CN111332126A - Vehicle braking energy recovery control method and device, vehicle and storage medium - Google Patents
Vehicle braking energy recovery control method and device, vehicle and storage medium Download PDFInfo
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- CN111332126A CN111332126A CN201911307578.0A CN201911307578A CN111332126A CN 111332126 A CN111332126 A CN 111332126A CN 201911307578 A CN201911307578 A CN 201911307578A CN 111332126 A CN111332126 A CN 111332126A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L7/00—Electrodynamic brake systems for vehicles in general
- B60L7/10—Dynamic electric regenerative braking
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L2260/00—Operating Modes
- B60L2260/40—Control modes
Abstract
The invention provides a vehicle braking energy recovery control method, a vehicle braking energy recovery control device, a vehicle and a storage medium, wherein the method comprises the steps of calculating the braking force required by the vehicle according to the current state of the vehicle when a vehicle controller receives a braking signal to obtain three control variables of front wheel friction braking torque, rear wheel friction braking torque and motor regenerative braking torque, and calculating the three control variables based on an improved genetic algorithm of a prediction model; executing a genetic algorithm under the framework of the model predictive control; adopting a multi-population combination iteration and average distribution method; after the optimal control sequence is output, recalculating three control variable values of the optimal control sequence at the next moment according to the vehicle state; and according to the calculated motor regenerative braking torque of the optimal control sequence at each moment, the vehicle control unit sends control signals to the motor and the controller thereof. The invention ensures the safety of the whole vehicle under the emergency braking working condition and improves the braking recovery energy under the conventional braking working condition.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a vehicle braking energy recovery control method, in particular to a braking energy recovery control method of a hybrid power bus provided with a coaxial parallel electromechanical coupling system and an electric control pneumatic mechanical braking system.
Background
In recent years, with the continuous increase of the automobile holding capacity, the problems of environmental pollution and energy shortage are increasingly aggravated, and the electric driving of the vehicle becomes a necessary trend for the development of the automobile industry. As a representative technology for motorization of an automobile, a hybrid automobile has gradually become a hot spot of competitive research in the automobile industry. The braking energy recovery technology is one of key technologies for realizing energy conservation of the hybrid electric vehicle, and can convert kinetic energy in the braking process into electric energy, so that the fuel economy of the whole vehicle is greatly improved. At present, a braking system of a hybrid electric vehicle is mainly divided into two configurations, one is a parallel configuration, the configuration does not change an original mechanical system of the vehicle, and only adds braking energy recovery torque to mechanical braking force provided by the original system to jointly complete a braking function. The other is a series configuration in which the brake pedal is decoupled from the original mechanical Braking System and the total Braking force is distributed between the mechanical Braking System and the Braking Energy recovery System according to a Control method, such as that described in the article by Liang Li, Youbanzhang, Chao Yang, et al. When a motor intervenes in a braking system, under various complex urban and suburban areas and even under extreme working conditions, the balance and the optimization of the stability and the economy of the whole vehicle are ensured through reasonable distribution of braking torque required by the whole vehicle between a braking energy recovery system and a mechanical braking system, and the problem to be solved urgently is solved.
A motor compensation braking control method based on a sliding mode control theory is provided for electric automobiles, Liliang and the like, and the characteristic of high response speed of a motor is utilized, under the condition that an ABS system is triggered, the change requirement of hydraulic mechanical braking torque of a driving wheel is quickly compensated through the torque of the motor, so that the stability of the system is improved (LI Liang, LI Xujian, WANG Xuangyu et al. transient switching control torque from braking to anti-lock braking with a semi-braking-by-wire system [ J ]. Veh Syst Dyn.2016, (54) (2): 231-.
Aiming at a hybrid electric vehicle, Yang and the like, a brake energy recovery and hydraulic brake coordination control system based on anti-lock control system hardware is designed, and the validity and feasibility of the scheme are verified through simulation. Aiming at an electric automobile, TKBera provides an anti-lock braking system and braking energy recovery system coordination controller based on a slip film control theory, and when the electric automobile is braked in an emergency, the wheel slip rate is guaranteed to be kept at the optimal slip rate; aiming at the problem of brake control of a front-wheel drive electric automobile, Kanarachos designs an integrated control method based on a state Riccati equation.
Based on an electric automobile provided with a hub motor, wangming provides a nonlinear model prediction braking energy recovery control method. The hybrid braking system based on the electric automobile also provides an uncertain model prediction hybrid braking control method based on an uncertain model prediction control theory, Liuwei and the like, and the economy and the robustness of the whole automobile are improved.
In order to improve the braking energy recovery as much as possible while meeting the stability of the whole vehicle, Kim uses an optimization control method based on a conventional genetic algorithm to solve the optimal problem of torque distribution between the braking energy recovery capacity and the hydraulic mechanical braking force, designs a braking energy recovery control method and verifies the effectiveness of the braking energy recovery control method.
Based on the investigation, aiming at passenger cars equipped with coaxial parallel electromechanical coupling systems and electric control pneumatic mechanical braking systems, such as Yang C, Jian X, Li L, et al.A robust H ∞ control-based regenerative braking control system for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle [ J ] mechanical systems and Signal Processing,2018,99:326 + 344, under various complex urban, suburban and even extreme working conditions, torque and power constraints of motors, batteries and mechanical braking systems are comprehensively considered, so that the braking safety of the whole car is guaranteed, and a high-efficiency energy recovery prediction control method based on an improved genetic algorithm is still blank.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention solves the problem that how to comprehensively consider the torque and power constraints of a motor, a battery and a mechanical braking system under various complex urban and suburban areas and even under extreme working conditions for a passenger car provided with a coaxial parallel electromechanical coupling system and an electric control pneumatic mechanical braking system, and efficiently carry out braking energy recovery prediction based on an improved genetic algorithm so as to ensure the braking safety of the whole car.
