CN111194660B - 冬季反季节沃柑的花果管理方法 - Google Patents
冬季反季节沃柑的花果管理方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种冬季反季节沃柑的花果管理方法，包括以下步骤：(1)9月初对果树树干环形皮割；9月中旬‑10月末，每隔8‑12天喷施复配水溶液；(2)11月份每隔10‑15天喷施复配水溶液；(3)12月中旬‑次年2月，根据气温情况进行夜间开灯补光；每隔5‑7天喷施复配水溶液；(4)次年2月幼果变大后转为常规管理；(5)在沃柑采摘前进行如下管理：1)对果树树干环形皮割；2)每隔7‑10天施用氨基酸水溶肥；3)每隔8‑12天叶面喷施复配水溶液；4)采摘前停止用药；(6)果树病虫害防治按常规管理方法进行。本发明开发了冬季反季节沃柑种植技术，使得沃柑错锋上市，可避免沃柑滞销，从而促进经济增长。
Description
【技术领域】
本发明属于沃柑种植技术领域，具体涉及一种冬季反季节沃柑的花果管理方法。
【背景技术】
沃柑为芸香科柑橘属多年生常绿果树，是“坦普尔”橘橙与“丹西”红橘的杂交种，属于宽皮柑橘类型。“沃柑”具有树势强健、果实外观漂亮、品质优良、晚熟、早结丰产、果实采收期长、适应性广和抗病性强等特点，适宜作为晚熟杂柑品种进行推广。目前沃柑主要种植在广西、重庆、四川、云南、湖南等地，其中以广西武鸣县种植面积最大，成为广西的主要经济作为之一，在农业经济中占有极其重要的地位。随着沃柑经济效益的提高，越来越多的果农选择种植沃柑而暴增，导致了正常季节沃柑发生滞销，使得经济遭受严重损失。
因此，如何开发一种反季节沃柑种植技术，使得沃柑错锋上市，则可避免沃柑滞销，从而促进经济增长。
【发明内容】
本发明提供一种冬季反季节沃柑的花果的管理方法，以解决如何开发一种反季节沃柑种植技术，使得沃柑错锋上市，避免沃柑滞销的技术问题。
一种冬季反季节沃柑的花果管理方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)9月初对果树树干环形皮割；9月中旬-10月末，每隔9-10天喷施一次15％多效唑可湿性粉剂300-400倍、矮壮素20-32mg/L、乙烯利150-250mg/L、磷酸二氢钾4-6g/L、硼酸0.1-0.2g/L的复配水溶液；
(2)11月份每隔10-15天喷施一次15％多效唑可湿性粉剂400-500倍、磷酸二氢钾3-5g/L、硼酸0.1-0.3g/L的复配水溶液；
(3)12月中旬-次年2月，在预报的天气即将连续5天以上日平均气温16℃以上时，在天气回暖前4-5天对果树补充足够的水分并在夜间开灯补光；同时，每隔5-7天喷施一次4％赤霉素乳油3000-5000倍、胺鲜酯12-15mg/L、萘乙酸10-20mg/L、硼酸0.5-1g/L的复配水溶液，从而实现果树在12月-次年2月开花；
(4)次年2月幼果变大后转为常规管理；
(5)在沃柑采摘前的45-60天：1)对果树树干环形皮割；2)每隔8-9天施用一次氨基酸水溶肥400-600倍；3)每隔9-11天叶面喷施一次葡萄糖0.7-1.2g/L、氨基酸水溶肥400-600倍、磷酸二氢钾4-7g/L、乙烯利120-230mg/L、复硝酚钠3-6mg/L的复配水溶液；4)采摘前15天前停止用药；
(6)果树病虫害防治按常规管理方法进行。
进一步地，步骤(1)中所述果树8月-11月不撒施肥料。
进一步地，所述肥料不含速效氮。
进一步地，步骤(1)中所述环形皮割的树干为主干和/或支干。
进一步地，所述环形皮割的树干为主干时，具体皮割的位置是从果树的第一支干与主干的交接点起沿主干往地面方向的2-5cm处。
进一步地，所述环形皮割的树干为支干时，具体皮割的位置是从果树的主干与各支干的交接点起沿各支干往树梢方向的2-5cm处。
进一步地，步骤(1)中所述环形皮割的深度在韧皮部与木质部之间的形成层。
进一步地，步骤(3)中所述补光的光照度为0.5-1.0万lux。
本发明与现有技术相比，具有以下有益效果：
