CN111406585B - A kind of fine cultivation method of medicinal perilla - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a fine cultivation method of medicinal purple perilla, which sequentially comprises seedbed field selection, seedling shed manufacturing, floating seedling, transplanting, leaf harvesting and processing; the floating seedling raising comprises the following steps: s1, building a seedling raising pond; s2, making a seedling raising plate: the seedling raising tray comprises an outer frame and seedling raising holes; the outer frame is a hollow frame, and a first through hole communicated with the outside and the inside of the outer frame is formed in the upper side of the side wall of the outer frame; the seedling raising holes are uniformly arranged in the outer frame, and the adjacent seedling raising holes are separated by criss-cross partition plates S3. preparing a seedling raising substrate; s4, loading the substrate into a tray; s5, sowing; s6, entering a pool; s7, seedling shed management; and S8, lifting the seedlings. The method is scientific and reasonable, the seedling lifting is convenient and quick in the seedling raising process, the seedlings are not easy to hurt, the seedling integrity is good, the survival rate of the seedlings is high, and the harvested leaves are large and the yield is high.

Description

A kind of fine cultivation method of medicinal perilla

technical field

The invention belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation, and in particular relates to a method for fine cultivation of medicinal perilla.

Background technique

Perilla frutescens (scientific name: Perilla frutescens ), the ancient name is 描, also known as Su, Baisu, Guiren ("Er Ya"), 菏子, Chisu, Hongsu, Xiangsu, Heisu, white perilla, Qingsu , Wild Su, Su Ma, Su Cao, Tang Perilla, Fried Leaf Su, Chicken Su, Stinky Su, Big Perilla, False Perilla, Water Cohosh, Wild Huo Ma, Deaf Ear Ma, Zizhu, Xing Pasha ( Tibetan), etc., is the only species of perilla in the Lamiaceae family, an annual herb. Perilla frutescens (scientific name: Perilla frutescens), the ancient name is 鏏, also known as Su, Baisu, Guiren ("Er Ya"), 菏子, Chisu, Hongsu, Xiangsu, Heisu, white perilla, Qingsu , Wild Su, Su Ma, Su Cao, Tang Perilla, Fried Leaf Su, Chicken Su, Stinky Su, Big Perilla, False Perilla, Water Cohosh, Wild Huo Ma, Deaf Ear Ma, Zizhu, Xing Pasha ( Tibetan), etc., is the only species of perilla in the Lamiaceae family, an annual herb. Perilla is native to my country and has been cultivated for 2000 years. As one of the oil sources in China, there are abundant perilla resources in my country. The content of alpha-linolenic acid in perilla seed oil can be as high as 60%, which is a health-care oil with high nutritional value. Guizhou has a long history of planting and eating perilla for oil, and the Dong, Miao and Buyi people all have planting and eating habits. Seeds can germinate when the ground temperature is above 5°C, and the optimum germination temperature is 18-23°C. The seedling stage can tolerate low temperature of 1-2 ℃. Plants grow slowly at lower temperatures. Grows vigorously in summer. The optimum temperature during the flowering period is 22-28°C, and the relative humidity is 75%-80%. It is relatively moisture-tolerant, has strong waterlogging resistance, and is not resistant to drought, especially in the period of product organ formation, such as the air is too dry, the stems and leaves are thick and fibrous, and the quality is poor. It is adaptable to soil and can grow in shaded places. Perilla leaves are pungent and warm in nature, and have the functions of releasing, dispelling cold, regulating Qi, and promoting camp. Cure cold, cold, fever, cough, asthma, fullness of chest and abdomen, etc. "Compendium of Materia Medica" contains "Qi widen the middle, clear phlegm and benefit the lungs, and blood, warm the middle, relieve pain, calm asthma, and relieve miscarriage".

The cultivation method of perilla frutescens in the prior art mostly adopts the cultivation method of similar plants in the industry, because it is not targeted, does not meet the habit of perilla frutescens, and the cultivation measures are improper, there have always been small leaves of perilla frutescens, low yield, active ingredients (volatile oil and rosemary). The content of fragrant acid) is not up to the standard or the content is low. In addition, there are problems such as troublesome seedlings, easy to damage seedlings, and low survival rate of seedlings.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a fine cultivation method for medicinal perilla with large leaves, high yield, convenient seedlings, not easy to injure the seedlings, and high seedling survival rate.

The specific technical solutions are as follows:

The invention discloses a fine cultivation method for medicinal perilla, which sequentially includes the selection of a seedbed site, the making of a seedling shed, floating seedlings, transplanting, leaf harvesting and treatment.

The floating seedling cultivation comprises the following steps:

S1. Construction of nursery pond: the nursery pond is rectangular, the depth of the nursery pond is 6-10 cm, and there is a gap of 1-2 cm between the inner edge of the pond and the seedling tray; The bottom of the pond is sprayed with herbicides and insecticides, and then covered with a black film with a thickness of 0.10-0.12 mm; after the nursery pond is made, it should be watered 2-3 days before sowing to a depth of 3-5 cm, and then check for water leakage , and then add nutrient solution;

S2. making a seedling tray: the tray includes an outer frame and a nursery hole; the outer frame is a hollow reflex frame, and the upper side of the outer frame side wall is provided with a through hole one that communicates with the outside and the inside of the outer frame; the nursery The holes are evenly arranged inside the outer frame, and the adjacent seedling holes are separated by criss-crossing partitions; the seedling holes are opened up and down, an annular plate is arranged in the middle of the inner side of the seedling holes, and a bottom box is arranged at the bottom of the inner side of the seedling holes. The bottom box is open at the top and is buckled on the annular plate with an eversion hasp, and a water inlet is arranged at the bottom of the bottom box; the interior of the partition is hollow and the horizontal partition and the vertical partition are connected to each other, and the partition is connected to the outer frame The upper side of the junction is provided with through holes two connecting the interior of the clapboard and the inside of the outer frame, and the lower part of the clapboard is provided with through holes four connecting the lower part of the seedling hole; the side wall of the bottom box is provided with a plurality of through holes connecting the lower part of the seedling hole three.