In order to solve the above problems, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for controlling recovery of vehicle braking energy, including a line-control pneumatic mechanical braking system including an air compressor, an air cylinder, and a braking valve, and a braking energy recovery control system including a vehicle controller, a motor and its controller, a transmission, a battery and its management unit, an accelerator pedal position sensor, a brake pedal position sensor, and a vehicle speed sensor, wherein the line-control pneumatic mechanical braking system is provided with a pneumatic control valve for each wheel, and is configured to individually control the wheel cylinder pressure of each wheel,
when the vehicle controller receives a braking signal, calculating braking force required by a vehicle according to the current state of the vehicle, distributing the braking force required by the vehicle to three control variables of a front axle and a rear axle, wherein the three control variables are front wheel friction braking torque, rear wheel friction braking torque and motor regenerative braking torque, and calculating the three control variables by adopting an improved genetic algorithm based on a prediction model;
executing a genetic algorithm under the framework of the model predictive control, namely solving an optimal problem in a limited time domain at the current moment to obtain the values of the three control variables of an optimal control sequence;
a multi-population combination iteration and average distribution method is adopted to improve the calculation efficiency and prevent the calculation efficiency from converging to a local optimal solution;
after the optimal control sequence is output, recalculating the values of the three control variables of the optimal control sequence at the next moment according to the vehicle state, wherein the recalculating is used for realizing rolling optimization in the whole braking process;
and according to the calculated motor regenerative braking torque of the optimal control sequence at each moment, the vehicle control unit sends control signals to the motor and the controller thereof, so that the motor and the controller thereof control the motor to output corresponding braking torque.
Further, the vehicle braking energy recovery control method further includes:
adopting the control framework of model predictive control, calculating the optimal control sequence in a limited prediction time domain and a control time domain by adopting the genetic algorithm based on the current state of the vehicle and previous historical information or expected vehicle speed at each moment, and obtaining the optimal control quantity at the current moment;
placing the three control variables in different sub-populations, combining the individuals of the different sub-populations during prediction calculation, then taking the maximum fitness of each individual in all the combinations as the fitness value of each individual, and finally, respectively carrying out iterative updating on the individuals of the different sub-populations;
then, an initial population uniform distribution method is adopted, for each population in the different sub-populations, the available area meeting the constraint condition is divided into several average parts, and boundary points of the several average parts are selected as individual values of the different sub-populations.
Further, the vehicle braking energy recovery control method further includes:
generating said different sub-populations of said three control variables according to a mean distribution method within said constraints;
ranking and combining individuals in the different sub-populations of the three control variables;
performing result prediction on the combined control variable sequence by using the prediction model, and calculating the fitness of each individual based on a fitness function;
when the ending condition is reached, the calculation is ended and the value of the first control period of the three control variables in the optimal control combination is output;
and when the end condition is not reached, selecting the different sub-populations according to the selection process of the genetic algorithm, and performing cross and variation iteration on the selected individuals under the constraint condition to generate next generation population individuals.
Further, the basic operators of the genetic algorithm include a selection operator, which is:
and averagely dividing the individuals in the different sub-populations into a first level, a second level, a third level and a fourth level according to the fitness values of the individuals, wherein the selection probability of the individuals in the first level is 0.4, the selection probability of the individuals in the second level is 0.3, the selection probability of the individuals in the third level is 0.2 and the selection probability of the individuals in the fourth level is 0.1 in each selection, and each selection is used for selecting better individuals in father and mother body selection.
Further, the basic operators of the genetic algorithm further include a crossover operator, the crossover operator being:
after the father and the mother are determined, generating a next generation individual according to the gene of the father and the mother, and determining the crossover operator according to a first formula and a second formula;
the first formula is:
ui,j(t+1)＝P1uik(t)+P2uih(t)；
the second formula is:
ui,j+1(t+1)＝P2uik(t)+P1uih(t)；
wherein, P1For randomly generated values between 0 and 1, P2Is 1 and P1Difference of (u)ik(t) and uih(t) is the father selected at the generation t, ui,j(t +1) and ui,j+1(t +1) is a daughter after cross-inheritance at the t +1 generation, i represents the number of the sub-population, and j represents the jth individual in the i population.
Further, the base operators of the genetic algorithm further include mutation operators, which are:
in the process of generating a next generation new individual, simultaneously randomly generating a random number between 0 and 10, and if the random number is less than 8, not mutating the individual; if the random number is greater than or equal to 8, the individual performs variation, and the value carried by the variation is randomly generated within the constraint condition range.
Further, the vehicle braking energy recovery control method further includes:
in the iterative calculation process, a method for keeping the optimal is adopted, namely, the optimal individuals in the previous generation population are kept in the next generation population, the individual fitness is the maximum, and the genes of the optimal individuals are kept for faster and more effective convergence in the calculation process.
In a second aspect, the present invention further provides a vehicle braking energy recovery control apparatus, including:
the calculating unit is used for calculating the braking force required by the vehicle according to the current state of the vehicle when the vehicle controller receives a braking signal, distributing the braking force required by the vehicle to three control variables of a front axle and a rear axle, wherein the three control variables are front wheel friction braking torque, rear wheel friction braking torque and motor regenerative braking torque, and calculating the three control variables by adopting an improved genetic algorithm based on a prediction model;
the execution unit is used for executing a genetic algorithm under the framework of the model predictive control, namely, the values of the three control variables of the optimal control sequence are obtained by solving the optimal problem in the limited time domain of the current moment;
the optimization unit is used for improving the calculation efficiency and preventing the calculation efficiency from converging to a local optimal solution by adopting a multi-population combined iteration and average distribution method;
the output unit is used for recalculating the values of the three control variables of the optimal control sequence according to the vehicle state at the next moment after the optimal control sequence is output, and is used for realizing rolling optimization in the whole braking process;
and the whole vehicle controller sends control signals to the motor and the controller thereof so that the motor and the controller thereof control the motor to output corresponding braking torque.
In a third aspect, the present invention further provides a vehicle, including a line-control pneumatic mechanical braking system including an air compressor, an air cylinder, and a braking valve, and a braking energy recovery control system including a vehicle controller, a motor and its controller, a transmission, a battery and its management unit, an accelerator pedal position sensor, a braking pedal position sensor, and a vehicle speed sensor, where an air pressure regulating valve is installed in each wheel in the line-control pneumatic mechanical braking system, and the line-control pneumatic mechanical braking system is used to individually regulate and control a wheel cylinder pressure of each wheel, and further includes a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program and a processor, and when the computer program is read and run by the processor, the vehicle energy recovery control method as described above is implemented.
