CN111345233A - Biological pollination method for fruit and vegetable crops in facility - Google Patents
Biological pollination method for fruit and vegetable crops in facility Download PDFInfo
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- CN111345233A CN111345233A CN202010197946.7A CN202010197946A CN111345233A CN 111345233 A CN111345233 A CN 111345233A CN 202010197946 A CN202010197946 A CN 202010197946A CN 111345233 A CN111345233 A CN 111345233A
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of plant crop pollination, and particularly relates to a biological pollination method of fruit and vegetable crops in a facility. According to the biological pollination method for fruit and vegetable crops in the facility, the bumblebee is introduced to the flowering phase of the crops as a pollination insect medium, the crops are pollinated by using the advantages of the bumblebee, and the bumblebee is fed by supplementing a specially prepared nutrient in the pollination process, so that the pollination enthusiasm and the pollination efficiency of the bumblebee can be effectively improved, the fruit setting rate of the crops is obviously improved, the malformed fruit rate is obviously reduced, and the biological pollination method is suitable for agricultural planting and popularization.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of plant crop pollination, and particularly relates to a biological pollination method of fruit and vegetable crops in a facility.
Background
With the penetration of modern industry to agriculture, countries in the world, especially developed countries, take the development of facility agriculture as an important measure for the sustainable development of modern agriculture. Especially, with the improvement of living standard of people and the increase of demand of vegetables and fruits out of season, the development of facility agriculture is accelerated continuously, and supporting facilities are improved continuously. The facility agriculture comprehensively applies high and new technologies such as biotechnology, information technology, new material technology, energy technology and the like, gets rid of the dependence of the traditional agriculture on natural environment to a certain extent, improves the stability of agricultural production, has the characteristics of high input, high technical content, high yield, high quality, high benefit and the like, realizes intensification, commercialization and industrialization, is a modern agricultural production mode with high vitality, and has very important significance for ensuring the effective supply of agricultural products, ensuring the food safety, promoting the agricultural development, increasing the income of farmers, enhancing the comprehensive agricultural production capacity and improving the international market competitiveness of agricultural products.
However, because the environments in facilities (such as various glass greenhouses, plastic greenhouses, multi-span greenhouses and the like) are relatively independent, and few or no other natural pollination insects exist, the pollination of crops, fruits and vegetables can be directly influenced, and the problems of low fruit setting rate of the crops, poor fruit quality and the like are caused. At present, the introduction of different pollination swarms is the most ideal method for solving the pollination problem of facility crops, not only can solve the pollination problem of the facility crops, but also can improve the crop yield and the fruit quality, has obvious economic and social benefits, and is an important measure for increasing the yield of the facility agriculture. However, due to the special microclimate conditions in the greenhouse facilities, such as temperature, humidity, illumination, smell and other factors, the living space and living habits of the pollinating bee colony are thoroughly changed, and the pollination efficiency can be improved only by fully knowing the biology and pollination characteristics of the pollinating bee species and selecting suitable bee species by utilizing the pollination characteristics.
Bumblebee (bumble bee), belonging to the genus 1 of the family Apidae of the order Hymenoptera, is a type of omnivorous social insect known as bumblebee. The bumblebee is similar to a bee, but the lip base is raised, the distance between the jaw and the eye is obvious, and the 1 st subarachnoid space is divided by oblique veins; the female bee and worker bee postshin have pollen basket, the outer side of the shin node is smooth, the edge has hair, and the male bee penis base abdominal clip and the spinous process protrude or obviously exceed the genital process base node. The degree of evolution of bumblebees has been in an intermediate stage from solitary bees to advanced social bees. The bumblebee has large body, fluffy whole body, long mouth, strong acquisition power, strong adaptability to low temperature and low light and capability of resisting severe environment. The bumblebee has underdeveloped information exchange, poor phototaxis, strong low temperature resistance and strong humidity resistance, is suitable for the environment of a greenhouse, has large individual body, long service life, full fluff on the whole body, large flying distance and large amount of carried pollen compared with other bees, and has more efficient utilization of a bee pollen source than other bee species. Therefore, the bumblebee is an ideal pollinator for various greenhouse fruit setting crops, in particular for melons, fruits and vegetables such as strawberries, tomatoes, sweet peppers, melons, eggplants, watermelons and the like.
Therefore, how to improve the pollination efficiency of the bumblebees in the validity period has positive significance for the bumblebee pollination research of crops in facilities.
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a biological pollination method for fruit and vegetable crops in a facility, so as to improve the service time of commercial bumblebees and improve the pollination efficiency of the bumblebees.