从实施例1-3与对比例1的数据对比可知，使用本发明的技术方案沃柑在12月-次年2月份成功开花，而对比例1则不能开花，表明本发明的技术方案能实现冬季诱导开花。原理在于，本发明在9-12月份较好地抑制了果树生长，从而导致果树的落叶量、早秋稍抽稍量、早秋稍的叶片量等均少于对比例1，在解除抑制后成功诱导开花。
从实施例1与对比例2-4的数据对比可知，仅有步骤(1)或仅有步骤(2)对果树的生长有一定的抑制作用，能诱导开花，但花蕾量极少，不具有种植上的经济意义；而仅有步骤(3)则不能成功地诱导果树开花，因为在前期没有进行抑制，所以未能实现在12月-次年2月开花。
实施例1的可溶性固形物含量比对比例5的可溶性固形物含量增加了0.99％，可见实施步骤(5)有利于提高冬季反季节沃柑的可溶性固形物含量。
本发明开发了冬季反季节沃柑的花果管理技术，使得沃柑在次年的11-12月成熟采摘，错峰上市，可避免沃柑滞销，从而促进经济增长。
【具体实施方式】
为便于更好地理解本发明，通过以下实施例加以说明，这些实施例属于本发明的保护范围，但不限制本发明的保护范围。
在实施例中，所述的冬季反季节沃柑的花果管理方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)果树8月-11月，不施任何含速效性氮肥料(如含硝态氮、尿素的肥料)，严控营养生长；9月初对果树树干环形皮割，所述环形皮割的树干为主干和/或支干，所述环形皮割的树干为主干时，具体皮割的位置是从果树的第一支干与主干的交接点起沿主干往地面方向的2-5cm处；所述环形皮割的树干为支干时，具体皮割的位置是从果树的主干与各支干的交接点起沿各支干往树梢方向的2-5cm处；所述环形皮割的深度在韧皮部与木质部之间的形成层；9月中旬-10月末，每隔9-10天喷施一次15％多效唑可湿性粉剂300-400倍、矮壮素20-32mg/L、乙烯利150-250mg/L、磷酸二氢钾4-6g/L、硼酸0.1-0.2g/L的复配水溶液；
(2)11月份每隔10-15天喷施一次15％多效唑可湿性粉剂400-500倍、磷酸二氢钾3-5g/L、硼酸0.1-0.3g/L的复配水溶液；
(3)12月中旬-次年2月，在预报的天气即将连续5天以上日平均气温16℃以上时，在天气回暖前4-5天对果树补充足够的水分并在夜间开灯补光，所述补光的光照度为0.5-1.0万lux；同时，每隔5-7天喷施一次4％赤霉素乳油3000-5000倍、胺鲜酯12-15mg/L、萘乙酸10-20mg/L、硼酸0.5-1g/L的复配水溶液，从而实现果树在12月-次年2月开花；
(4)次年2月幼果变大后转为常规管理；
(5)在沃柑采摘前的45-60天：1)对果树树干环形皮割；2)每隔8-9天施用一次氨基酸水溶肥400-600倍；3)每隔9-11天叶面喷施一次葡萄糖0.7-1.2g/L、氨基酸水溶肥400-600倍、磷酸二氢钾4-7g/L、乙烯利120-230mg/L、复硝酚钠3-6mg/L的复配水溶液；4)采摘前15天前停止用药；
(6)果树病虫害防治按常规管理方法进行。
上述技术方案在本发明中的作用：
开挖环沟：切掉果树部分须根，降低根系活性，抑制水份、营养物质的吸收。
多效唑：延缓果树生长，抑制营养生长，增加果树抗逆性。
环形皮割：阻断了叶片中光合作用的糖类、蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素、无机盐和激素产物输送到果树根部，减少根部营养供应，降低根系活性，抑制营养生长。
矮壮素：抑制作物细胞伸长，使果树杆茎变粗、叶色变绿，抑制营养生长。
赤霉素：打破果树的休眠，促进营养生长。
硼酸：促进花粉萌发和花粉管的伸长。
胺鲜酯：增强果树对水肥的吸收和干物质的积累，促进花芽分化，调节植物体内水分平衡。
萘乙酸：具有果树促开花，防落花落果，催熟增产的作用。
复硝酚钠：具有促进细胞原生质流动、提高细胞活力、加速植株生长发育、促根壮苗、保花保果、坐果膨大、提高产量、增强抗逆能力。
乙烯利：具有植物激素增进乳液分泌，加速成熟、脱落、衰老、促进开花、促进果实成熟，刺激伤流的作用。