In a fourth aspect, the present invention also provides a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program which, when read and executed by a processor, implements the vehicle braking energy recovery control method as described above.
Experimental results show that the safety of the whole vehicle can be guaranteed by the control method under the emergency braking working condition, and meanwhile, under the conventional braking working condition, compared with the conventional braking energy recovery control method based on rules and commonly used in the coaxial parallel hybrid power bus, the braking energy recovery control method can improve 15% of the braking energy recovery.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a coaxial parallel bus driving and braking system in an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2 is a MAP of motor efficiency MAP in an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a characteristic diagram of the pneumatic brake system in the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the braking energy recovery control method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 shows the simulation experiment results of sand and gravel road surface in the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 shows the experimental results of the braking energy recovery control method under the standard working conditions in the embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7 is a comparative experimental result of the regular braking energy recovery control method under the standard working condition in the embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 8 is a hardware-in-loop experimental result of the braking energy recovery control method in the embodiment of the present invention.
Description of reference numerals:
the system comprises an air compressor, a dryer, a gas storage cylinder, a four-circuit switch valve, a 5-air cylinder, a brake pedal 6, a brake pedal travel simulator 7, a brake valve 8, an air pressure regulating valve 9, an engine 10, a clutch 11, an ISG motor 12, an inverter 13, a battery pack 14, an intermediate transmission mechanism 15, a brake wheel cylinder 16, a brake 17 and a wheel 18.
Detailed Description
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, embodiments accompanied with figures are described in detail below.
It should be noted that in the following description, suffixes such as "module", "component", or "unit" used to indicate elements are used only for facilitating the description of the present invention, and have no specific meaning in themselves. Thus, "module", "component" or "unit" may be used mixedly.
The vehicle braking energy recovery control method of the embodiment of the invention comprises the steps of firstly, combining the mechanical structure and the dynamic characteristics of a passenger car braking system, and building a 7-degree-of-freedom longitudinal dynamic model facing the braking process of the hybrid power passenger car; then, by combining the high nonlinearity of the braking system tire in the critical stability field and the multi-target characteristics of performance requirements such as stability, economy and the like in the braking process, a genetic algorithm is selected to predict and solve the optimal distribution problem of the mechanical braking torque of the front axle and the rear axle and the braking torque of the motor in a limited time domain, the optimal control of the whole braking process is realized by adopting a control period rolling optimization mode, and meanwhile, the genetic algorithm is improved in a targeted manner in order to prevent convergence to a local optimal solution; and finally, carrying out real-time processing on the control method based on the multidimensional table and the nearest point method.
Whole vehicle model
Aiming at a passenger car provided with a coaxial parallel electromechanical coupling system, a braking energy recovery control method based on an improved genetic algorithm is provided. The passenger car drive brake system is configured as shown in figure 1.
The drive system is composed of an engine, a clutch, a motor and the like, the brake system is divided into two parts, one part is a brake energy recovery system composed of the motor, a gearbox, a battery and the like, and the other part is a line control pneumatic mechanical brake system composed of an air compressor, an air cylinder, a brake valve and the like. The pneumatic control mechanical braking system is provided with a pneumatic control valve for each wheel, and can independently control the wheel cylinder pressure of each wheel.
And establishing a seven-degree-of-freedom whole vehicle longitudinal dynamic model, wherein the main parts related to a braking system are described as follows.
Complete vehicle dynamics model
Considering the suspension characteristics, an automobile dynamic model is established, the front represents the advancing direction of an automobile, namely the OX direction, automobile mass points are set as O, the vertical moving direction of the automobile is represented by OZ, the transverse moving direction is represented by OY, and the model mainly considers the longitudinal and vertical moving characteristics of the automobile.
The concrete formula in the model is as follows:
formula for longitudinal motion:
wherein m represents the mass (kg) of the passenger car; m issRepresents the sprung mass (kg) of the passenger car; fx1，Fx2Represents the driving and braking forces (N) provided by the ground to the front and rear wheels respectively; fresistRepresents the resistance (N); d0Represents the distance (m) from the center of mass to the central axis of pitching motion of the automobile, wherein the resistance is expressed as follows:
Fresist＝Ff+Fw+mgi
in the formula FfRepresents rolling resistance (N); fwRepresents the air resistance (N); fiRepresenting grade resistance; f. of1,f2Represents a rolling resistance coefficient; cDRepresents an air resistance coefficient; a represents the frontal area (m) of the automobile during driving2) And i represents the gradient.
The formula of the vertical motion of the automobile is as follows:
in the formula Fs1，Fs2Respectively, representing the elastic force (N) of the front and rear axle suspensions against the sprung portion of the passenger car.
Pitching motion formula:
in the formula JyMoment of inertia (kg · m) representing the pitching motion of a vehicle2) (ii) a a and b are longitudinal distances (m) from the center of mass of the automobile to the axes of the front axle and the rear axle; l represents the longitudinal distance (m) between the anterior and posterior axes.
Tire motion formula:
Fz1＝msgb/2l+m1g-Kb1Z1
Fz2＝msga/2l+m2g-Kb2Z2
in the formula Z1、Z2Represents the vertical displacement (m) of the front and rear wheels, respectively; m is1、m2Representing the wheel masses (kg) of the front and rear wheels, respectively; kb1、Kb2Represents the vertical stiffness (N/m) of the front and rear wheels, respectively; j. the design is a square1、J2Respectively representing the moment of inertia (kg · m) of the front and rear wheels2)；R1、R2Respectively representing the wheel radius (m) of the front and rear wheels; t isb1，Tb2Respectively representing the mechanical braking torques (Nm) to which the front and rear wheels are subjected; t isrebRepresenting the braking energy recovery torque (Nm) provided by the electric machine. Fz1，Fz2Representing the vertical load (N) on the ground from the front and rear wheels respectively. Omega1，ω2The angular velocities of the front and rear wheels, respectively.
