内具有广泛的实用性。
附图说明
图1为本发明的实施例中锚孔示意图；
图2(a)本发明实施例中让压锚索的安装一示意图；
图2(b)本发明实施例中让压锚索的安装二示意图；
图2(c)本发明实施例中让压锚索的安装三示意图；
图3为本发明的滑动式异形锚索托盘的剖面示意图。
图中：1-锚索，2-滑动式异形锚索托盘，3-楔形套，4-钢珠，5-滑块，6-缓冲橡胶垫板，7-金属挡板，8-收缩吸能盒，9-W形可伸展变形材料，10-弹性树脂填充剂，11-金属保护套筒，12-塑胶垫板，13-弹出式锁止器，14-弹簧，15-锚索孔，16-扩孔段，17-围岩，18-锚固剂。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图中的实施例对本发明作进一步的描述：
本发明的抗冲击收缩吸能让压大变形锚固装置，主要由锚索1、滑动式异形锚索托盘2、金属保护套筒11、收缩吸能盒8、弹性材料层构成，滑动式异形锚索托盘2为Ⅰ级让压结构，弹性材料层由W形可伸展变形材料9和充填在W形可伸展变形材料9空隙中的弹性树脂填充剂10构成，W形可伸展变形材料采用铝制或塑料延性变形材料，收缩吸能盒8、W形可伸展变形材料9和弹性树脂填充剂10组成Ⅱ级让压结构。锚索1设在锚索孔15内，送入钻孔底部的锚索1段经锚固剂18固定，所述锚索1位于锚索孔15入口段为扩孔段16，其孔径为400～600mm、长度为800～1000mm，所述的扩孔段16内设有底部穿过锚索1的金属保护套筒11，金属保护套筒11的外端面呈压扣在孔口的围岩17上的环形盘，金属保护套筒11伸入扩孔段16内的长度与扩孔段长度相适应。所述压扣在孔口围岩17上的环形盘与围岩17的接触面上设有塑胶垫板12。所述的金属保护套筒11内设有依次套装在锚索1上的弹性材料层、收缩吸能盒8、缓冲橡胶垫板6和滑动式异形锚索托盘2，所述的收缩吸能盒8截面为多边形的空心结构，收缩吸能盒8由弹簧、设在弹簧两侧的金属挡板7和充填在金属挡板7内的弹性树脂填充剂10构成。所述金属保护套筒11的外端内孔中开有多个可使滑动式异形锚索托盘2在金属保护套筒11内滑动的轨道滑槽。
如图3所示，所述的滑动式异形锚索托盘2包括含有多个平头齿的棱形基盘，所述棱形基盘上的每个平头齿内均设有弹性滑移组件，所述的弹性滑移组件包括楔形套3、多个钢珠4、滑块5、弹出式锁止器13和弹簧14，所述的多个钢珠4通过弹性树脂填充剂设在平头齿的凹槽内，所述的滑块5一端经弹出式锁止器13和弹簧14固定在平头齿的凹槽内，另一端经弹出式锁止器13挤压弹簧14伸出与轨道滑槽相配合，所述的楔形套3位于棱形基盘中心孔套装在锚索杆上。所述棱形基盘的多个平头齿为3～6个，图3中实施所示为4个，滑动式异形锚索托盘2具有4个凹槽，凹槽内部填充了钢珠4和弹性树脂材料，滑块5受力时挤压钢珠4和弹性树脂填充剂组成的混合材料实现滑动式异形锁具外围尺寸大小，在金属保护套筒11内的轨道滑槽倾斜设计，倾斜角度的水平夹角为3～6°。金属保护套筒内径的差值为上下滑块挤压钢珠和弹性树脂填充剂组成的混合材料的压缩量之和，金属挡板的位置布置在滑动轨道的末端，缓冲橡胶垫板处于金属挡板与滑动式异形锚索托盘之间，在滑动式异形锚索托盘滑出轨道前，接触缓冲橡胶垫板，进而挤压金属挡板，使得Ⅱ级让压结构进入工作状态，可保证让压过程衔接的更为紧密，且缓冲橡胶垫板自身也具有让压吸能的效果。
使用上述装置的抗冲击吸能让压锚索锚固方法，包括钻孔、扩孔、在钻孔的孔底部用锚固剂18固定锚索1，在扩孔段内安装金属保护套筒11，并在金属保护套筒11内围绕锚索1设置依次由W形可伸展变形材料9和弹性树脂填充剂10构成的弹性材料层、收缩吸能盒8、缓冲橡胶垫板6和滑动式异形锚索托盘2，收缩吸能盒8的前后两侧均安装有金属挡板7；滑动式异形锚索托盘2既能固定锚索1，又能让压滑移，为Ⅰ级让压结构；