原理说明：在9月初-11月底进行通过人工手段强制果树进入休眠期，使其停止生长；在12月-次年2月的气温回升的关键时机解除抑制，提高营养供给并通过夜间补光加强光照，从而实现沃柑果树的冬季诱导开花。
诱导开花成功后，正值初春，天气较为寒冷，果树的营养生长仍被环境所抑制，因此无需保花保果。
在沃柑的果实生长膨大阶段为4-9月，部分错过了5-11月雨水光照充沛的最佳生长时期，继续使用正常的栽培管理果实甜度很难达到最佳品质，需要采取人工增甜管理措施。通过在果树采摘前45-60天进行特殊栽培管理措施，重点施用有机态氮肥、喷施水溶性有机肥，使得树体直接吸收有机营养；抑制果树的营养生长，使营养物质集中转运到果实，从而实现果实的增甜。
下面结合具体实施例进行具体说明。
实施例1
一种冬季反季节沃柑的花果管理方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)果树8月-11月，不施任何含速效性氮肥料(如含硝态氮、尿素的肥料)，严控营养生长；9月初对果树树干环形皮割，所述环形皮割的树干为主干和/或支干，所述环形皮割的树干为主干时，具体皮割的位置是从果树的第一支干与主干的交接点起沿主干往地面方向的3cm处；所述环形皮割的树干为支干时，具体皮割的位置是从果树的主干与各支干的交接点起沿各支干往树梢方向的3cm处；所述环形皮割的深度在韧皮部与木质部之间的形成层；9月中旬-10月末，每隔9天喷施一次15％多效唑可湿性粉剂300倍、矮壮素20mg/L、乙烯利150mg/L、磷酸二氢钾4g/L、硼酸0.1g/L的复配水溶液；
(2)11月份每隔10天喷施一次15％多效唑可湿性粉剂400倍、磷酸二氢钾5g/L、硼酸0.2g/L的复配水溶液；
(3)12月中旬-次年2月，在预报的天气即将连续5天以上日平均气温16℃以上时，在天气回暖前4-5天对果树补充足够的水分并在夜间开灯补光，所述补光的光照度为0.6万lux；同时，每隔5天喷施一次4％赤霉素乳油3000倍、胺鲜酯12mg/L、萘乙酸10mg/L、硼酸0.5g/L的复配水溶液，从而实现果树在12月-次年2月开花；
(4)次年2月幼果变大后转为常规管理；
(5)在沃柑采摘前的45-60天：1)对果树树干环形皮割；2)每隔8-9天施用一次氨基酸水溶肥400倍；3)每隔9-11天叶面喷施一次葡萄糖0.8g/L、氨基酸水溶肥4000倍、磷酸二氢钾5g/L、乙烯利120mg/L、复硝酚钠3mg/L的复配水溶液；4)采摘前15天前停止用药；
(6)果树病虫害防治按常规管理方法进行。
实施例2
一种冬季反季节沃柑的花果管理方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)果树8月-11月，不施任何含速效性氮肥料(如含硝态氮、尿素的肥料)，严控营养生长；9月初对果树树干环形皮割，所述环形皮割的树干为主干和/或支干，所述环形皮割的树干为主干时，具体皮割的位置是从果树的第一支干与主干的交接点起沿主干往地面方向的2cm处；所述环形皮割的树干为支干时，具体皮割的位置是从果树的主干与各支干的交接点起沿各支干往树梢方向的2cm处；所述环形皮割的深度在韧皮部与木质部之间的形成层；9月中旬-10月末，每隔10天喷施一次15％多效唑可湿性粉剂300倍、矮壮素26mg/L、乙烯利180mg/L、磷酸二氢钾5g/L、硼酸0.2g/L的复配水溶液；
(2)11月份每隔10-15天喷施一次15％多效唑可湿性粉剂450倍、磷酸二氢钾3g/L、硼酸0.1g/L的复配水溶液；
(3)12月中旬-次年2月，在预报的天气即将连续5天以上日平均气温16℃以上时，在天气回暖前4-5天对果树补充足够的水分并在夜间开灯补光，所述补光的光照度为0.8万lux；同时，每隔6天喷施一次4％赤霉素乳油4000倍、胺鲜酯13mg/L、萘乙酸16mg/L、硼酸0.8g/L的复配水溶液，从而实现果树在12月-次年2月开花；
(4)次年2月幼果变大后转为常规管理；
(5)在沃柑采摘前的45-60天：1)对果树树干环形皮割；2)每隔8-9天施用一次氨基酸水溶肥500倍；3)每隔9-11天叶面喷施一次葡萄糖1g/L、氨基酸水溶肥400倍、磷酸二氢钾6g/L、乙烯利180mg/L、复硝酚钠5mg/L的复配水溶液；4)采摘前15天前停止用药；
