CN111261944A - Ultralow-temperature safe lithium ion battery electrolyte - Google Patents
Ultralow-temperature safe lithium ion battery electrolyte Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
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Abstract
The invention discloses an ultralow-temperature safe lithium ion battery electrolyte, which comprises electrolyte lithium salt, an organic solvent and an additive, wherein the organic solvent is a mixture of a carbonate solvent, a carboxylic ester solvent and a fluoroether solvent, and the fluoroether solvent is one or a mixture of more of 1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2,3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether, 1H, 5H-octafluoropentyl-1, 1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran; the additives include low impedance film forming additives and flame retardant additives. According to the ultralow-temperature safe lithium ion battery electrolyte, the fluoroether solvent is added into the organic solvent, and the fluoroether solvent and the flame retardant additive are mixed according to a certain proportion, so that the lithium ion battery electrolyte still has high ionic conductivity at ultralow temperature and has a better flame retardant effect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, in particular to an ultralow-temperature safe lithium ion battery electrolyte.
Background
In order to solve the problems of increasingly severe environmental pollution and energy crisis, the demand of people for green energy is increasing. Among them, lithium ion secondary batteries are widely used in various portable electronic applications due to their long operating life, high operating voltage and energy density, and low environmental pollution. However, with the decrease of the temperature of the use environment, the ionic conductivity of the lithium ion battery is sharply decreased with the decrease of the temperature, which limits the wide application of the lithium ion battery in some ultra-low temperature (40 ℃ below zero) fields.
At present, the scheme for solving the problem is that the low-temperature performance of the lithium ion battery is improved mostly by using carboxylic ester with a low boiling point, but the solutions can cause the electrolyte to be more flammable due to the increase of the content of the carboxylic ester, and the safety performance of the lithium ion battery is greatly reduced. The method of improving the thermal stability of the electrolyte by using a flame retardant additive or a high-concentration lithium salt in a common carbonate solvent electrolyte can cause the viscosity of the electrolyte to be increased, the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte is reduced, the low-temperature discharge performance of lithium ions using the electrolyte is reduced, and the electrolyte which can realize the flame retardance of the electrolyte by considering the ultralow-temperature discharge performance is only reported at present.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problem that the electrolyte in the prior art cannot give consideration to both low-temperature discharge performance and flame retardance, the invention provides the ultralow-temperature safe lithium ion battery electrolyte.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: an ultralow-temperature safe lithium ion battery electrolyte comprises electrolyte lithium salt, an organic solvent and an additive, wherein the organic solvent is a mixture of a carbonate solvent, a carboxylic ester solvent and a fluoroether solvent, and the fluoroether solvent is a mixture of one or more of 1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2,3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether, 1H, 5H-octafluoropentyl-1, 1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran; the additives include low impedance film forming additives and flame retardant additives.
After the fluoroether solvent and the flame retardant additive are mixed according to a certain proportion, the lithium ion battery electrolyte still has higher ionic conductivity at ultralow temperature, and simultaneously has better flame retardant effect.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problem further comprises the following steps:
further, the carbonate solvent is one or a mixture of more of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, and the carboxylic acid solvent is one or a mixture of more of propyl acetate, ethyl propionate and propyl propionate.
Further, the carbonate solvent accounts for 30-55 wt% of the lithium ion battery electrolyte, the carboxylate solvent accounts for 7-25 wt% of the lithium ion battery electrolyte, and the fluoroether solvent accounts for 5-16 wt% of the lithium ion battery electrolyte.
Further, the low-impedance film forming additive is one or a mixture of more of fluoroethylene carbonate, ethylene sulfate, 1, 3-propane sultone, ethylene sulfite and lithium difluorophosphate.
Further, the flame retardant additive is one or a mixture of more of tri (ethynyl) phosphate, trimethyl phosphate, dimethyl methyl phosphate, hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene, bis (2,2, 2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, ethoxy (pentafluoro) cyclotriphosphazene and phenoxy (pentafluoro) cyclotriphosphazene.
Under the heated condition, the gas formed by thermal cracking of the organic phosphorus compound contains phosphorus oxygen free radicals which can capture hydrogen and oxygen free radicals, so that the concentration of the hydrogen and oxygen free radicals in flame is greatly reduced, thereby inhibiting combustion chain reaction and achieving the purpose of flame retardance.
Furthermore, the low-impedance film forming additive accounts for 1-5 wt% of the lithium ion battery electrolyte, and the flame retardant additive accounts for 1-10 wt% of the lithium ion battery electrolyte.
Further, the lithium salt electrolyte is one or a mixture of two of lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium difluoroborate.