The suspension motion formula is as follows
In the formula C1、C2Representing the damping of the front and rear axle suspensions, respectively; k1、K2Representing the stiffness (N/m) of the front and rear axle suspensions, respectively.
The model is obtained by combining the formula, and mainly considers the longitudinal speed of the automobile, the vertical displacement and the pitch angle of the part of the automobile body above the suspension, the vertical displacement of the front wheel and the rear wheel and the 7 degrees of freedom of the rotation angular speed.
Tire model
The invention selects a common magic formula to simulate the tire characteristics, and the specific formula is as follows:
μi＝σD sin(Ctan-1{BSxi-E[BSxi-tan-1(BSxi)]})
Fxi＝μiFZii∈{1,2}
where μ represents the friction coefficient, s represents the slip ratio of the tire, σ represents the ground adhesion coefficient, and B, C, D and E are relevant parameters in the magic formula, which has the specific meaning of B: a stiffness factor; c: a curve shape factor determining a shape characteristic of the curve; d: a crest factor representing the maximum of the curve; e: the curve curvature factor determines the shape of the curve near its maximum.
Battery model
For the battery model, the invention adopts a simple battery internal resistance model. The capacity parameter of the lithium battery is set as 80Ah, and the specific formula is as follows:
I2×Rint-Voc×I+P＝0
in the formula RintInternal resistance (Ω); i is current (A); vocIs the cell open end voltage (V); p is the load power (kw).
Wherein Q is rated electric quantity (C); SOC0Is the initial SOC.
Motor model
The selected ISG motor is capable of outputting a maximum torque of 750Nm, and the motor rated power and peak power are 92Kw and 121Kw, respectively. As shown in fig. 2, the motor efficiency is mainly obtained from a MAP of calibrated motor efficiencies.
Pneumatic mechanical braking system model
The pneumatic brake system is constructed as shown in fig. 1. The system is supplied with pressure from an air compressor, and the pressure of the wheel brake cylinders can be controlled by regulating valves on each wheel. In practice, the response curve of the pneumatic brake system may be suitably simplified, as shown in fig. 3. Wherein the percentage is (20%50%, 100%) represents the degree of opening of the regulating servo valve. When the controller gives a pressure command, the pneumatic brake system first has a short brake application time, then the actual brake gas pressure will exhibit an approximately linear rise, and finally the target pressure p is reachedt. The rate of change of the brake air pressure varies depending on the characteristics of the regulator valve. The response characteristic to the target pressure may be expressed as follows:
in the formula, ptIndicating target brake pressure, uxIndicating the rate of change of brake pressure, tau0Indicating the time of activation of the pneumatic brake system.
The relationship between the brake air pressure and the brake torque is as follows:
Tb＝kpbp
wherein, TbRepresenting the pneumatic braking torque acting on the wheels, p representing the gas pressure of the brake cylinder, coefficient kpbCalibration may be performed by trial and error of the pneumatic brake system.
The parameters used in the model are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 partial parameters in simulation model
Braking energy recovery control method
The components such as wheels in the braking system have high nonlinear characteristics in a critical instability region, the genetic algorithm can directly utilize a nonlinear equation with higher actual fitness to solve the fitness, and the individual with the optimal fitness in all historical individuals is selected through continuous optimization iteration, so that the genetic algorithm is adopted to solve the optimal control sequence. In order to improve the effectiveness and reliability of the algorithm, the algorithm is improved in a targeted manner, the algorithm is firstly placed under a model predictive control frame, namely an optimal control sequence is obtained by solving an optimal problem in a limited time domain at the current moment, the optimal problem is recalculated at the next moment according to the vehicle state after the sequence is output, the rolling optimization in the whole braking process is realized, and then methods such as multi-population combined iteration, average distribution and the like are adopted to improve the calculation efficiency of the algorithm and prevent the algorithm from converging in a local optimal solution. The genetic algorithm has extremely large calculated amount and is difficult to meet the real-time requirement, and aiming at the defect, a multi-dimensional table is manufactured according to the input of the genetic algorithm and is processed in real time by a nearest point method.
In the braking process, multiple targets such as economy, safety and the like need to be considered, and the invention aims to recover braking energy to the maximum extent along with driving intention on the premise of ensuring the braking safety of the automobile, thereby improving the economy of the whole automobile within the allowable range of other indexes. In order to improve the effectiveness of the genetic algorithm, the invention is improved. As shown in fig. 7, the process of the braking energy recovery control method of the improved genetic algorithm of the present invention is divided into 5 steps in total. The specific process is shown in table 2:
TABLE 2 control method flow
Calculation model
In order to simplify the calculation, a 7-degree-of-freedom dynamic model is not used in the genetic algorithm, and a 3-degree-of-freedom model is used for predicting the driving state of the automobile under different control sequences. Compared with a 7-degree-of-freedom dynamic model, the influence of a suspension system on the driving state of the whole vehicle is not considered in the 3-degree-of-freedom model. In the braking energy recovery control method, a whole vehicle dynamics model with 3 degrees of freedom is selected as a prediction model to predict the future state of the vehicle. The specific formula is as follows:
ma1(k)＝Fx1(k)+Fx2(k)-Fresist(k)
α1(k)＝(Tb1(k)-R1Fx1(k))/J1
ω1(k+1)＝ω1(k)+α1(k)Ts
α2(k)＝(Tb2(k)+Treb-R2Fx2(k))/J2
ω2(k+1)＝ω2(k)+α2(k)Ts
the variables used in the above equations can be calculated by:
Fresist(k)＝Ff(k)+Fw(k)
Ff(k)＝mg(f1+f2v(k))
S1(k)＝(ω1(k)R1-v(k))/v(k)
S2(k)＝(ω2(k)R2-v(k))/v(k)
μ1(k)＝σDsin[Ctan-1(BS1(k)-E{BS1(k)-tan-1[BS1(k)]})]
μ2(k)＝σDsin[Ctan-1(BS2(k)-E{BS2(k)-tan-1[BS2(k)]})]
Fx1(k)＝Fz1(k)μ1(k)
Fx2(k)＝Fz2(k)μ2(k)
wherein k is the number of time steps; v is the vehicle speed; ts is sampling time; a is1Is acceleration α1And α2The angular acceleration of the front and rear wheels, respectively.