In order to solve the technical problems, the biological pollination method of the fruit and vegetable crops in the facility comprises the steps of putting bumblebees in the initial flowering stage and providing a feeding nutrient for the bumblebees in the crop facility to feed the bumblebees;
the temperature in the facility is 12-28 ℃ and the relative humidity is 50-90%;
controlling the number of the bumblebees to be 50-80 crops per mu.
Specifically, in the step of putting the bumblebee, the height of the beehive is controlled to be 15-50 cm.
Specifically, the feeding nutrient comprises bee pollen and sugar solution.
Specifically, the bee pollen comprises corn pollen, rape pollen and/or camellia pollen.
Specifically, the mass concentration of the sugar solution is 30-50 wt%
Specifically, the sugar solution comprises sucrose solution and/or plant polysaccharide solution.
Specifically, the plant polysaccharide solution is spirulina polysaccharide and/or lentinan solution.
Specifically, the biological pollination method of fruit and vegetable crops in the facility further comprises the step of spraying an induction promoter on crop plants in the flowering period.
Specifically, the induction promoter is egg white with the mass concentration of 20-50 wt%.
Specifically, the ripe fruit crops comprise solanaceous fruits, leguminous crops, cruciferae crops, rosaceous crops and cucurbitaceae crops.
According to the biological pollination method for fruit and vegetable crops in the facility, the bumblebee is introduced to the flowering phase of the crops as a pollination insect medium, the crops are pollinated by using the advantages of the bumblebee, and the bumblebee is fed by supplementing a specially prepared nutrient in the pollination process, so that the pollination enthusiasm and the pollination efficiency of the bumblebee can be effectively improved, the fruit setting rate of the crops is obviously improved, the malformed fruit rate is obviously reduced, and the biological pollination method is suitable for agricultural planting and popularization.
According to the biological pollination method for fruit and vegetable crops in the facility, disclosed by the invention, the enthusiasm of the bumblebee to visit flowers can be further effectively improved by further spraying the selected accelerant on the plants, the pollination efficiency of the crops is favorably improved, the fruit setting rate of the crops is further improved, the malformed fruit rate of the crops is reduced, and the economic significance is better.
Detailed Description
Example 1 in-facility tomato pollination
The tomato variety to be tested is Provence, provided by Shandong shouguang vegetable industry group Co., Ltd; the pollinated bumble bees are produced by Shandong Lubao science and technology development Limited company; the flower dipping hormone is 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D).
The test was carried out in vegetable base of Jinan city in 2018, and was carried out in 4 polyethylene film greenhouses with insect-proof nets, each greenhouse was 90m long and 7.5m wide, and a protective net was arranged in the greenhouse to prevent the escape of bumblebees.
The method comprises the steps of growing seedlings of tomatoes in 2018 in 23 days 1 month and planting the tomatoes in 21 days 2 months, wherein high-ridge double-row planting is adopted for planting, and the ridge spacing is controlled to be 140cm, the row spacing is controlled to be 60cm, and the plant spacing is controlled to be 30 cm.
In this experiment, tomato flowering phase is about 55 days, selects bumblebee quantity to be 80/case and can accomplish whole pollination process, and four warmhouse booth pollinates according to following mode respectively:
the first method is as follows: putting sufficient nutrients into a beehive for multiple times, wherein the nutrients are mixed according to a mass ratio of 1: 1: 1, a mixture of corn pollen, rape pollen and camellia pollen, and a sucrose solution with a mass concentration of 30 wt%;
the second method comprises the following steps: putting sufficient nutrients into a beehive for multiple times, wherein the nutrients are mixed according to a mass ratio of 1: 1: 1, the mixture of corn pollen, rape pollen and camellia pollen, and a mixed sugar solution of sucrose, spirulina polysaccharide and lentinan with the mass concentration of 30 wt% (mass ratio is 1: 1: 1);
the third method comprises the following steps: putting sufficient nutrients into a beehive for multiple times, wherein the nutrients are mixed according to a mass ratio of 1: 1: 1, the mixture of corn pollen, rape pollen and camellia pollen, and a mixed sugar solution of sucrose, spirulina polysaccharide and lentinan with the mass concentration of 30 wt% (mass ratio is 1: 1: 1); before releasing bees, spraying 50 kg/mu of egg white aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 20 wt% on tomato plants;
the method is as follows: artificial hormone dipping pollination is carried out by 2, 4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid according to a conventional mode.