In the existing lithium ion battery electrolyte, lithium hexafluorophosphate is used as a lithium salt, but the lithium hexafluorophosphate can be hydrolyzed to generate HF under the condition of water, and the existence of a byproduct HF corrodes a positive electrode material, so that the battery performance is deteriorated. Lithium difluorooxalato borate has better stability than lithium hexafluorophosphate, is not easily hydrolyzed, and has a slightly higher conductivity than lithium hexafluorophosphate electrolyte at low temperature. Meanwhile, the lithium difluoro (oxalato) borate can participate in film forming reaction on the surface of the graphite of the negative electrode, so that the SEI impedance of the negative electrode can be effectively reduced.
Further, the lithium salt electrolyte accounts for 10-15% of the lithium ion battery electrolyte by weight.
Further, the lithium salt electrolyte is a mixture of lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium difluoroborate according to the mass ratio of 1:1, and the weight percentage of the lithium salt electrolyte in the lithium ion battery electrolyte is 13%; the low-impedance film forming additive is a mixture prepared from fluoroethylene carbonate, 1, 3-propane sultone and lithium fluorophosphate according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1, and accounts for 3% of the lithium ion battery electrolyte; the flame retardant additive is ethoxy (pentafluoro) cyclotriphosphazene, and the flame retardant additive accounts for 6% by weight in the lithium ion battery electrolyte; the residual material is the organic solvent which is a mixture formed by mixing five solvents of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, ethyl acetate and 1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2,3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether according to the mass ratio of 2:1:4:1: 2.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the ultralow-temperature safe lithium ion battery electrolyte, the fluoroether solvent is added into the organic solvent, and the fluoroether solvent and the flame retardant additive are mixed according to a certain proportion, so that the lithium ion battery electrolyte still has high ionic conductivity at ultralow temperature and has a better flame retardant effect. The film forming additive uses a low-impedance film forming additive, reduces the SEI film forming impedance of the negative electrode, and is beneficial to the migration of lithium ions at low temperature. A proper phosphorus-containing compound is added into the electrolyte to serve as a flame retardant, and the phosphorus-oxygen free radicals can capture hydrogen and oxygen free radicals, so that the concentration of the phosphorus-oxygen free radicals in the air is reduced, and the flame retardant effect of the electrolyte is realized. And finally, lithium difluoro oxalate borate is used for partially or even completely replacing lithium hexafluorophosphate, the lithium difluoro oxalate borate has better stability than the lithium hexafluorophosphate, the lithium difluoro oxalate borate is not easy to hydrolyze, and the lithium difluoro oxalate borate can participate in negative pole film formation, so that the SEI resistance of the negative pole is further reduced.
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the-40 ℃ discharge capacity retention of batteries prepared in the electrolyte examples of the ultra-low temperature safe lithium ion batteries of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present embodiment is a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and other principles and basic structures that are the same as or similar to the present embodiment are within the scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that the technical solutions in the embodiments may be combined with each other, but must be based on the realization of the technical solutions by those skilled in the art, and when the technical solutions are contradictory or cannot be realized, the combination of the technical solutions should be considered to be absent and not to be within the protection scope of the present invention.
The lithium ion battery electrolyte preparation and the lithium ion battery electrolyte injection and sealing of the embodiment and the comparative example of the invention are all carried out in a glove box filled with argon, and the lithium ion battery electrolyte prepared is stored in a fluorination bottle. The model of the battery in the embodiment and the comparative example adopts a cylindrical 18650 type lithium ion battery, and the positive plate of the battery is made of nickel cobalt lithium manganate: the binder polyvinylidene fluoride and the carbon black conductive agent are mixed according to the mass ratio of 97.5:1.5:1, and the negative plate of the battery is prepared from artificial graphite: the styrene butadiene rubber, the sodium carboxymethylcellulose and the carbon black conductive agent are mixed according to the mass ratio of 95:2.5:1.5:1, and the isolation film of the battery is a 16-micron-thick Polyethylene (PE) isolation film.
1. Method for preparing battery liquid
Example (b):
mixing lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium difluorooxalato borate according to the mass ratio of 1:1 to obtain a lithium salt mixture for later use; mixing fluoroethylene carbonate, 1, 3-propane sultone and lithium fluorophosphate according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1 to obtain a low-impedance film forming additive for later use; mixing five solvents of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, ethyl acetate and 1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2,3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether according to the mass ratio of 2:1:4:1:2 to obtain an organic solvent for later use.
And weighing 13g of the lithium salt mixture, 3g of the low-impedance film forming additive, 6g of ethoxy (pentafluoro) cyclotriphosphazene and 78g of the prepared organic solvent in a glove box filled with argon, adding the low-impedance film forming additive and the ethoxy (pentafluoro) cyclotriphosphazene serving as the flame retardant additive into the organic solvent, dissolving and fully stirring the mixture, adding the lithium salt mixture, and uniformly mixing to obtain the lithium ion battery electrolyte of the embodiment.