Constraining
In combination with the system characteristics, the constraint conditions for setting the braking energy recovery torque are as follows: firstly, combining a motor MAP graph, and looking up a table for the current motor rotating speed to obtain the maximum torque which can be output by the motor in a state; secondly, obtaining the maximum power which can be output by the current battery by combining the battery state, and obtaining the maximum braking energy recovery torque by combining the converted power and the rotating speed; and thirdly, obtaining the current brake energy recovery torque limit based on the set maximum brake energy recovery torque change rate limit and the brake energy recovery torque at the previous moment. Because the pneumatic braking torque which can be provided by the system is large, the constraint on the pneumatic braking torque mainly considers the maximum torque change rate limit set by the system, and the specific description formula is as follows:
Trebωmηmotor≤Pbatt_lim
|Tb2(k+1)-Tb2(k)|≤Tpchange,max·Ts
|Tb1(k+1)-Tb1(k)|≤Tpchange,max·Ts
formula (III) ηmotorTo motor efficiency, omegamIs the motor speed, Pbatt_limLimiting the maximum charging power of a battery in the braking energy recovery system in the current state; t isreb,maxThe maximum torque limit of the motor in the current state is set; t isrechange,maxA maximum rate of change limit for braking energy recovery torque; t ispchange,maxIs the maximum rate of change limit for the pneumatic brake torque at the present time.
The constraint conditions of different sub-populations are different, the constraint condition of the sub-population representing the regenerative braking torque of the motor is mainly the constraint of the maximum braking torque of the motor and the maximum charging power of a battery at the current rotating speed, and the constraint condition representing the mechanical friction braking torque of the front shaft and the rear shaft is mainly the change rate of the braking torque.
Fitness function
In the braking process, firstly, the braking stability is ensured, secondly, the driving intention of the upper layer is realized, and finally, the economy is improved as much as possible under the premise. The present invention classifies the braking state into a general control mode and an anti-lock braking mode based on the slip ratio by comprehensively balancing the above-described performance.
General control mode
The condition for the start of the general control mode is that the slip rates of the front and rear wheels do not exceed the set value L1 during braking. In this case, since the slip ratio is low, the performance mainly considered is to achieve driving intention and to improve economy. It should be noted that, as the slip ratio becomes larger, the anti-lock control mode should be triggered as little as possible by adjusting the braking force distribution ratio of the front and rear wheels. The fitness function is as follows:
in the formula:
ei(k)＝vref(k+i|k)-v(k+i|k)，i＝1,...,hp
ηi＝ηtransηmotor，i＝1,...,hp
in the formula vrefIs a desired vehicle speed based on the driving intent. e.g. of the typeiIs the deviation between the desired vehicle speed and the predicted vehicle speed by calculation. h iscRepresenting the control domain under the framework of a model prediction algorithm. h ispRepresenting the prediction Domain under the framework of model prediction Algorithm ηiIs the efficiency of the braking energy recovery system during braking ηtransIs the efficiency of the motor-to-wheel transmission system. J is the fitness. w is ax、wyAnd wzWeight factors for driving intention, economy and braking stability, respectively, and wzWhen the maximum slip ratio of the front and rear wheels is less than L2, the maximum slip ratio is zero, that is, when the slip ratio is low, the influence of the slip ratio on the stability is not considered any more, and when the slip ratio is greater than L2, the weighting factor is rapidly increased as the slip ratio increases, in order to prevent the abs control mode from being triggered as much as possible.
Anti-lock braking system (ABS) control mode
The condition for the start of the anti-lock control mode is that the slip ratio of any one wheel exceeds the set value L1. In this mode, since there is a risk that the vehicle body moves in an unstable region due to wheel locking because of a large slip ratio, the main consideration is vehicle body stability. The fitness function is as follows:
in the formula SxreferIs the wheel expected slip rate.
End conditions
The end condition of the genetic algorithm is generally iteration algebra or the performance reaches a certain degree, the end condition of the method is set as a certain iteration algebra, and the algorithm is ended after the iteration algebra is reached.
Genetic algorithm improvement under model predictive control framework
The stability and the economy of the whole vehicle are comprehensively considered, a novel improved genetic algorithm based on a prediction model is adopted to solve the problem of brake torque distribution in the braking process, and the specific description is as follows:
firstly, a control framework of model predictive control is adopted, an optimal control sequence in a limited predictive time domain and a control time domain is calculated by adopting a genetic algorithm at each moment based on the current state variable of a vehicle and previous historical information, then the optimal control quantity at the current moment is output, the process is repeated at each control time node in the future, and finally the rolling optimization control of the whole braking process is realized.
Secondly, in the genetic algorithm with limited iteration times, if all control variables are placed in the same population, mutual interference among different control variables can be caused, and the optimization efficiency of the algorithm is influenced. In order to solve the problem, the invention puts three control variables in different sub-populations, when predicting, the individuals of different sub-populations are combined, then the best fitness of each individual in all the combinations is taken as the fitness value, and finally the individuals of the sub-populations are respectively updated in an iterative way.
Then, the method of uniformly distributing the initial population is adopted, for each population, the available area meeting the constraint condition is divided into a plurality of average parts, and the boundary point of each part is selected as the individual value of the initial population.
Then, according to the specific situation of the optimization problem, setting the basic operators in the genetic algorithm process including a selection operator, a crossover operator and a mutation operator as follows:
selecting an operator: the individuals in the population are averagely divided into four levels according to the fitness value, the individual selection probability in the first level is 0.4, the second level is 0.3, the third level is 0.2 and the last level is 0.1 during each selection, so that better individuals are preferentially selected during the selection of parents and parents.