S3. Preparation of seedling matrix: the seedling matrix is prepared in proportion from peat, fermented rice husk, expanded perlite and vermiculite treated with high temperature disinfection.

S4. Substrate loading: evenly load the prepared seedling matrix into the seedling hole, and the top of the seedling matrix is 0.5-1 cm away from the mouth of the seedling hole.

S5. Sowing: Sow 2-3 seeds per hole, and then cover the seeds.

S6. Entering the pond: After sowing and covering the seeds in a tray, clean the substrate around and at the bottom of the tray, and put it into the nursery pond with water and nutrient solution in time.

S7. Shed management.

S8. Raising seedlings: prepare a seedling raising frame before raising the seedlings; the seedling raising frame is composed of a bottom frame and a plurality of bumps on the bottom frame that are evenly arranged; the top of the bottom frame is concave to form the outer frame of the seedling tray just right The square groove that is stuck into it, the depth of the square groove is less than the height of the outer frame of the seedling tray, and the bump is arranged in the square groove corresponding to the nursery hole of the nursery tray. When the outer frame of the nursery tray is just stuck in the square groove The bumps correspond one-to-one with the bottom of the seedling hole and can extend into the seedling hole, and push the bottom box at the bottom of the seedling hole to the top of the annular plate in the seedling hole; after the seedlings grow, the seedling trays can be lifted out of the seedling pool respectively. Start the seedlings; when raising the seedlings, lift the seedling tray and put it in, align the outer frame of the seedling tray with the square groove and snap it into the bottom frame, and then press the seedling tray down, and the bumps in the square groove will hold the bottom box. Lift up, the bottom box moves upward, and push up the seedling matrix and the seedlings in the seedling hole, so that the seedlings and the seedling matrix can be easily lifted up from the seedling hole to complete the seedling.

Further, the bottom of the bottom box is flush with the bottom of the seedling hole.

Further, the bumps are square or circular.

Further, in step S4, before loading the seedling matrix, first check whether the holes at the bottom of the plate are blocked; when loading, the matrix should not be too dry, generally knead it into a ball by hand, and loosen it with hands; If it is too loose, the upper and lower substrates should be in close contact without any gaps. During the operation, after filling the substrate in the tray, press it with the index finger and middle finger, not too deep, as long as it is convenient to sow the perilla seeds. Yes, then cover the substrate; after the tray is installed, it should be placed in the seedling pool immediately.

Further, described S7. seedling shed management comprises the following steps:

S71. Temperature and humidity management: The relative humidity of the nursery shed is controlled below 90%; in the first 15 days of the whole seedling stage, the temperature is mainly controlled to promote the emergence of seedlings, the middle 25 days is mainly to control the temperature to promote roots, and the last 25 days are to control the temperature The squat seedlings are the main; from the emergence to the appearance of true leaves, the main thing is to keep warm. If the temperature in the shed is lower than 15°C, insulation measures should be taken in time; and if it is higher than 30°C, ventilation, ventilation, shading, and water spraying methods should be adopted in time. Cool down to prevent high temperature burning the seedlings, and cover the seedlings in time in the afternoon; if the seedlings are raised in small sheds, flat circular ventilation holes with a height of about 10 cm and a width of about 20 cm should be symmetrically cut on both sides of the arched shed, and a pair of ventilation holes should be opened every 50 cm. In order to avoid the adverse effects on the shed seedlings caused by the rapid heating in sunny days when the seedlings emerge.

S72. Water and fertilizer management: when the water in the seedling pond is 2 cm below the fixed water level due to evaporation, replenish the water to the fixed water level in time to maintain the normal concentration of the nutrient solution; during the seedling raising process, if the water level is found to drop rapidly in a short period of time, the pond should be checked. Whether the film leaks; if the film leaks, the film should be replaced in time, and the special fertilizer for seedling raising should be supplemented according to the original standard.

S73. Thinning and fixing of seedlings: When the seedlings reach 1-2 true leaves, the seedlings are fixed in time to ensure that there is one seedling per hole, so that the seedlings are uniform and tidy.

S74. Seedling hardening: 3-5 days before transplanting, place the seedling tray above the nursery pond, or drain the water in the nursery pond 7-10 d before transplanting, and cut off fertilizer and water to strengthen the seedlings, and at the same time gradually increase the number of seedlings. The amount of ventilation in the shed is to gradually remove the film and strengthen the seedlings; when the seedlings are wilted at noon, it is advisable to recover sooner or later. It is generally required to grow new roots and transplant when the leaves are light green.

S75. Strengthen the management and disinfection of seedling sheds and personnel: the nursery area shall be managed by special personnel, and it is forbidden for idle personnel or livestock and poultry to enter the nursery area; nursery managers and technicians enter the nursery area to work, and their shoes and hands shall be disinfected to prevent virus infection; the nursery area Smoking is prohibited and environmental hygiene is maintained; management personnel wash their hands and disinfect with soap and water when entering the shed to carry out agricultural operations such as seedling weeding and weeding.