Comparative example 1:
mixing fluoroethylene carbonate, 1, 3-propane sultone and lithium fluorophosphate according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1 to obtain a low-impedance film forming additive for later use; mixing five solvents of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, ethyl acetate and 1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2,3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether according to the mass ratio of 2:1:4:1:2 to obtain an organic solvent for later use.
And (3) weighing 13g of lithium hexafluorophosphate, 3g of low-impedance film forming additive, 6g of ethoxy (pentafluoro) cyclotriphosphazene and 78g of prepared organic solvent in a glove box filled with argon, adding the low-impedance film forming additive and the ethoxy (pentafluoro) cyclotriphosphazene serving as a flame retardant additive into the organic solvent, dissolving and fully stirring the mixture, adding the lithium salt mixture, and uniformly mixing to obtain the lithium ion battery electrolyte of the comparative example 1.
Comparative example 2:
mixing fluoroethylene carbonate, 1, 3-propane sultone and lithium fluorophosphate according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1 to obtain a low-impedance film forming additive for later use; mixing ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and three solvents according to the mass ratio of 23:1:6 to obtain an organic solvent for later use.
And (3) weighing 13g of lithium hexafluorophosphate, 3g of low-impedance film forming additive, 6g of ethoxy (pentafluoro) cyclotriphosphazene and 78g of prepared organic solvent in a glove box filled with argon, adding the low-impedance film forming additive and the ethoxy (pentafluoro) cyclotriphosphazene serving as a flame retardant additive into the organic solvent, dissolving and fully stirring the mixture, adding the lithium salt mixture, and uniformly mixing to obtain the lithium ion battery electrolyte of the comparative example 2.
2. Lithium ion battery electrolyte performance test process
(1) Density and conductivity testing of lithium ion battery electrolyte
The density and conductivity of the electrolyte to be tested were measured in a glove box filled with argon using a densitometer and a conductivity meter, and the results are shown in table 1.
(2) Electrolyte flame retardant property test
Weighing glass fiber with unit length diameter of 0.3-0.5 cm, recording mass, soaking in electrolyte to be measured, taking out, weighing again, and determining electrolyte mass absorbed by glass fiber. And (3) placing the soaked glass fibers on a thin iron wire with the front end folded into an O shape, igniting the glass fibers by using a gas ignition device, recording the time from the moment when the ignition device is moved away to the moment when the flame is automatically extinguished, dividing the recorded time by the corresponding electrolyte quality to obtain the self-extinguishing time of the electrolyte to be tested, and taking the self-extinguishing time as the flame retardant performance index of the lithium ion battery electrolyte, wherein the test result is shown in table 1.
(3) Performance testing of electrolytes at ultra-low temperatures
Respectively injecting the electrolyte of the lithium ion battery to be tested into the prepared cylindrical 18650 type batteries in a glove box filled with argon gas, sealing, carrying out chemical composition and volume division, discharging to 2.75V at 25 ℃ with a constant current of 0.5C, recording the discharge capacity at the moment as C1, charging to 4.2V at 25 ℃ with a constant current of 0.5C and a constant voltage, and stopping until the current is 0.02C. The fully charged battery is placed in a constant temperature box at the temperature of minus 40 ℃ for 8H and then is discharged to 2.75V by 0.2C current, the discharge capacity at the time is recorded as C2, and the ratio of the discharge capacity C2 to the discharge capacity C1 is recorded as the discharge capacity retention rate and is used as the performance index of the lithium ion battery electrolyte at the ultralow temperature, and the test result is shown in figure 1.
TABLE 1 Performance test results of electrolytes of example 1, comparative example 1 and comparative example 2
The data in table 1 and fig. 1 are combined to show that the addition of fluoroether in the organic solvent can obviously improve the conductivity and discharge capacity retention rate of the lithium ion battery electrolyte; the embodiment adopts the lithium difluoro-oxalato-borate to partially replace lithium hexafluorophosphate in the prior art as the lithium salt of the lithium ion battery electrolyte, and because the stability of the lithium difluoro-oxalato-borate is better, the flame retardant property of the battery electrolyte can be obviously improved, and the influence on the conductivity of the battery is smaller.
