CN110854388A - 一种锂离子电池 - Google Patents
一种锂离子电池 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种锂离子电池，包括壳体、设于壳体内的正极极片、负极极片和隔离膜，所述正极极片包括铝箔和涂覆于铝箔表面的正极材料，所述铝箔包括第一铝箔层、第二铝箔层和设于第一铝箔层与第二铝箔层之间且可形变拉伸的塑料层。本发明解决锂离子电池在使用过程中由于穿刺或挤压而造成内部短路引起热失控过程中，电池的安全性问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于电池领域，具体涉及一种锂离子电池。
背景技术
目前，随着锂离子电池在电动汽车及其他领域的应用日趋广泛，锂离子电池的安全事故报道也日益增多。锂离子电池因其高能量密度及采用有机易燃电解液体系，当发生误用或滥用时，在一定条件下会引发热失控，引起不安全事故。通常，锂离子电池安全问题的起因是热失控，随着温度的不断攀升，电池内部发生各种电化学反应，导致电池温度持续上升的同时伴有大量可燃气体的生成，导致电池内压急剧升高。
一般情况下锂离子电池除了要满足容量、充放电性能和循环性能等基本性能要求外，还有通过各种安全性能标准测试。往往锂离子电池的过充电、短路、热冲击和机械冲击等均易对电池的安全产生影响，但这些因素的作用和效果却不尽相同。其中最为苛刻严格的安全测试是针刺、短路和挤压。
当电池受到针刺或挤压，特别是电池受到外界尖状异物刺穿电池外壳和隔离膜时，极易造成电池内部短路而在极短的时间内有很大的电流流过，这样就直接导致电池内部温度急剧升高，从而引起一系列的剧烈反应。甚至发生燃烧、爆炸的严重安全问题。因此，高能量密度的锂离子电池安全体系的研究已成为当前锂离子电池领域的热点问题。
预防锂离子电池过充、短路和热冲击等安全问题的通常方式主要有内部控制和外部控制。内部保护的一般方式是，利用热敏压敏隔离膜过热时收缩和闭孔，阻挡离子进出正负极材料；在电解液中添加安全添加剂；掺杂或包覆使正负极材料在热失控时结构更为稳定等手段。外部保护措施主要有单个电池上加装安全阀、正温系数(PTC)电阻元件、单个锂电池中预埋专门的电子线路和外部电路对电池组的充放电过程进行监控等。
这些外部控制方法对过充、热冲击等安全隐患有一定预防效果,但应对诸如挤压和针刺等安全隐患却无能为力；而常规的内部措施往往效果不够显著，不能彻底解决电池安全性问题。特别地，在电池壳体受到外部针刺和挤压等极端恶劣的短路情况时，局部变形处会在极短的时间内上升到一个最高温度，温度超过活性物质的反应温度的同时释放出大量热能，最终剧烈燃烧甚至爆炸，通常的保护措施并不能在危险发生时迅速而有效的避免电池热失控。因此，有必要建立一种安全保护机制，能在锂离子电池发生针刺等情况时迅速反应，避免因电池产生安全隐患。
发明内容
本发明旨在解决现有技术中存在的技术问题。为此，本发明提供一种锂离子电池，目的是改善电池结构，提高锂离子电池的防挤压和穿刺能力。
为了实现上述目的，本发明采取的技术方案为：
一种锂离子电池，包括壳体、设于壳体内的正极极片、负极极片和隔离膜，所述正极极片包括铝箔和涂覆于铝箔表面的正极材料，所述铝箔包括第一铝箔层、第二铝箔层和设于第一铝箔层与第二铝箔层之间且可形变拉伸的塑料层。
所述塑料层为PP塑料层、PE塑料层、PET塑料层、PPA塑料层、PI塑料层、PPS塑料层或PEEK塑料层。
所述铝箔为三明治结构。
所述负极极片包括铜箔和涂覆于铜箔表面的负极材料。
所述隔离膜包括聚乙烯多孔隔膜层和设于聚乙烯多孔隔膜层两面的聚烯烃纤维无纺布隔膜层，所述聚乙烯多孔隔膜层上设有微孔。
所述聚烯烃纤维无纺布隔膜层的外侧设有陶瓷颗粒层。
所述铝箔的厚度在8-20μm之间。