Further, the transplanting comprises the following steps:

a. Selection of transplanting site:

Choose fertile, sunny, sandy and loamy land close to water sources and convenient for planting Honda management;

b. Weeding before sowing:

Use artificial or chemical weed control; artificial weeding can be carried out 3 days before transplanting; 14-21 days before perilla sowing, 10% glufosinate or 10% quizalofop can be used to spray the whole field to kill the field weeds.

c. Apply enough basal fertilizer:

According to the fertility of the cultivated land, apply well-decomposed high-quality organic manure or compost 4000 kg/667m2 or 25kg/667m2 compound fertilizer; when applying compound fertilizer, consider the principle of balanced fertilization with large, medium and trace elements; the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is 3 :2:0.5.

d. Ploughing and leveling:

When applying enough basal fertilizer to the soil quickly, use a small rotary tiller or a ploughing machine driven by a medium-sized tractor to plough the soil; plough the soil layer to 20cm, level the land, break the soil and make fine, so that the ploughing surface is flat and the soil grains are fine and uniform; when sowing If the soil is dry, the soil should be drenched with water first, and then loosened and leveled after the soil absorbs water.

e. Ground preparation and compartments:

Manual ditching or ditching machine to open the ditch as a box, the width of the box should correspond to the width of the planting and harvesting machinery, the width of the box is 2-3m, the width of the ditch is 30cm, the depth of the ditch is 20-30cm, and the depth of the rear ridge is 30-40cm. , The depth of the front ridge ditch is 40-50cm, the side ditches on both sides are 30-40cm, and the width is 30-40cm; the three ditches are straight, flat and open, and the drainage ditch outside the field should be deepened step by step to ensure smooth drainage; To ensure smooth sowing; to ensure the quality of sowing.

f. Film-covering and grass-controlling transplanting: after completing steps a-f, the seedlings obtained from step S8 can be transplanted and planted, and transplanted when the seedlings have 2-4 pairs of true leaves; choose cloudy or sunny afternoons, press 1.1 m even ditch with open box and ridge, ridge surface width 60cm, row spacing 40cm, nest spacing 30cm, two rows/ridge, plastic film mulching, double planting, leaf perilla planting density is 5500 plants/mu; Check the humidity of the seedbed one day. If the humidity is not enough, the seedbed should be thoroughly watered to ensure that the root system is not damaged when the seedlings are raised; bring more mulch, and do not plant overnight seedlings; water the root-fixing fertilizer; use 3 to 5 kg of urea per acre and clear manure water Irrigation immediately after planting the seedlings; Field removal: During the period from seedling stage to bolting stage, field removal is carried out 1 or 2 times, mainly to remove heterotypic plants to ensure the quality of the test.

g. Pest control: spray pesticides immediately after transplanting to control underground pests.

Further, the leaf harvesting and processing includes the following steps:

(1) Batch harvesting of leaves: Perilla leaves can be harvested after the in-sequence period, and the top 3-4 true leaves should be kept for each leaf; it can be harvested once every 2-3 weeks; Reach to the top of the inflorescence, prolong the time of leaf picking;

(2) One-time harvesting of leaves: When the perilla is in order and has not bloomed, the plants can be cut down manually or mechanically, and all the leaves can be removed by hanging upside down;

(3) Fresh leaf treatment: select intact leaves of the same size, clean and free of diseases and insect pests, 10 pieces in a stack, bundled or simply packaged;

(4) Dry leaf treatment: dry the leaves in a dry and ventilated place; when the moisture content is below 10%, they can be collected and packaged.

The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:

The invention is scientific and reasonable, the seedlings are raised conveniently and quickly in the process of raising seedlings, the seedlings are not easily damaged, the seedlings have good integrity, the survival rate of the seedlings is high, and the harvested leaves are large and the yield is high.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the seedling tray of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is the sectional view of A-A direction in Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a partial enlarged view at B in Fig. 2;

Fig. 4 is the structural representation of the seedling rack of the present invention;

Fig. 5 is the sectional view of C-C direction in Fig. 4;

As shown in the picture: 1-outer frame, 2-partition, 3-seedling hole, 4-bottom box, 5-water inlet, 6-ring plate, 7-through hole one, 8-through hole two, 9-through hole Hole three, 10-through hole four, 11-bottom frame, 12-square groove, 13-bump.

Detailed ways

The embodiments of the present invention are described below by specific embodiments, and those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of the present invention from the contents disclosed in this specification.

It should be noted that the structures, proportions, sizes, etc. drawn in the accompanying drawings of this specification are only used to cooperate with the contents disclosed in the specification, so as to be understood and read by those who are familiar with the technology, and are not used to limit the conditions that the present invention can be implemented. Therefore, without technical substantive significance, any modification of structure, change of proportional relationship or adjustment of size should still fall within the scope disclosed in the present invention without affecting the effect that the present invention can produce and the purpose that can be achieved. within the scope of technical content. At the same time, terms such as "up", "down", "left", "right", "middle", etc. quoted in this specification are only for the convenience of description, and are not used to limit the scope of the present invention. , the change or adjustment of the relative relationship, without substantial change of the technical content, should also be regarded as the scope of the present invention.

A method for fine cultivation of medicinal perilla, comprising the following steps:

1. Selection of seedbed site

The shed should be built on a site that is sheltered from wind and sunny, with flat terrain, low groundwater level, away from buildings, convenient transportation, and close to water sources (tap water, well water, not unsterilized rice field water or pond water). Isolation belts must be set up around the nursery shed to prohibit the entry of idle personnel and livestock.