(6)果树病虫害防治按常规管理方法进行。
实施例3
一种冬季反季节沃柑的花果管理方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)果树8月-11月，不施任何含速效性氮肥料(如含硝态氮、尿素的肥料)，严控营养生长；9月初对果树树干环形皮割，所述环形皮割的树干为主干和/或支干，所述环形皮割的树干为主干时，具体皮割的位置是从果树的第一支干与主干的交接点起沿主干往地面方向的5cm处；所述环形皮割的树干为支干时，具体皮割的位置是从果树的主干与各支干的交接点起沿各支干往树梢方向的5cm处；所述环形皮割的深度在韧皮部与木质部之间的形成层；9月中旬-10月末，每隔9天喷施一次15％多效唑可湿性粉剂400倍、矮壮素32mg/L、乙烯利220mg/L、磷酸二氢钾6g/L、硼酸0.2g/L的复配水溶液；
(2)11月份每隔15天喷施一次15％多效唑可湿性粉剂500倍、磷酸二氢钾5g/L、硼酸0.3g/L的复配水溶液；
(3)12月中旬-次年2月，在预报的天气即将连续5天以上日平均气温16℃以上时，在天气回暖前5天对果树补充足够的水分并在夜间开灯补光，所述补光的光照度为0.9万lux；同时，每隔7天喷施一次4％赤霉素乳油5000倍、胺鲜酯15mg/L、萘乙酸20mg/L、硼酸1g/L的复配水溶液，从而实现果树在12月-次年2月开花；
(4)次年2月幼果变大后转为常规管理；
(5)在沃柑采摘前的45-60天：1)对果树树干环形皮割；2)每隔8-9天施用一次氨基酸水溶肥600倍；3)每隔9-11天叶面喷施一次葡萄糖1.2g/L、氨基酸水溶肥500倍、磷酸二氢钾7g/L、乙烯利230mg/L、复硝酚钠6mg/L的复配水溶液；4)采摘前15天前停止用药；
(6)果树病虫害防治按常规管理方法进行。
对比例1
与实施例1基本相同，但步骤(1)不包括环形皮割，喷施的多效唑可湿性粉剂300倍、矮壮素20mg/L、乙烯利150mg/L、磷酸二氢钾4g/L、硼酸0.1g/L的复配水溶液替换为水；步骤(2)喷施的15％多效唑可湿性粉剂400倍、磷酸二氢钾5g/L、硼酸0.2g/L的复配水溶液替换为水；步骤(3)未进行补光，喷施的4％赤霉素乳油3000倍、胺鲜酯12mg/L、萘乙酸10mg/L、硼酸0.5g/L的复配水溶液替换为水；其余步骤不变。
对比例2
与实施例1基本相同，但步骤(2)喷施的15％多效唑可湿性粉剂400倍、磷酸二氢钾5g/L、硼酸0.2g/L的复配水溶液替换为水；步骤(3)未进行补光，喷施的4％赤霉素乳油3000倍、胺鲜酯12mg/L、萘乙酸10mg/L、硼酸0.5g/L的复配水溶液替换为水；其余步骤不变。
对比例3
与实施例1基本相同，但步骤(1)不包括环形皮割，喷施的多效唑可湿性粉剂300倍、矮壮素20mg/L、乙烯利150mg/L、磷酸二氢钾4g/L、硼酸0.1g/L的复配水溶液替换为水；步骤(3)未进行补光，喷施的4％赤霉素乳油3000倍、胺鲜酯12mg/L、萘乙酸10mg/L、硼酸0.5g/L的复配水溶液替换为水；其余步骤不变。
对比例4
与实施例1基本相同，但步骤(1)不包括环形皮割，喷施的多效唑可湿性粉剂300倍、矮壮素20mg/L、乙烯利150mg/L、磷酸二氢钾4g/L、硼酸0.1g/L的复配水溶液替换为水；步骤(2)喷施的15％多效唑可湿性粉剂400倍、磷酸二氢钾5g/L、硼酸0.2g/L的复配水溶液替换为水；其余步骤不变。
对比例5
与实施例1基本相同，但步骤(5)不对果树树干环形皮割；施用的氨基酸水溶肥400倍替换为水；喷施的葡萄糖0.8g/L、氨基酸水溶肥4000倍、磷酸二氢钾5g/L、乙烯利120mg/L、复硝酚钠3mg/L的复配水溶液替换为水；其余步骤不变。
在玉林市菱角镇某沃柑果园，选择同一区域环境相同、长势相近的3年龄沃柑果树，平均划分为8块，每块地有100棵，分别使用实施例1-3、对比例1-5的方法进行种植管理。统计每块地每棵果树的平均落叶量、抽梢量、出花蕾量等指标，各指标结果见表1表2。