The nutritional agent is placed in a sugar pot in the beehive or poured into a disc and placed under the beehive, so that the bumblebees can find and eat conveniently, and the nutritional agent in the disc is required to be placed for a small number of times to prevent the bumblebees from drowning when eating. In the experiment, the amounts of the nutrients added into the four greenhouses are the same.
Before releasing the bumblebees, checking whether the ventilation opening and the air release opening of the greenhouse are flat and intact and do not have wrinkles to prevent the bumblebees from being stuck, and checking whether a plastic greenhouse film has broken holes to prevent the bumblebees from flying out; ensures that the soil does not contain toxic substances such as high-toxicity, high-residue and strong systemic pesticide, organic phosphorus pesticide and the like, and prevents the death of the bumblebee due to poisoning.
When the number of blossoms of the tomatoes reaches one fourth of the number of flowers in the current day, the temperature in the greenhouse is 10-32 ℃, and the humidity is 50-80%, the best time for placing the beehive is selected, the beehive is placed after dark, and the nest door is opened in the next morning, so that the bumblebee can adapt to a new environment.
In order to ensure the survival rate and the activity of the bumblebees, the beehive is placed in a position which is away from light to prevent direct irradiation of sunlight, and is placed in the center of the shed or at the ventilation opening of the walkway to be lightly held in action to prevent the bumblebees from dying due to oscillation; the beehive is horizontally placed at a position 40-80cm higher than the ground, and a sun shield is built above the beehive to prevent sunlight from directly irradiating the beehive. The entrance and exit can not be provided with shelters, which influences the entrance and exit of the bumblebee. The carbon dioxide vent holes are closed within the range of 2m of the beehive, so that the beehive is not required to be placed in the crop canopy, and the rise and fall of the bumble bees are influenced.
After the beehive is put into the beehive, the beehive generally has two openings, one is an opening A which can be put in and out, and the other is an opening B which can only be put in and out; during normal operation, the device can seal the device B, open the device A and allow the bumblebee to freely enter and exit; when spraying chemicals, closing the A and opening the B4 hours in advance to enable all indoor bumblebees to return to the beehive, and moving the beehive out of the shed room to be placed in a ventilated and cool place to prevent the bumblebees from dying due to chemical injury.
During bumblebee pollination, the optimum temperature of bumblebee activity is 12-30 ℃, and the death of bumblebees and the damage of bee nests can be caused by excessively high or excessively low temperature. The direct sun exposure is avoided, so that the activity of the bumblebee is influenced, and the pollination time in the flowering period is influenced.
During pollination, attention should be paid to humidity adjustment in the greenhouse to prevent excessive humidity. Due to too high humidity in the greenhouse, other sundries can mildew and pollute the air, and the death of the bumblebee eggs, larvae and adult bees in the box body influences the normal pollination of the bumblebees and delays the pollination of crops.
The internal and surrounding environments of the beehive are regularly checked during pollination, the environmental sanitation is timely cleaned, the beehive is kept fresh and dry, and the surface of the beehive is cleaned by dry cotton, dry sponge and the like.
During bumblebee pollination, only concentrate on the pollination in general, attack the user rarely, but if vibrate excessively or beat the beehive seriously, can irritate the bumblebee and attack mankind, should avoid wearing bright-colored clothes when entering the canopy room operation, prevent to attract the bumblebee.
Because the bumblebee is sensitive to pesticides and pesticides, the bumblebee is called back to the beehive in the evening one day ahead when the pesticide is planned to be applied, so that A, B hive doors are all in a closed state, then the beehive is moved to an environment with good ventilation, no pesticides exist, and the temperature is controlled to be 18-20 ℃. After pesticide spraying is carried out strictly according to the pesticide safety interval, the beehive is moved back to the original position, stands for about 30 minutes, and then the hive entrance is opened. The use of long-term slow-release toxic pesticides is prohibited in greenhouse.
During pollination of bumblebees, people often pay attention to the environment around the beehive to prevent animals such as ants from entering the beehive to damage the bumblebees and larvae, and edible vinegar is sprayed around the beehive to prevent the ants from entering the beehive.
In the pollination process of the tomatoes, after the bumblebee is successfully pollinated, a brown mark is left on the style of the tomato flower, the color of the mark changes from light to dark along with the passage of time, and in spring and summer, if more than 80% of flowers are detected to have the mark, the pollination is normal.
After the tomatoes begin to be harvested, counting the number of blossoms, the number of fruits and the number of malformed fruits of the plants in 1-4 of treatment respectively, calculating the fruit setting rate and the malformed fruit rate, and verifying the effects of different pollination modes; and investigating the number of seeds, the aspect ratio of the diameter and the yield of the tomato, detecting the average value of characters such as the quality (soluble solid content and VC content) of the tomato and the like, and respectively recording the values in the following table 1.