And (3) a crossover operator: when the father and the mother are determined, next generation individuals need to be generated according to the genes, the equation of the crossover operator is shown as follows, and the numerical value P between 0 and 1 is randomly generated1，P2Is 1 and P1The difference of (a).
ui,j(t+1)＝P1uik(t)+P2uih(t)
ui,j+1(t+1)＝P2uik(t)+P1uih(t)
Wherein: u. ofik(t)，uih(t) is the father selected at the generation t, ui,j(t+1)，ui,j+1(t +1) is a daughter after cross-inheritance at the t +1 generation, i represents the number of the sub-population, and j represents the jth individual in the i population.
Mutation operator: in the process of generating the next generation of new individuals, a number between 0 and 10 is randomly generated at the same time. If the random number is less than 8, the individual does not mutate; if the random number is greater than or equal to 8, the individual performs a mutation, which carries a value that is randomly generated within a constraint range.
And finally, in the iterative process of the genetic algorithm, an optimal maintaining method is adopted, namely, the optimal individuals in the previous generation population are maintained in the next generation population, the individual fitness is excellent, and the maintenance of the genes of the individuals is beneficial to the faster and more effective convergence of the algorithm.
Real-time method
The braking energy recovery control method based on the genetic algorithm has the advantages that the calculation amount is large, the calculation efficiency is low, and in order to solve the problem, an equivalent control method of the control method is designed and proposed.
And performing off-line operation by using the control method based on the improved genetic algorithm to generate a multi-dimensional table based on the input set. Due to the fact that the storage space of the actual controller is limited, the input set is simplified, the air braking torque at the previous moment does not need to be input, namely the change rate of the air braking torque is not considered in the table, and the limitation is placed behind the multi-dimensional table to serve as output upper and lower limit rigid constraints. Simplified input set WvAnd the interval Δ w between points in each dimension of the table is shown below, in which the value of the front and rear wheel rotation speeds is the equivalent value thereof multiplied by the tire radius.
W＝[v,ω1,ω2,vref,z]T∈R5
Wv＝[0,vdefine-10,vdefine-10,vdefine-10Ts,0.1]T≤w≤[90,vdefine+1,vdefine+1,vdefine+Ts,0.9]T
Δw＝[1,1,1,Ts,0.1]T
The method of the invention requires the following inputs: the historical information is mainly used for predicting the vehicle speed of the vehicle, and if the vehicle speed prediction module is not included in the algorithm, namely the vehicle speed in a future period is calculated as a known quantity given by other controllers (for example, the vehicle speed in the future period is planned in the current unmanned technology), the historical information is replaced by the expected vehicle speed; the vehicle state mainly includes the wheel speed of each wheel, the vehicle speed, the friction braking torque and the regenerative braking torque of the front and rear wheels, and the road surface adhesion coefficient. The friction braking torques of the front and rear wheels and the regenerative braking torque are mainly used for the constraint in calculating the optimal control sequence because the algorithm constrains the torque change rate in consideration of the system vibration and the mechanical characteristics of the actuator.
The control sequence of the invention refers to the optimal control sequence of the control variables calculated by the algorithm in the control domain, and the braking force distribution method of the invention mainly relates to three control variables: the friction braking torque of the front wheels, the friction braking torque of the rear wheels, and the regenerative braking torque. If the control domain has 5 control cycles, the control sequence is a 3 x 5 matrix, that is, the output values of the three variables in each control cycle are combined into the control sequence, only the first row of the control sequence is output during control, that is, only the value in the first control cycle is output, and when the next control cycle is reached, the system recalculates the corresponding optimal control sequence, so as to perform rolling optimization.
Experimental verification
In order to verify the braking safety and the energy recovery efficiency of the proposed control method and the real-time equivalent strategy thereof, simulation and hardware-in-the-loop experiments are respectively carried out. The verification consists of three parts: (1) verifying the braking stability of the automobile; (2) verifying the automobile braking energy recovery capability; (3) hardware in loop experiments.
Vehicle braking stability verification
The simulation working condition of the braking safety is set as follows: the initial vehicle speed was 80Km/h, the desired braking deceleration was-0.7 g, and the adhesion coefficient was set to 0.6 by simulation on a gravel road.
The safety of the automobile is firstly verified on a gravel road surface. The simulation result is shown in fig. 5. To trigger the ABS mode, the desired deceleration is set to 0.7g and the road adhesion coefficient is set to 0.6, so in fig. 5(a), the actual vehicle speed does not completely follow the desired vehicle speed, but it can be seen that the braking deceleration thereof is also approximately 0.6g after the adhesion of the gravel road is fully utilized. As shown in fig. 5(b), after the ABS mode is triggered, to prevent the wheels from locking, the braking process will not shift any more, the gears are locked in the high gear, and the transmission is small, so the braking energy recovery torque provided by the electric motor is small compared to the mechanical braking torque, but after calculation, the electric motor has already output its maximum braking torque, and the difference between the demanded braking torque and the braking energy recovery torque is compensated by the mechanical braking torque. In fig. 5(c), it can be seen that the slip ratio is around 0.15, the wheels are not locked in the whole braking process, and the safety of the whole vehicle is guaranteed. As shown in fig. 5(d), the recovered braking energy in the braking process is kJ, and since the emergency braking process time is short and the main objective of the process is to ensure the braking safety, the braking energy recovery efficiency is low.
Brake energy recovery capability verification
The simulation working condition of the braking energy recovery efficiency is set as the Chinese national standard working condition, the driving process adopts a common rule-based strategy, the reference strategy used for comparison in the braking process is also a rule-based control method, and the strategy is simply described as follows: when the brake pedal is lower than a threshold value C, the required braking torque is provided by the motor completely, when the required braking torque is higher than the threshold value C, the required braking torque is distributed proportionally on the front axle and the rear axle (the proportion of the braking torque distributed on the driving axle is gradually reduced along with the increase of the brake pedal, and finally the front axle and the rear axle tend to the load proportion thereof), wherein the braking torque distributed on the rear axle is provided by the motor preferentially, and if the motor cannot meet the requirement, the braking torque distributed on the front axle is compensated by the pneumatic mechanical braking torque, and the braking torque distributed on the front axle is provided by the pneumatic mechanical braking torque completely.