表1冬季反季节沃柑的开花指标情况
从实施例1-3与对比例1的数据对比可知，使用本发明的技术方案沃柑在12月-次年2月份成功开花，而对比例1、2、3则不能开花，表明本发明的技术方案能实现冬季诱导开花，对比例4能实现少量开花，表明本发明的技术方案步骤(3)是冬季开花的关键性步骤，而前期缺乏步骤(1)、(2)的协同作用，开花量达不到生产要求，不具有经济价值。原理在于，本发明在9-12月份较好地抑制了果树生长，从而导致果树的落叶量、早秋稍抽稍量、早秋稍的叶片量等均少于对比例1，在解除抑制后成功诱导开花。
从实施例1与对比例2、3的数据对比可知，仅有步骤(1)或(2)，对果树的生长有一定抑制作用，但缺乏关键性步骤(3)，则不能成功地诱导果树开花。
表2冬季反季节沃柑的结果指标情况
| 试验组 | 落果率 | 产量/株 | 可溶性固形物含量 |
| 实施例1 | 4.7％ | 33.32kg/株 | 13.86％ |
| 实施例2 | 4.8％ | 32.04kg/株 | 13.79％ |
| 实施例3 | 5.1％ | 32.57kg/株 | 13.81％ |
| 对比例5 | 4.8％ | 32.11kg/株 | 12.87％ |
从表2可知：实施例1的可溶性固形物含量比对比例5的可溶性固形物含量增加了0.99％，可见实施步骤(5)有利于提高冬季反季节沃柑的可溶性固形物含量；此外，从实施例1-3的综合数据可知，实施例1为最优实施例。
以上内容是结合具体的/优选的实施方式对本发明所作的进一步详细说明，不能认定本发明的具体实施只局限于这些说明。对于本发明所属技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明构思的前提下，其还可以对这些已描述的实施例做出若干替代或变型，而这些替代或变型方式都应当视为属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (1)
1.冬季反季节沃柑的花果管理方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
（1）9月初对果树树干环形皮割，所述环形皮割的深度在韧皮部与木质部之间的形成层；9月中旬-10月末，每隔9-10天喷施一次15%多效唑可湿性粉剂300-400倍、矮壮素20-32mg/L、乙烯利150-250mg/L、磷酸二氢钾4-6 g/L、硼酸0.1-0.2g/L的复配水溶液，所述果树8月-11月不撒施肥料，所述肥料不含速效氮，所述环形皮割的树干为主干和/或支干，所述环形皮割的树干为主干时，具体皮割的位置是从果树的第一支干与主干的交接点起沿主干往地面方向的2-5cm处，所述环形皮割的树干为支干时，具体皮割的位置是从果树的主干与各支干的交接点起沿各支干往树梢方向的2-5cm处；
（2）11月份每隔10-15天喷施一次15%多效唑可湿性粉剂400-500倍、磷酸二氢钾3-5g/L、硼酸0.1-0.3g/L的复配水溶液；
（3）12月中旬-次年2月，在预报的天气即将连续5天以上日平均气温16℃以上时，在天气回暖前4-5天对果树补充足够的水分并在夜间开灯补光，所述补光的光照度为0.5-1.0万lux；同时，每隔5-7天喷施一次4%赤霉素乳油3000-5000倍、胺鲜酯12-15mg/L、萘乙酸10-20mg/L、硼酸0.5-1g /L的复配水溶液，从而实现果树在12月-次年2月开花；
（4）次年2月幼果变大后转为常规管理；
（5）在沃柑采摘前的45-60天：1）对果树树干环形皮割；2）每隔8-9天施用一次氨基酸水溶肥400-600倍；3）每隔9-11天叶面喷施一次葡萄糖0.7-1.2g/L、氨基酸水溶肥400-600倍、磷酸二氢钾4-7g/L、乙烯利120-230mg/L、复硝酚钠3-6 mg/L的复配水溶液；4）采摘前15天前停止用药；
（6）果树病虫害防治按常规管理方法进行。
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