TABLE 1 tomato pollination Effect
| Detecting the index | In a first mode | Mode two | Mode III | Mode IV |
| Percentage of fruit set/%) | 90.4 | 94.2 | 97.7 | 84.3 |
| Rate of malformed fruits/%) | 9.5 | 6.3 | 2.4 | 31.2 |
| Aspect ratio of fruit | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.88 |
| Number of single fruit seeds/grain | 176 | 199 | 229 | 119 |
| Weight per gram of single fruit | 182.5 | 210.2 | 223.1 | 147.93 |
| Average yield per plant/kg | 0.89 | 0.95 | 1.12 | 0.62 |
| VC content mg/100g | 19.4 | 20.3 | 20.9 | 17.55 |
| Soluble solids/% | 5.3 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 4.61 |
In the experimental group, the tomatoes pollinated and planted in the first to third modes are intact in variety, free of rot and deterioration, fresh and clean in appearance, free of foreign matters, basically free of malformed fruits, cracked fruits or cavity fruits, basically free of damage caused by serious diseases and pests, free of freezing damage and free of peculiar smell; and the fruit has basically consistent appearance, mellow fruit shape, moderate and consistent maturity, uniform color, smooth surface, full fruit cavity, firm and elastic fruit and better quality.
According to the data in the table 1, the nutrient specifically screened by the scheme has a good promoting effect on growth and pollination of bumblebees in a greenhouse, and the pollination efficiency and the pollination effect of the bumblebees can be effectively improved.
Example 2 in-facility strawberry pollination
The experiment is carried out in a Taian greenhouse base in Shandong in 2016, 12 months to 2017, 2 months, the greenhouse type is a PC board energy-saving sunlight greenhouse, and a layer of composite heat-insulating quilt controlled by an automatic rolling and paving system is covered on the top of the greenhouse.
The strawberry variety to be tested is boy I, strawberries are planted in a sunlight greenhouse, the planting distance is 15cm, the row spacing is 20cm, the ridge spacing is 50m, a black mulching film is paved, and conventional water and fertilizer management is adopted in the growth process. The thrown bumble bees are bright bumble bees and come from the pollination center of the bee institute of Chinese academy of agricultural sciences.
In the experiment, in the flowering period of the strawberries, the bright bumble bees are placed in the sunlight greenhouse for 60 heads/mu, the strawberries are pollinated, the entrance of the bumble bee hive is controlled to face south and is placed in the middle of the sunlight greenhouse, and the position of the entrance is higher than the top of the strawberries.
In the sunlight greenhouse, the whole greenhouse is divided into three planting areas with the same area and the same greenhouse environment by nylon yarns, and pollination is carried out according to the following modes:
the first method is as follows: putting sufficient nutrients into a beehive for multiple times, wherein the nutrients are mixed according to a mass ratio of 1: 1: 1, a mixture of corn pollen, rape pollen and camellia pollen, and a sucrose solution with a mass concentration of 30 wt%;
the second method comprises the following steps: putting sufficient nutrients into a beehive for multiple times, wherein the nutrients are mixed according to a mass ratio of 1: 1: 1, the mixture of corn pollen, rape pollen and camellia pollen, and the mixed sugar solution of sucrose, spirulina polysaccharide and lentinan with the mass concentration of 30 wt% (1: 1: 1);
the third method comprises the following steps: putting sufficient nutrients into a beehive for multiple times, wherein the nutrients are mixed according to a mass ratio of 1: 1: 1, the mixture of corn pollen, rape pollen and camellia pollen, and the mixed sugar solution of sucrose, spirulina polysaccharide and lentinan with the mass concentration of 30 wt% (1: 1: 1); and before releasing bees, spraying 50 kg/mu of egg white aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 20 wt% on tomato plants.
In this embodiment, after the strawberry planting is completed, the fertile fruit rate and the malformed fruit rate in each treatment mode are counted respectively, the effects of different pollination modes are verified, and are recorded in table 2 below.
TABLE 2 strawberry pollination Effect
| Detecting the index | In a first mode | Mode two | Mode III |
| Percentage of fruit set/%) | 91.6 | 94.9 | 98.1 |
| Rate of malformed fruits/%) | 10.8 | 5.9 | 2.2 |
The fruits of the strawberries planted in the experimental group are fresh and clean, have no peculiar smell, have the special fragrance of the variety, have no abnormal external moisture, have fresh sepals and have the maturity suitable for the market goods storage requirement; moreover, the strawberry fruits have the unique morphological characteristics, color and luster characteristics of the variety, and the shapes and the colors of the fruits with the same grade and different colors are uniform and consistent.