当围岩发生变形时，锚索的轴向拉力逐渐增大时，滑块5挤压滑动式异形锚索托盘2凹槽内的钢珠4与弹性树脂填充剂10组成的混合压缩变形体，钢珠4相互之间发生错动且弹性树脂填充剂10从滑块5与腔体的缝隙中流出，同时滑动式异形锚索托盘2沿金属保护套筒11内的轨道滑槽向钻孔内滑动，当滑动至轨道滑槽的末端时，与缓冲橡胶垫板6接触继而挤压金属挡板7，直至脱离轨道，此时滑动式异形锚索托盘2完成第一阶段让压过程；
随着锚索1轴向拉力进一步增大，滑动式异形锚索托盘2通过缓冲橡胶垫板6、金属挡板7传递压力挤压收缩吸能盒8、W形可伸展变形材料9和弹性树脂填充剂10，弹性树脂填充剂10、W形可伸展变形材料9均产生弹性变形，当锚索轴向拉力大于弹性树脂填充剂的弹性极限后，弹性树脂填充剂通过金属保护套筒11底部与锚索1的空隙排出，W形可伸展变形材料开始产生塑性变形，以提供让压空间，此时收缩吸能盒8受力而产生变形吸收巷道变形所释放的部分能量；
当发生冲击地压时，若滑动式异形锚索托盘2未脱离轨道滑槽，则缓冲橡胶垫板6首先缓冲吸能，同时金属挡板7传传递压力，截面为多边形的收缩吸能盒8瞬间压缩变形吸收大部分的冲击荷载的能量，以避免锚索瞬间达到伸长极限而断裂，与W形可伸展变形材料9、弹性树脂填充剂10共同完成第二阶段的让压过程，在第二阶段让压过程中，滑动式异形锚索托盘2与金属保护套筒11内壁是直接接触的，滑动过程中与金属保护套筒11内壁摩擦，亦为让压锚固装置提供了部分工作阻力，从而有效防止锚索1发生突发性破断而导致支护结构失效。
如图1所示，在围岩17中施工的锚索孔15，孔径与锚索直径匹配，在锚索孔15的基础上施工直径与金属保护套筒11匹配的扩孔段16。
图2(a)所示，将锚索1的尾部使用树脂药卷或水泥锚固剂18与围岩17进行锚固。锚索1穿过金属保护套筒11与塑胶垫板12，将金属保护套筒11安装在扩大孔16当中，塑胶垫板12位于金属保护套筒11与围岩17之间。
图2(b)所示，向金属保护套筒11底部注入一定剂量的弹性树脂填充剂10，再放入W形可伸展变形材料9，二者交替安装，每次注入的弹性树脂填充剂10剂量相同，确保W形可伸展变形材料9内部的空隙被均匀充填，以保证其协调变形和提高让压效果。待W形可伸展变形材料9安装完毕后，放入金属挡板7，将收缩吸能盒8装入金属保护套筒11中，再次放入金属挡板7。
图2(c)所示，将组装好的滑动式异形锚索托盘2穿过锚索1，并将滑块5与金属保护套筒11内的轨道对应，张拉锚索1，施加预应力，使用楔形套3固定锚索1。在滑动式异形锚索托盘2的腔体内放入钢珠4，填充弹性树脂填充剂10，在滑块5的底部凹槽中放入弹簧14，按压弹出式锁止器13挤压弹簧14，压入滑动式异形锚索托盘2的腔体，失去外力后，弹出式锁止器13弹出，锁紧滑块5，完成装配，此工序可在地面提前完成。
W形可伸展变形材料每层中间填充弹性树脂材料，使W形可伸展变形材料具有合理的间隔距离，又可以增加锚索的工作阻力。特别地，滑动式异形锚索托盘的滑块应采用强度高于345MPa的高强度钢材制作，在轨道滑动过程中不会发生大变形，避免在滑动时卡住轨道而造成让压结构破坏失效。该装置具有大变形让压和抗冲击让压吸能的双重工作模式，当围岩发生正常的变形时，滑块挤压钢珠与弹性树脂填充剂，滑动式异形锚索托盘向内滑动，与缓冲橡胶垫板接触继而挤压金属挡板，使得Ⅱ级让压结构发生作用，但收缩吸能盒仅产生少量的变形；当发生冲击地压时，收缩吸能盒因其挤压变形而吸收巷道围岩变形破坏释放的变形能，可防止锚索发生突发性破断而导致支护结构失效；金属保护套筒提高了锚固装置的抗剪能力，防止锚索被剪断。
Claims (6)
1.一种抗冲击吸能让压锚索锚固装置，包括经锚固剂（18）固定在锚索孔（15）内的锚索（1），其特征在于：所述锚索（1）位于锚索孔（15）入口段为扩孔段（16），所述的扩孔段内设有底部穿过锚索（1）的金属保护套筒（11），金属保护套筒（11）的外端面呈压扣在孔口的围岩（17）上的环形盘，所述的金属保护套筒（11）内设有依次套装在锚索（1）上的弹性材料层、收缩吸能盒（8）、缓冲橡胶垫板（6）和滑动式异形锚索托盘（2），所述金属保护套筒（11）的外端内孔中开有多个使滑动式异形锚索托盘（2）在金属保护套筒（11）内滑动的轨道滑槽；