As shown in fig. 6 and 7, it can be seen in the graph (a) that the vehicle speed following effect of both strategies is good, and the actual vehicle speed and the expected vehicle speed almost coincide. As shown in fig. (b), the proposed strategy is relatively more powerful than the comparative strategy in braking, and when the braking energy recovery torque is not sufficient to meet the demand due to the smaller braking deceleration, the remaining braking torque is almost entirely compensated by the rear wheel mechanical braking torque, which is not listed here. As shown in the graph (c), the wheel slip ratio is within 0.1 and meets the preset requirement because the emergency braking condition does not exist in the whole working condition. Finally, as shown in the figure (d), compared with the comparison strategy, the braking energy recovery control method provided by the invention has the advantage that the recovered braking energy in the working condition is greatly improved.
Hardware in the Loop experiment
The hardware-in-the-loop system mainly comprises a DSPACE and an upper computer thereof, a controller and an upper computer thereof, and the like. The upper computer of the DSPACE is provided with a whole vehicle model except a control system, and the upper computer of the DSPACE is communicated with the DSPACE through a DSPACE special line. In the upper computer of the controller, the control method model generates a core control program through an automatic code generation technology, then the program is combined with some peripheral bottom layer communication programs and the like to form a complete controller program, and the upper computer 2 communicates with the controller through a CAN (controller area network) line, so that the program CAN be conveniently burned into the controller. When the hardware-in-the-loop experiment is carried out, the whole vehicle and the environment are virtually simulated in the DSPACE, the controller is an actual controller, and the hardware-in-the-loop simulation is realized between the DSPACE and the actual controller through CAN communication.
The working condition of the hardware in the ring experiment is set as the emergency braking working condition on the gravel road surface, and the emergency braking working condition is the same as the simulation experiment of the braking safety verification. The experimental result is shown in fig. 8, the curve is basically similar to that of fig. 5, but because the control sequence in the equivalent strategy is obtained by looking up the table according to the vehicle body state, the data change is large, so that certain fluctuation exists in the curve, the overall control effect is slightly poor, and the recovered braking energy is also small. However, as can be seen from fig. 8(c), this strategy also ensures that the wheel slip ratio is within a safe range.
Table 3 gives a data comparison of the verification test in detail, as shown in the table, in the emergency braking condition, the model on the gravel road surface has a better ring result, the maximum slip ratio is 0.19, in the hardware-in-ring experiment, due to the adoption of an equivalent strategy, the control effect is inferior to that of the model-in-ring experiment, the maximum slip ratio is 0.3055, and wheels are not locked in all experiments, which indicates that the proposed control method can ensure the safety of the automobile in the braking process. Under the working condition of national standard, the recovered braking energy of the control method based on the rule is 4686.2kJ, while the recovered braking energy of the control method based on the genetic algorithm is 5397.8kJ, which is improved by 15.19 percent compared with the rule control method, and the proportion of the recovered energy in the total braking energy reaches 60.27 percent, thereby verifying the recovery efficiency of the braking energy of the invention.
TABLE 3 comparison of simulation results of the control method of the present invention and the reference method
In another embodiment of the present invention, a wheel braking energy recovery control apparatus includes:
the calculating unit is used for calculating the braking force required by the vehicle according to the current state of the vehicle when the vehicle controller receives a braking signal, distributing the braking force required by the vehicle to three control variables of a front axle and a rear axle, wherein the three control variables are front wheel friction braking torque, rear wheel friction braking torque and motor regenerative braking torque, and calculating the three control variables by adopting an improved genetic algorithm based on a prediction model;
the execution unit is used for executing a genetic algorithm under the framework of the model predictive control, namely, the values of the three control variables of the optimal control sequence are obtained by solving the optimal problem in the limited time domain of the current moment;
the optimization unit is used for improving the calculation efficiency and preventing the calculation efficiency from converging to a local optimal solution by adopting a multi-population combined iteration and average distribution method;
the output unit is used for recalculating the values of the three control variables of the optimal control sequence according to the vehicle state at the next moment after the optimal control sequence is output, and is used for realizing rolling optimization in the whole braking process;
and the whole vehicle controller sends control signals to the motor and the controller thereof so that the motor and the controller thereof control the motor to output corresponding braking torque.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a vehicle includes a pneumatic-by-wire mechanical braking system including an air compressor, an air cylinder, and a braking valve, and a braking energy recovery control system including a vehicle controller, a motor and its controller, a transmission, a battery and its management unit, an accelerator pedal position sensor, a braking pedal position sensor, and a vehicle speed sensor, where an air pressure regulating valve is installed in the pneumatic-by-wire mechanical braking system for each wheel, and the pneumatic-by-wire mechanical braking system is used to individually regulate and control a wheel cylinder pressure of each wheel, and further includes a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program and a processor, and when the computer program is read and executed by the processor, the vehicle braking energy recovery control method as described above is implemented.
In another embodiment of the present invention, a computer-readable storage medium stores a computer program which, when read and executed by a processor, implements the braking energy recovery control method as described above.
Although the present invention is disclosed above, the present invention is not limited thereto. Various changes and modifications may be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A vehicle braking energy recovery control method comprises a wire-control pneumatic mechanical braking system consisting of an air compressor, an air cylinder and a braking valve, and a braking energy recovery control system consisting of a vehicle control unit, a motor and a controller thereof, a gearbox, a battery and a management unit thereof, an accelerator pedal position sensor, a braking pedal position sensor and a vehicle speed sensor, wherein a pneumatic adjusting valve is arranged in the wire-control pneumatic mechanical braking system for each wheel, the wire-control pneumatic mechanical braking system is used for independently adjusting and controlling the wheel cylinder pressure of each wheel, and the vehicle braking energy recovery control method is characterized in that,
when the vehicle controller receives a braking signal, calculating braking force required by a vehicle according to the current state of the vehicle, distributing the braking force required by the vehicle to three control variables of a front axle and a rear axle, wherein the three control variables are front wheel friction braking torque, rear wheel friction braking torque and motor regenerative braking torque, and calculating the three control variables by adopting an improved genetic algorithm based on a prediction model;
executing a genetic algorithm under the framework of the model predictive control, namely solving an optimal problem in a limited time domain at the current moment to obtain the values of the three control variables of an optimal control sequence;
a multi-population combination iteration and average distribution method is adopted to improve the calculation efficiency and prevent the calculation efficiency from converging to a local optimal solution;
after the optimal control sequence is output, recalculating the values of the three control variables of the optimal control sequence at the next moment according to the vehicle state, wherein the recalculating is used for realizing rolling optimization in the whole braking process;
and according to the calculated motor regenerative braking torque of the optimal control sequence at each moment, the vehicle control unit sends control signals to the motor and the controller thereof, so that the motor and the controller thereof control the motor to output corresponding braking torque.