According to the data in the table 2, the nutrient specifically screened by the scheme has a good promoting effect on growth and pollination of bumblebees in a greenhouse, and the pollination efficiency and the pollination effect of the bumblebees can be effectively improved.
Example 3 in-facility cucumber pollination
The experiment is carried out in an organic vegetable base in persimmon orchards in urban areas in Jinan City in 2016, 9-2016 and 12-2016, and the facility is a polyethylene film greenhouse with an insect-proof net.
The tested cucumber variety is Jinyou No. 35, the cucumber is planted in the greenhouse, a black degradable mulching film is paved, and the conventional water and fertilizer management is adopted in the growth process. The pollination bee is bumble bee and comes from Shandong Lubao science and technology development Co.
In the experiment, in the flowering period of cucumber, 60 bombus bees are placed in a sunlight greenhouse for cucumber pollination, and the entrance of a bombus hive is controlled to be arranged in the middle of the sunlight greenhouse towards the north and is higher than the top of the cucumber.
In the sunlight greenhouse, the whole greenhouse is divided into three planting areas with the same area and the same greenhouse environment by nylon yarns, and pollination is carried out according to the following modes:
the first method is as follows: putting sufficient nutrients into a beehive for multiple times, wherein the nutrients are mixed according to a mass ratio of 1: 1: 1, the mixture of corn pollen, rape pollen and camellia pollen, and the mixed sugar solution of sucrose, spirulina polysaccharide and lentinan with the mass concentration of 30 wt% (1: 1: 1);
the second method comprises the following steps: putting sufficient nutrients into a beehive for multiple times, wherein the nutrients are mixed according to a mass ratio of 1: 1: 1, the mixture of corn pollen, rape pollen and camellia pollen, and the mixed sugar solution of sucrose, spirulina polysaccharide and lentinan with the mass concentration of 30 wt% (1: 1: 1); and before releasing bees, spraying 50 kg/mu of egg white aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 20 wt% on cucumber plants.
In this embodiment, after the cucumber is planted, the number of fruit bearing of each plant and the yield of each plant in each treatment mode are counted respectively, and the effects of different pollination modes are verified and recorded in table 3 below.
TABLE 3 cucumber pollination Effect
The cucumber planted in the experimental group has fresh and clean fruits, no peculiar smell and unique faint scent of the species; moreover, the cucumber fruits have the unique morphological characteristics, color and luster characteristics of the variety and good mouthfeel.
According to the data in the table 3, the nutrient specifically screened by the scheme has a good promoting effect on growth and pollination of bumblebees in a greenhouse, and the pollination efficiency and the pollination effect of the bumblebees can be effectively improved.
It should be understood that the above examples are only for clarity of illustration and are not intended to limit the embodiments. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art in light of the above description. And are neither required nor exhaustive of all embodiments. And obvious variations or modifications therefrom are within the scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A biological pollination method of fruit and vegetable crops in a facility is characterized by comprising a step of putting bumblebees in an initial flowering stage and a step of providing a feeding nutrient for the bumblebees in the crop facility for feeding the bumblebees;
the temperature in the facility is 12-28 ℃ and the relative humidity is 50-90%;
controlling the number of the bumblebees to be 50-80 crops per mu.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the height of the hive is controlled to be 15-50cm during the step of receiving bumblebees.
3. The method of biological pollination of fruit and vegetable crops in a facility of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the feeding nutrient comprises bee pollen and sugar solution.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein said bee pollen comprises corn pollen, canola pollen and/or camellia pollen.
5. The method for biological pollination of fruit and vegetable crops in a facility according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the mass concentration of the sugar solution is 30-50 wt%.
6. A method for biological pollination of fruit and vegetable crops within the facility as claimed in any one of claims 3 to 5 wherein the sugar solution comprises a sucrose solution and/or a plant polysaccharide solution.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the plant polysaccharide solution is a solution of spirulina polysaccharide and/or lentinan.
8. The method of biological pollination of fruit and vegetable crops within a facility of any one of claims 1-7 wherein the fruit and vegetable crops include solanaceous, leguminous, cruciferous, rosaceous, cucurbitaceae crops.
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| CN111859672A (en) * | 2020-07-22 | 2020-10-30 | 南京工业职业技术大学 | Intelligent construction method for ecological environment of strawberry and bee composite facility |
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