所述的滑动式异形锚索托盘（2）包括含有多个平头齿的棱形基盘，所述棱形基盘上的每个平头齿内均设有弹性滑移组件，所述的弹性滑移组件包括楔形套（3）、多个钢珠（4）、滑块（5）、弹出式锁止器（13）和弹簧（14），所述的多个钢珠（4）通过弹性树脂填充剂设在平头齿的凹槽内，所述的滑块（5）一端经弹出式锁止器（13）和弹簧（14）固定在平头齿的凹槽内，另一端经弹出式锁止器（13）挤压弹簧（14）伸出与轨道滑槽相配合，所述的楔形套（3）位于棱形基盘中心孔套装在锚索杆上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种抗冲击吸能让压锚索锚固装置，其特征在于：所述压扣在孔口围岩（17）上的环形盘与围岩（17）的接触面上设有塑胶垫板（12）。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种抗冲击吸能让压锚索锚固装置，其特征在于：所述的收缩吸能盒（8）截面为多边形的空心结构，收缩吸能盒（8）由弹簧、设在弹簧两侧的金属挡板（7）和充填在金属挡板（7）内的弹性树脂填充剂（10）构成。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种抗冲击吸能让压锚索锚固装置，其特征在于：所述的弹性材料层由W形可伸展变形材料（9）和充填在W形可伸展变形材料（9）空隙中的弹性树脂填充剂（10）构成。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种抗冲击吸能让压锚索锚固装置，其特征在于：金属保护套筒（11）内中的轨道滑槽倾斜，倾斜水平夹角为3~6°。
6.一种使用权利要求1-5任一项所述装置的抗冲击吸能让压锚索锚固方法，包括钻孔、扩孔、在钻孔的孔底部用锚固剂（18）固定锚索（1），其特征在于：在扩孔段内安装金属保护套筒（11），并在金属保护套筒（11）内围绕锚索（1）设置依次由W形可伸展变形材料（9）和弹性树脂填充剂（10）构成的弹性材料层、收缩吸能盒（8）、缓冲橡胶垫板（6）和滑动式异形锚索托盘（2），滑动式异形锚索托盘（2）既能固定锚索（1），又能让压滑移，为Ⅰ级让压结构；
当围岩发生变形时，锚索的轴向拉力逐渐增大时，滑块（5）挤压滑动式异形锚索托盘（2）凹槽内的钢珠（4）与弹性树脂填充剂（10）组成的混合压缩变形体，钢珠（4）相互之间发生错动且弹性树脂填充剂（10）从滑块（5）与腔体的缝隙中流出，同时滑动式异形锚索托盘（2）沿金属保护套筒（11）内的轨道滑槽向钻孔内滑动，当滑动至轨道滑槽的末端时，与缓冲橡胶垫板（6）接触继而挤压金属挡板（7），直至脱离轨道，此时滑动式异形锚索托盘（2）完成第一阶段让压过程；
随着锚索（1）轴向拉力进一步增大，滑动式异形锚索托盘（2）通过缓冲橡胶垫板（6）、金属挡板（7）传递压力挤压收缩吸能盒（8）、W形可伸展变形材料（9）和弹性树脂填充剂（10），弹性树脂填充剂（10）、W形可伸展变形材料（9）均产生弹性变形，当锚索轴向拉力大于弹性树脂填充剂的弹性极限后，弹性树脂填充剂通过金属保护套筒（11）底部与锚索（1）的空隙排出，W形可伸展变形材料开始产生塑性变形，以提供让压空间，此时收缩吸能盒（8）受力而产生变形吸收巷道变形所释放的部分能量；
当发生冲击地压时，若滑动式异形锚索托盘（2）未脱离轨道滑槽，则缓冲橡胶垫板（6）首先缓冲吸能，同时金属挡板（7）传递压力，截面为多边形的收缩吸能盒（8）瞬间压缩变形吸收大部分的冲击荷载的能量，以避免锚索瞬间达到伸长极限而断裂，与W形可伸展变形材料（9）、弹性树脂填充剂（10）共同完成第二阶段的让压过程，在第二阶段让压过程中，滑动式异形锚索托盘（2）与金属保护套筒（11）内壁是直接接触的，滑动过程中与金属保护套筒（11）内壁摩擦，亦为让压锚固装置提供了部分工作阻力，从而有效防止锚索（1）发生突发性破断而导致支护结构失效。
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