2. The vehicle braking energy recovery control method according to claim 1, characterized by further comprising:
adopting the control framework of model predictive control, calculating the optimal control sequence in a limited prediction time domain and a control time domain by adopting the genetic algorithm based on the current state of the vehicle and previous historical information or expected vehicle speed at each moment, and obtaining the optimal control quantity at the current moment;
placing the three control variables in different sub-populations, combining the individuals of the different sub-populations during prediction calculation, then taking the maximum fitness of each individual in all the combinations as the fitness value of each individual, and finally, respectively carrying out iterative updating on the individuals of the different sub-populations;
then, an initial population uniform distribution method is adopted, for each population in the different sub-populations, the available area meeting the constraint condition is divided into several average parts, and boundary points of the several average parts are selected as individual values of the different sub-populations.
3. The vehicle braking energy recovery control method according to claim 1, characterized by further comprising:
generating said different sub-populations of said three control variables according to a mean distribution method within said constraints;
ranking and combining individuals in the different sub-populations of the three control variables;
performing result prediction on the combined control variable sequence by using the prediction model, and calculating the fitness of each individual based on a fitness function;
when the ending condition is reached, the calculation is ended and the value of the first control period of the three control variables in the optimal control combination is output;
and when the end condition is not reached, selecting the different sub-populations according to the selection process of the genetic algorithm, and performing cross and variation iteration on the selected individuals under the constraint condition to generate next generation population individuals.
4. The vehicle braking energy recovery control method of any of claims 1-3, wherein the base operators of the genetic algorithm include a selection operator, the selection operator being:
and averagely dividing the individuals in the different sub-populations into a first level, a second level, a third level and a fourth level according to the fitness values of the individuals, wherein the selection probability of the individuals in the first level is 0.4, the selection probability of the individuals in the second level is 0.3, the selection probability of the individuals in the third level is 0.2 and the selection probability of the individuals in the fourth level is 0.1 in each selection, and each selection is used for selecting better individuals in father and mother body selection.
5. The vehicle braking energy recovery control method of claim 4, wherein the base operator of the genetic algorithm further comprises an intersection operator, the intersection operator being:
after the father and the mother are determined, generating a next generation individual according to the gene of the father and the mother, and determining the crossover operator according to a first formula and a second formula;
the first formula is:
ui,j(t+1)＝P1uik(t)+P2uih(t)；
the second formula is:
ui,j+1(t+1)＝P2uik(t)+P1uih(t)；
wherein, P1For randomly generated values between 0 and 1, P2Is 1 and P1Difference of (u)ik(t) and uih(t) is the father selected at the generation t, ui,j(t +1) and ui,j+1(t +1) is a daughter after cross-inheritance at the t +1 generation, i represents the number of the sub-population, and j represents the jth individual in the i population.
6. The vehicle braking energy recovery control method of claim 5, wherein the base operator of the genetic algorithm further comprises a mutation operator, the mutation operator being:
in the process of generating a next generation new individual, simultaneously randomly generating a random number between 0 and 10, and if the random number is less than 8, not mutating the individual; if the random number is greater than or equal to 8, the individual performs variation, and the value carried by the variation is randomly generated within the constraint condition range.
7. The vehicle braking energy recovery control method of claim 6, further comprising:
in the iterative calculation process, a method for keeping the optimal is adopted, namely, the optimal individuals in the previous generation population are kept in the next generation population, the individual fitness is the maximum, and the genes of the optimal individuals are kept for faster and more effective convergence in the calculation process.
8. A vehicle braking energy recovery control apparatus characterized by comprising:
the calculating unit is used for calculating the braking force required by the vehicle according to the current state of the vehicle when the vehicle controller receives a braking signal, distributing the braking force required by the vehicle to three control variables of a front axle and a rear axle, wherein the three control variables are front wheel friction braking torque, rear wheel friction braking torque and motor regenerative braking torque, and calculating the three control variables by adopting an improved genetic algorithm based on a prediction model;
the execution unit is used for executing a genetic algorithm under the framework of the model predictive control, namely, the values of the three control variables of the optimal control sequence are obtained by solving the optimal problem in the limited time domain of the current moment;
the optimization unit is used for improving the calculation efficiency and preventing the calculation efficiency from converging to a local optimal solution by adopting a multi-population combined iteration and average distribution method;
the output unit is used for recalculating the values of the three control variables of the optimal control sequence according to the vehicle state at the next moment after the optimal control sequence is output, and is used for realizing rolling optimization in the whole braking process;
and the whole vehicle controller sends control signals to the motor and the controller thereof so that the motor and the controller thereof control the motor to output corresponding braking torque.
9. A vehicle comprising a pneumatic-by-wire mechanical braking system composed of an air compressor, an air cylinder and a brake valve, and a braking energy recovery control system composed of a vehicle control unit, a motor and a controller thereof, a transmission case, a battery and a management unit thereof, an accelerator pedal position sensor, a brake pedal position sensor, and a vehicle speed sensor, wherein an air pressure regulating valve is installed in the pneumatic-by-wire mechanical braking system for each wheel, and the pneumatic-by-wire mechanical braking system is used for individually regulating and controlling the wheel cylinder pressure of each wheel, and is characterized by further comprising a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program and a processor, and when the computer program is read and executed by the processor, the vehicle braking energy recovery control method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 is implemented.
10. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that it stores a computer program which, when read and executed by a processor, implements the vehicle braking energy recovery control method of any one of claims 1-7.
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