Second, the production of nursery shed

Nursery sheds can be divided into conjoined sheds, single-body sheds, greenhouses, middle sheds, and small sheds according to their shape and size. The size of the shed can be arranged according to the needs of the seedlings and the terrain. The external specifications and materials of the scaffolding can be determined according to the actual situation, but the scaffolding is required to be firm, the scaffolding film is made of non-drip film, the doors and windows are easy to open, and can meet the requirements of ventilation and cooling. 70%-80% shade net.

3. Floating seedlings

S1. Construction of the nursery pond: The nursery pond is rectangular, and the length and width are flexibly controlled according to the specifications of the shed and the tray. There is a gap of 1-2 cm between the inner edge of the pond and the seedling tray, which is not only easy to pick and place the nursery tray, but also reduces direct sunlight. Breeding algae. The depth of the nursery pond is 6-10 cm. The ridge of the pond can be made of cement bricks or rice bricks (length × width × height = 24 cm × 12 cm × 6 cm). The bottom is then covered with a black film with a thickness of 0.10~0.12 mm.

After the nursery pond is made, water should be stored 2-3 days before sowing, and the water depth should be 3-5 cm, preferably no more than 6 cm. After that, check whether there is water leakage, and then add the corresponding nutrient solution.

The ratio of nutrient liquid nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 15:8:18. For the first time, use 200 g of nutrient solution, plus 15 g of copper sulfate, and evenly apply it into the nursery pond before sowing, so that the nitrogen concentration in the seedling pond water can reach 120-150 mg/L; the second time, 300 g is used. The nutrient solution of the seedling pond can be applied once 10-15 days after emergence, which can make the nitrogen concentration in the seedling pond water reach 240-300 mg/L. The second nutrient solution can also be applied in 2 times, with an interval of 10-15 d. When fertilizing, dilute the nutrient solution with a small amount of water, and then pour it evenly into the nursery pond.

Seedling water:

Use clean, non-polluting water.

S2. Making a seedling tray: As shown in Figures 1-3, the tray includes an outer frame 1 and a nursery hole 3; 1. The upper side of the side wall is provided with a through hole one 7 that communicates with the outside and the inside of the outer frame 1; the seedling hole 3 is evenly arranged inside the outer frame 1, and the adjacent seedling holes 3 are separated by crisscrossing partitions 2; Described seedling raising hole 3 is opened up and down, the middle part of the inner side surface of seedling raising hole 3 is provided with annular plate 6, and the bottom of the inner side surface of seedling raising hole 3 is provided with bottom box 4, and the top of described bottom box 4 is open and is buckled on the annular plate 6. On the top, a water inlet 5 is arranged at the bottom of the bottom box 4; the interior of the partition plate 2 is hollow and the horizontal partition plate 2 and the longitudinal partition plate 2 are connected to each other, and a connection is provided on the upper side of the connection between the partition plate 2 and the outer frame 1 The through holes two 8 inside the partition plate 2 and the inside of the outer frame 1 are provided with through holes four 10 connected to the bottom of the seedling hole 3 at the bottom of the partition plate 2; Hole three 9. The bottom of the bottom box is flush with the bottom of the seedling hole.

Perilla seedling trays are 160-well floating trays with length x width x height of 520 mm x 330 mm x 60 mm or 160-hole floating trays of 570 mm x 360 mm x 60 mm.

The newly made floating plate can be used directly without sterilization.

Floating discs that are more than 1 year old must be sanitized by first removing residue from the disc and then sanitizing by one of the following methods:

①Soak in 1% quicklime water for about 1 d, then rinse with clean water until it is odorless;

②Spray or soak the seedling tray with 15% sodium hypochlorite solution, seal it with plastic film for 24 hours, and then rinse it with water;

③ Directly spray or soak the seedling tray with 0.05%-0.10% potassium permanganate solution for 1 h, and then rinse it with clean water for later use.

S3. Preparation of seedling matrix: the seedling matrix is prepared in proportion from peat, fermented rice husk, expanded perlite and vermiculite treated with high temperature disinfection.

Seedling substrates are required to have good physical properties, good permeability and stable chemical properties. It is mainly prepared from high temperature sterilized peat, fermented rice husk, expanded perlite and vermiculite in a certain proportion. This product has been selected and sent to Guizhou Provincial Inorganic Inspection Station for many times, and tested according to the above-mentioned industry standards, all of which are qualified. Each bag of floating seedling substrate has a volume of 70 L and can hold 16 trays (160-well floating trays).

S4. Substrate loading: evenly load the prepared seedling matrix into the seedling hole, and the top of the seedling matrix is 0.5-1 cm away from the mouth of the seedling hole.

Choose a flat, hygienic site for loading. The principle of packing is uniformity and moderate tightness. First of all, it is necessary to adjust the moisture of the substrate. It is better to have a slightly moist feeling, hold it into a ball, and it will disperse when you touch it. When it is dry, you can spray an appropriate amount of water and mix the substrate evenly. Then, evenly fill the floating plate with the substrate and then scrape it flat, and then tap the four sides of the floating plate or the pier plate 1-2 times with a wooden board, and the height of the pier plate is 8-10 cm, so that the substrate is fully contacted, and a hole of about 0.5 cm is formed naturally. Depth, for perilla seeds, it is most practical to tap with your index and middle fingers to form the holes. If there is a matching seeder, the corresponding hole pressing plate can be used or made to ensure the appropriate seeding depth.