According to the ultralow-temperature safe lithium ion battery electrolyte, the fluoroether solvent is added into the organic solvent, and the fluoroether solvent and the flame retardant additive are mixed according to a certain proportion, so that the lithium ion battery electrolyte still has high ionic conductivity at ultralow temperature and has a better flame retardant effect. The film forming additive uses a low-impedance film forming additive, reduces the SEI film forming impedance of the negative electrode, and is beneficial to the migration of lithium ions at low temperature. A proper phosphorus-containing compound is added into the electrolyte to serve as a flame retardant, and the phosphorus-oxygen free radicals can capture hydrogen and oxygen free radicals, so that the concentration of the phosphorus-oxygen free radicals in the air is reduced, and the flame retardant effect of the electrolyte is realized. And finally, lithium difluoro oxalate borate is used for partially or even completely replacing lithium hexafluorophosphate, the lithium difluoro oxalate borate has better stability than the lithium hexafluorophosphate, the lithium difluoro oxalate borate is not easy to hydrolyze, and the lithium difluoro oxalate borate can participate in negative pole film formation, so that the SEI resistance of the negative pole is further reduced.
Claims (9)
1. The electrolyte of the lithium ion battery is characterized by comprising an electrolyte lithium salt, an organic solvent and an additive, wherein the organic solvent is a mixture of a carbonate solvent, a carboxylic ester solvent and a fluoroether solvent, and the fluoroether solvent is one or a mixture of more of 1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2,3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether, 1H, 5H-octafluoropentyl-1, 1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran; the additives include low impedance film forming additives and flame retardant additives.
2. The lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the carbonate solvent is one or a mixture of more of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, and the carboxylic acid solvent is one or a mixture of more of propyl acetate, ethyl propionate and propyl propionate.
3. The lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 2, wherein the carbonate solvent is 30-55% by weight of the lithium ion battery electrolyte, the carboxylate solvent is 7-25% by weight of the lithium ion battery electrolyte, and the fluoroether solvent is 5-16% by weight of the lithium ion battery electrolyte.
4. The lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 1 wherein the low impedance film forming additive is a mixture of one or more of fluoroethylene carbonate, ethylene sulfate, 1, 3-propane sultone, ethylene sulfite, lithium difluorophosphate.
5. The lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 4 wherein the flame retardant additive is a mixture of one or more of tris (ethynyl) phosphate, trimethyl phosphate, dimethyl methyl phosphate, hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene, bis (2,2, 2-trifluoroethyl) methyl phosphate, ethoxy (pentafluoro) cyclotriphosphazene, phenoxy (pentafluoro) cyclotriphosphazene.
6. The lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 5 wherein the low impedance film forming additive comprises 1-5% by weight of the lithium ion battery electrolyte and the flame retardant additive comprises 1-10% by weight of the lithium ion battery electrolyte.
7. The lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 1 wherein the lithium salt electrolyte is one or a mixture of two of lithium hexafluorophosphate or lithium difluorooxalato borate.
8. The lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 7 wherein the lithium salt electrolyte is present in the lithium ion battery electrolyte in an amount of 10 to 15% by weight.
9. The lithium ion battery electrolyte of claim 1, wherein the lithium salt electrolyte is a mixture of lithium hexafluorophosphate and lithium difluoroborate in a mass ratio of 1:1, and the lithium salt electrolyte accounts for 13% by weight of the lithium ion battery electrolyte; the low-impedance film forming additive is a mixture prepared from fluoroethylene carbonate, 1, 3-propane sultone and lithium fluorophosphate according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1, and accounts for 3% of the lithium ion battery electrolyte; the flame retardant additive is ethoxy (pentafluoro) cyclotriphosphazene, and the flame retardant additive accounts for 6% by weight in the lithium ion battery electrolyte; the residual material is the organic solvent which is a mixture formed by mixing five solvents of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, ethyl acetate and 1,1,2, 2-tetrafluoroethyl-2, 2,3, 3-tetrafluoropropyl ether according to the mass ratio of 2:1:4:1: 2.
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN114039095A (en) * | 2021-12-09 | 2022-02-11 | 河南省法恩莱特新能源科技有限公司 | Flame-retardant sodium-ion battery electrolyte |
| CN114300749A (en) * | 2021-12-30 | 2022-04-08 | 江苏卫蓝新能源电池有限公司 | Wide-temperature flame-retardant lithium ion battery electrolyte |
| CN115360429A (en) * | 2022-09-30 | 2022-11-18 | 苏州德加能源科技有限公司 | Novel low-temperature battery electrolyte and preparation method and application thereof |
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Cited By (3)
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| CN114039095A (en) * | 2021-12-09 | 2022-02-11 | 河南省法恩莱特新能源科技有限公司 | Flame-retardant sodium-ion battery electrolyte |
| CN114300749A (en) * | 2021-12-30 | 2022-04-08 | 江苏卫蓝新能源电池有限公司 | Wide-temperature flame-retardant lithium ion battery electrolyte |
| CN115360429A (en) * | 2022-09-30 | 2022-11-18 | 苏州德加能源科技有限公司 | Novel low-temperature battery electrolyte and preparation method and application thereof |
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