Before placing the seedling substrate on the plate, check whether the holes at the bottom of the plate are blocked; when placing the plate, the substrate should not be too dry. Generally, it is advisable to knead it into a ball with hands and loosen the hands; In close contact, there should be no gaps. During the operation, first fill the substrate in the tray, press it with the index finger and the middle finger, not too deep, as long as it is convenient to sow the perilla seeds, and then cover the substrate; After the plate is installed, it should be put into the seedling pool immediately.

S5. Seeding:

Seed Preparation: Choose seeds that should appear intact, healthy, free of scars, and free from pests and diseases. And the quality of the improved seeds should reach the purity > 95%, the germination rate > 75%, the moisture content < 8%, and the impurity rate < 2.00%.

Timely and early sowing: The best sowing time is from the end of February to the beginning of March. After the beginning of spring every year, sowing can be carried out when the surface temperature reaches 15 degrees Celsius. Timely and early sowing is conducive to the emergence of perilla seeds and improves the seedling price and subsequent growth ability.

Sowing quantity: The perilla seeds required for seedling raising in floating trays are generally 2-3 seeds per hole.

Cover seeding: Sow 2-3 seeds per hole and cover seeding. When covering the seeds, put a bamboo sieve into a small amount of matrix, and sieve the cover back and forth on the tray where the seeds have been sown, so as not to see the seeds. Do not cover the matrix too thick to avoid the seeds being difficult to emerge.

S6. Entering the pond: After sowing and covering the seeds in a tray, clean the substrate around and at the bottom of the tray, and put it into the nursery pond with water and nutrient solution in time.

S7. Seedling Shed Management

S71. Temperature and humidity management:

The optimum temperature for seed germination is 15-25°C, and germination takes 10-15 d. The seeds do not germinate when the temperature is lower than 15°C or higher than 25°C.

The nursery shed should be regularly ventilated and dehumidified, and the relative humidity should be kept less than 90% (that is, the temperature difference between the dry and wet bulbs is greater than 1.5 °C). In the first 15 d of the whole seedling stage, the temperature control was mainly used to promote the emergence of neat seedlings, the middle 25 d was mainly to control the temperature to promote the root, and the latter 25 d to control the temperature to squat seedlings. From the emergence of the seedlings to the appearance of true leaves, insulation is the main method. The temperature in the shed is lower than 15 °C, and insulation measures should be taken in time. If the temperature is higher than 30°C, ventilation, ventilation, shading, water spraying and other methods should be adopted in time to cool down to prevent the seedlings from being burned at high temperature, and the film should be covered in time in the afternoon.

For seedlings in small sheds, flat circular ventilation holes with a height of about 10 cm and a width of about 20 cm should be symmetrically cut on both sides of the arch shed, and a pair of them should be opened every 50 cm, so as to prevent the seedlings from heating up too fast on sunny days when the seedlings emerge. cause adverse effects.

S72. Water and Fertilizer Management:

When the water in the nursery pond is 2 cm below the fixed water level due to evaporation, replenish the water to the fixed water level in time to maintain the normal concentration of the nutrient solution; during the nursery process, if the water level is found to drop rapidly in a short period of time, you should check whether the pond membrane is leaking; If the film leaks, the film should be replaced in time, and the special fertilizer for seedling raising should be supplemented according to the original standard.

S73. Thinning and stabilizing seedlings:

When the seedlings reach 1-2 true leaves, the seedlings should be fixed in time to ensure that there is one seedling in each hole, so that the seedlings are uniform and tidy.

S74. Refining seedlings:

Seedling hardening is one of the important measures to improve the stress resistance of seedlings and the survival rate of transplanting. 3-5 days before transplanting, place the nursery tray above the nursery pond, or drain the water in the nursery pond 7-10 days before transplanting, and cut off fertilizer and water to make seedlings. Peel off the film and strengthen the seedlings; when the seedlings are wilted at noon, it is advisable to recover sooner or later. It is generally required to grow new roots and transplant when the leaves are light green.

S75. Strengthen the management and disinfection of seedling sheds and personnel:

The nursery area shall be managed by special personnel, and it is forbidden for idlers or livestock and poultry to enter the nursery area; nursery managers and technicians shall enter the nursery area to work, and their shoes and hands shall be disinfected to prevent virus infection; smoking is prohibited in the nursery area, and the environment shall be kept hygienic; management personnel shall enter the shed Wash hands and disinfect with soap and water when carrying out agricultural operations such as seedling weeding and weeding. After transplanting, the seedling trays should be cleaned and kept, and the weeds and debris inside and outside the shed should be cleaned and burned.

Common problems and control of floating seedlings

Prevent the seedling tray from being placed in the seedling pond and not absorb water: before loading the tray, check whether the holes at the bottom of the tray are blocked; when loading the tray, the substrate should not be too dry, generally knead it into a ball with your hands, and loosen it with your hands; Do not install too loosely, and the upper and lower substrates should be in close contact with no gaps (during the operation, after filling the substrate in the tray first, press it with your index and middle fingers, not too deep, as long as it is easy to sow the perilla Seeds can be used, and then cover the substrate); after the plate is installed, it should be placed in the seedling pool immediately.

To prevent moss from growing in the nursery pond: We mainly choose timely sowing to prevent cold damage. According to the local climate and practical operation in the past 10 years, it is concluded that the best sowing time for perilla floating seedlings is about the annual rain (February 18-20) solar term. It is conducive to the emergence of perilla seeds, but early sowing will encounter low temperature and rotten seeds.

Prevention of burning seedlings: If the temperature in the shed exceeds 30 ℃, pay attention to open the two ends and the middle of the shed for ventilation to prevent burning of seedlings.

S8. Raising seedlings: prepare a seedling-raising frame before raising the seedlings; as shown in Figures 4 and 5, the seedling-raising frame is composed of a bottom frame 11 and a plurality of bumps 13 evenly arranged on the bottom frame 11; The top of the frame 11 is concave to form a square groove 12 into which the outer frame 1 of the seedling tray can be just stuck. In the square groove 12, when the outer frame 1 of the seedling raising tray is just snapped into the square groove 12, the bumps 13 correspond one-to-one with the bottom of the seedling hole 3 and can extend into the seedling hole 3 to place the bottom box at the bottom of the seedling hole 3. 4, push up to the top of the annular plate 6 in the seedling hole 3; after the seedlings are grown, the seedling trays can be lifted out of the seedling pond to raise the seedlings; The outer frame 1 of the plate is aligned with the square groove 12 and is inserted into the bottom frame 11, and then the seedling raising plate is pressed down. A part of the seedling substrate and the seedling are pushed upwards, so that the seedlings and the seedling substrate can be easily lifted up from the seedling hole 3 to complete the seedling raising. The bumps 13 are square or circular.

4. Transplanting:

a. Selection of transplanting site:

Choose fertile, sunny, sandy and loamy land close to water sources and convenient for planting Honda management;

b. Weeding before sowing:

Use artificial or chemical weed control; artificial weed control can be carried out 3 days before transplanting; chemical control weed control should meet the requirements of NY/T 1997-2011. 14-21 days before perilla sowing, 10% glufosinate or 10% quizalofop-p-ethyl can be used to spray the whole field to kill weeds in the field.

c. Apply enough basal fertilizer:

According to the fertility of the cultivated land, apply well-decomposed high-quality organic manure or compost 4000 kg/667m2 or 25kg/667m2 compound fertilizer. When applying compound fertilizer, consider the principle of balanced fertilization in combination with large, medium and trace elements. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is about 3:2:0.5. d. Ploughing and leveling:

When applying enough basal fertilizer to the soil quickly, use a small rotary tiller or a ploughing machine driven by a medium-sized tractor to plough the soil; plough the soil layer to 20cm, level the land, break the soil and make fine, so that the ploughing surface is flat and the soil grains are fine and uniform; when sowing If the soil is dry, the soil should be drenched with water first, and then loosened and leveled after the soil absorbs water.

e. Ground preparation and compartments:

Manual ditching or ditching machine to open the ditch as a box, the width of the box should correspond to the width of the planting and harvesting machinery, generally about 2-3m, the width of the box is 30cm, the depth of the trench is about 20-30cm, and the depth of the rear ridge is 30-40cm. , The depth of the front ditch is 40-50cm, the side ditches on both sides are 30-40cm, and the width is 30-40cm; the three ditches (the middle ditch, the side ditch, the side ditch) are straight, flat and open, and the drainage ditches outside the field should be deepened step by step. Drainage is smooth. Real-time irrigation and drainage according to soil moisture to ensure smooth sowing. Ensure the quality of sowing.

f. Film-covering and grass-controlling transplanting: after completing steps a-f, the seedlings obtained from step S8 can be transplanted and planted, and transplanted when the seedlings have 2-4 pairs of true leaves; choose cloudy or sunny afternoons, press 1.1 m even ditch with open box and ridge, ridge surface width 60cm, row spacing 40cm, nest spacing 30cm, two rows/ridge, plastic film mulching, double planting, leaf perilla planting density is 5500 plants/mu; Check the humidity of the seedbed one day. If the humidity is not enough, the seedbed should be thoroughly watered to ensure that the root system is not damaged when the seedlings are raised; bring more mulch, and do not plant overnight seedlings; water the root-fixing fertilizer; use 3 to 5 kg of urea per acre and clear manure water Irrigation immediately after planting the seedlings; Field removal: During the period from seedling stage to bolting stage, field removal is carried out 1 or 2 times, mainly to remove heterotypic plants to ensure the quality of the test.

g. Pest control: spray pesticides immediately after transplanting to control underground pests.

5. Leaf harvesting and processing:

(1) Batch harvesting of leaves: Perilla leaves can be harvested after the in-sequence period, and the top 3-4 true leaves should be kept for each leaf; it can be harvested once every 2-3 weeks; Reach to the top of the inflorescence, prolong the time of leaf picking;

(2) One-time harvesting of leaves: When the perilla tree is in order and has not yet bloomed, the plant can be cut down manually or mechanically, and all the leaves can be removed by hanging it upside down;

(3) Fresh leaf treatment: select intact leaves of the same size, clean and free of diseases and insect pests, 10 pieces in a stack, bundled or simply packaged;

(4) Dry leaf treatment: dry the leaves in a dry and ventilated place; when the moisture content is below 10%, they can be collected and packaged.

The protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the technical solutions disclosed in the specific embodiments, and any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements, etc. made to the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the present invention all fall into the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (4)

1. A fine cultivation method of medicinal Perilla frutescens comprises seedbed field selection, seedling shed manufacture, floating seedling, transplanting, leaf harvesting and treatment; the method is characterized in that the floating seedling raising comprises the following steps:

s1, constructing a seedling raising pond: the seedling raising pond is rectangular, the depth of the seedling raising pond is 6-10cm, and a gap of 1-2cm is reserved between the inner edge of the pond and the seedling tray; building the pool ridge with cement bricks or rice bricks, flatly and compactly piling the bottom, spraying herbicide and insecticide on the pool bottom, and then paving the bottom with a black film with the thickness of 0.10-0.12 mm; after the seedling raising pond is manufactured, water is stored for 2-3 days before sowing, the water depth is 3-5cm, then whether water leakage exists is checked, and then nutrient solution is added;

s2, making a seedling raising plate: the seedling raising tray comprises an outer frame and seedling raising holes; the outer frame is a hollow frame, and a first through hole communicated with the outside and the inside of the outer frame is formed in the upper side of the side wall of the outer frame; the seedling raising holes are uniformly arranged in the outer frame, and the adjacent seedling raising holes are separated by criss-cross partition plates; the seedling raising holes are opened up and down, the middle parts of the inner side surfaces of the seedling raising holes are provided with annular plates, the bottoms of the inner side surfaces of the seedling raising holes are provided with bottom boxes, the tops of the bottom boxes are opened and are turned outwards to be buckled on the annular plates, and the bottoms of the bottom boxes are provided with water inlets; the inner part of the partition board is hollow, the transverse partition board is communicated with the longitudinal partition board, a second through hole communicated with the inner part of the partition board and the inner part of the outer frame is formed in the upper side of the joint of the partition board and the outer frame, and a fourth through hole communicated with the lower part of the seedling growing hole is formed in the lower part of the partition board; a plurality of third through holes communicated with the lower parts of the seedling growing holes are formed in the side wall of the bottom box; the bottom of the bottom box is flush with the bottom of the seedling growing hole;

s3, seedling culture substrate preparation: the seedling culture substrate is prepared by grass carbon subjected to high-temperature disinfection treatment, fermented chaff, expanded perlite and vermiculite in proportion;

s4, loading the substrate into a tray: uniformly filling the prepared seedling raising substrate into the seedling raising holes, wherein the distance between the tops of the seedling raising substrates and the hole openings of the seedling raising holes is 0.5-1 cm;

s5, sowing: sowing 2-3 seeds in each hole, and then covering seeds;

s6, entering a pool: after the seeds are placed in a tray, sowed and covered, cleaning the matrix around the tray and at the bottom of the tray, and putting the substrate into a seedling pool with water and nutrient solution in time;

s7, seedling shed management;

the seedling shed management method comprises the following steps:

s71, temperature and humidity management: controlling the relative humidity of the seedling raising shed to be below 90 percent; the first 15 days of the whole seedling stage are mainly temperature-controlled seedling emergence promotion, the middle 25 days are mainly temperature-controlled root promotion, and the last 25 days are mainly temperature-controlled squat seedlings; from seedling emergence to appearance of true leaves, heat preservation is mainly carried out, the temperature in the greenhouse is lower than 15 ℃, and heat preservation measures are taken in time; and above 30 ℃, the temperature is timely reduced by adopting ventilation, air exchange, shading and water spraying methods to prevent high-temperature seedling burning and timely covering films in the afternoon; in the method, when raising seedlings in a small shed, oblate vent holes with the height of about 10cm and the width of about 20cm are symmetrically cut at two sides of an arched shed, and a pair of vent holes is opened every 50cm, so that adverse effects on small-shed seedlings caused by too fast temperature rise in sunny days during seedling emergence are avoided;

s72, water and fertilizer management: when the water in the seedling raising pond is lower than the fixed water level by 2cm due to evaporation, supplementing water to the fixed water level in time so as to keep the normal concentration of the nutrient solution; in the process of seedling culture, if the water level is found to drop rapidly in a short time, checking whether the water tank film leaks water; if the film leaks water, the film is replaced in time, and meanwhile, the special fertilizer for seedling cultivation is supplemented according to the original standard;

s73, thinning and final singling: when the seedlings reach 1 to 2 true leaves, thinning and final singling in time, and ensuring that one seedling is in each hole, so that the seedlings are uniform and regular;

s74, hardening seedlings: 3-5d before transplanting, the seedling raising tray is erected above the seedling raising pool, fertilizer and water are cut off, seedling hardening is carried out, meanwhile, the ventilation quantity of the seedling raising shed is gradually increased, and the film is gradually uncovered and the seedlings are hardened; during seedling exercising, the wilting of the seedlings at noon is preferably realized, and the seedlings can recover in the morning and at night; transplanting when new roots grow and leaves are light green;

s75, seedling shed strengthening, personnel management and disinfection: the seedling raising area is managed by a specially-assigned person, and people with leisure activities or livestock and poultry are prohibited from entering the seedling raising area; seedling management personnel and technicians enter the seedling area to work, and shoes and hands are disinfected to prevent virus infection; smoking is prohibited in the seedling growing area, so that the environmental sanitation is kept; when managers enter the greenhouse to carry out farming operations such as seedling evening and weeding, soapy water is used for washing hands for disinfection, the seedling raising tray is cleaned and stored after transplanting, and weed sundries inside and outside the greenhouse are cleaned and burnt;

s8, lifting seedlings: preparing a seedling lifting frame before lifting seedlings; the seedling raising frame consists of a bottom frame and a plurality of lugs uniformly arranged on the bottom frame; the top of the bottom frame is internally concave to form a square groove which can be used for just clamping the outer frame of the seedling tray into the square groove, the depth of the square groove is smaller than the height of the outer frame of the seedling tray, the convex blocks are arranged in the square groove corresponding to the seedling holes of the seedling tray, when the outer frame of the seedling tray is just clamped into the square groove, the convex blocks and the bottoms of the seedling holes correspond to each other one by one and can extend into the seedling holes to enable bottom boxes at the bottoms of the seedling holes to be upwards ejected to the upper part of the annular plate in the seedling holes; after the seedlings grow, the seedling raising plates can be lifted out of the seedling raising pool respectively for seedling raising; when seedlings are lifted, the seedling tray is lifted and placed, the outer frame of the seedling tray is aligned with the square groove and clamped into the bottom frame, then the seedling tray is pressed downwards, the bottom box is lifted upwards by the lug in the square groove, the bottom box moves upwards, the seedling substrate in the seedling hole and the seedlings are pushed upwards by a part, and therefore the seedlings and the seedling substrate can be easily lifted upwards out of the seedling hole to finish the lifting of the seedlings;

the transplanting comprises the following steps:

a. selecting a transplanting land:

selecting sandy soil with fertile and sunny soil, close to water source and convenient management of transplanted local field;

b. weeding before sowing: artificial or chemical grass control is adopted; the artificial weeding can be carried out 3 days before the transplantation; spraying 10% phosphinothricin or 10% quizalofop-p-ethyl to kill weeds in the field 14-21 days before sowing perilla;

c. applying enough base fertilizer:

according to the fertility condition of the cultivation land, applying well-decomposed high-quality organic stable manure or compost 4000kg/667m ² Or 25kg/667m ² Compound fertilizer; when the compound fertilizer is applied, the principle of balanced fertilization by matching large and medium trace elements is considered; the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer is 3: 2: 0.5;

d. ploughing and leveling:

the land for applying enough base fertilizer is fast, and a plough machine driven by a small-sized rotary cultivator or a medium-sized tractor is adopted to plough the soil; ploughing a soil layer to reach 20cm, leveling the soil, breaking the soil and making the soil fine so as to level the cultivated surface and fine and uniform soil grains; when the soil is dry during sowing, watering is carried out to drench the soil, and loosening and leveling the soil after the soil absorbs water;

e. land preparation and compartment division:

making a compartment by manual ditching or ditching with a ditcher, wherein the width of a compartment surface corresponds to the operation width of a seeding and harvesting machine, the width of the compartment surface is 2-3m, the width of a compartment ditch is 30cm, the depth of the ditch is 20-30cm, the depth of a rear ridge ditch is 30-40cm, the depth of a front ridge ditch is 40-50cm, the depth of side ditches at two sides is 30-40cm, and the width of the side ditches is 30-40 cm; the three ditches are straight, flat and communicated, and are matched with the field drainage ditch deepened step by step, so that drainage is smooth; draining and irrigating in real time according to soil moisture content to ensure smooth seeding; the seeding quality is ensured;

f. film mulching, grass control and transplantation:

after the steps a-f are completed, transplanting and field planting are carried out on the seedlings from the step S8, and transplanting is carried out when the number of the seedlings is 2-4 to the number of the true leaves; selecting cloudy days or afternoon of fine days, carrying out furrow making and ridging according to 1.1m, wherein the width of a ridge surface is 60cm, the row spacing is 40cm, the pit spacing is 30cm, two rows/ridge are covered by a mulching film, two plants are fixedly planted, and the planting density of leaves by purple perilla is 5500 plants/mu; checking the humidity of the seedbed one day before lifting the seedlings, and if the humidity is not enough, completely watering the seedbed so as to ensure that the root system is not damaged during lifting the seedlings; the seedlings are not planted at night with a plurality of pieces of root-protecting soil; pouring fertilizer water for fixing roots; 3-5 kg of urea is added with clear liquid dung per mu, and the mixture is immediately applied after seedlings are planted; removing impurities in the field: during the period from the seedling stage to the bolting stage, carrying out impurity removal in the field for 1-2 times, mainly removing abnormal plants, and ensuring the test quality;

g. and (3) pest control:

and immediately spraying pesticide to control underground pests after transplanting.

2. The fine cultivation method of medicinal perilla as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fine cultivation method comprises the following steps: the lug is square or round.

3. The fine cultivation method of medicinal perilla as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fine cultivation method comprises the following steps: in step S4, before the seedling substrate is placed in a tray, whether holes at the bottom of the tray are blocked or not is checked; when the substrate is placed in a tray, the substrate cannot be too dry, and the substrate is usually kneaded into a ball by hands and loosened by hands; during the operation process, after the substrate in the tray is filled, the substrate can be pressed by the forefinger and the middle finger, and can not be pressed too deeply, only the perilla seeds can be conveniently sown, and then the substrate is covered; after the tray is filled, the seedling is placed in the seedling pool immediately.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the leaf harvesting and processing comprises the steps of:

(1) harvesting leaves in batches: after the current sequence, the leaves of the purple perilla can be harvested, and the top 3-4 true leaves are required to be reserved for each leaf harvesting; can be taken once in 2-3 weeks; if only the material for taking the leaves is considered, the apical inflorescence can be removed in the flowering phase, and the time for taking the leaves is prolonged;

(2) harvesting the leaves at one time: when the purple perilla is in the current process and does not bloom, manually or mechanically cutting down the plant, and hanging upside down to take down all leaves; (3) fresh leaf treatment: selecting 1 pile of 10 clean complete leaves with consistent size and no plant diseases and insect pests, and bundling or simply packaging;

(4) dry leaf treatment: drying the leaves in the shade at a dry and ventilated place; and collecting and packaging when the water content is lower than 10%.

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