本发明的有益效果：本发明解决锂离子电池在使用过程中由于穿刺或挤压而造成内部短路引起热失控过程中，电池的安全性问题。该锂离子电池正极使用的是夹层铝箔，在电池受到穿刺或挤压隔离膜和极片破损时，夹层铝箔会被拉伸，由于夹层铝箔中间的塑料层拉伸强度大于外层铝箔而导致在拉伸过程中主要是塑料层在拉伸，穿过隔离膜与负极接触的也是塑料层。塑料层采用PP塑料层、PE塑料层、PET塑料层、PPA塑料层、PI塑料层、PPS塑料层或PEEK塑料层，具有优良的电绝缘性导致其与负极接触时不会造成电池的内部短路，从根本上杜绝电池热失控的产生。同时，拉伸的PP塑料层、PE塑料层、PET塑料层、PPA塑料层、PI塑料层、PPS塑料层或PEEK塑料层也会包裹在穿刺异物的表面，使得电池不会当穿刺异物是导体时因异物连接正负极而造成电池短路，引起热失控。本发明可以明显改善锂离子电池防针刺和挤压的能力。
附图说明
本说明书包括以下附图，所示内容分别是：
图1是本发明锂离子电池的结构示意图；
图2是本发明铝箔的结构示意图；
图3是隔离膜的结构示意图。
图中标记为：
1、第一铝箔层，2、第二铝箔层，3、塑料层，4、壳体，5、铜箔，6、负极材料，7、隔离膜，8、正极材料，9、铝箔，10、聚乙烯多孔隔膜层，11、聚烯烃纤维无纺布隔膜层，12、微孔，13、陶瓷颗粒层。
具体实施方式
下面对照附图，通过对实施例的描述，对本发明的具体实施方式作进一步详细的说明，目的是帮助本领域的技术人员对本发明的构思、技术方案有更完整、准确和深入的理解，并有助于其实施。需要说明的是，术语“上”、“下”、“前”、“后”、“左”、“右”、“竖直”、“内”、“外”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，仅是为了便于描述本发明和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对发明的限制。在下述的实施方式中，所述的“第一”、“第二”和“第三”并不代表结构和/或功能上的绝对区分关系，也不代表先后的执行顺序，而仅仅是为了描述的方便。
如图1至图2所示，一种锂离子电池，包括壳体4、设于壳体4内的正极极片、负极极片和隔离膜7，正极极片包括铝箔9和涂覆于铝箔9表面的正极材料8，铝箔包括第一铝箔层1、第二铝箔层2和设于第一铝箔层1与第二铝箔层2之间且可形变拉伸的塑料层3。该塑料层采用拉伸强度高、电绝缘性优良以及具有耐高温等耐性的塑料材质形成。塑料层的拉伸强度应大于外层两层铝箔的拉伸强度。其中，壳体包括外壳和附属结构件，外壳可为铝壳。负极极片包括铜箔5和涂覆于铜箔5表面的负极材料6。
作为一种优选的实施方式，塑料层3为聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯塑料层。此铝箔优选为三明治结构。具体而言，在两层铝箔中间加有一层聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯塑料(PET)。聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯又俗称涤纶树脂，简称PET，PET的拉伸强度高、电绝缘性能优良、耐磨性和耐摩擦性能优良。采用此种三明治结构的铝箔，锂离子电池在提升电池防穿刺或挤压性能的作用机理为：锂离子电池在受到穿刺或挤压时会导致电池内部的隔离膜和正负极片的破损，同时铝箔或铜箔会被拉伸，铝箔会穿过破损的隔离膜而直接与负极极片相接触而造成短路，在短时间内通过大量电流产生大热量造成电池热失控。锂离子电池正极使用的是夹层铝箔，在电池受到穿刺或挤压隔离膜和极片破损时，夹层铝箔会被拉伸，由于夹层铝箔中间的PET拉伸强度大于外层铝箔而导致在拉伸过程中主要是PET在拉伸，穿过隔离膜与负极接触的也是PET。PET具有优良的电绝缘性导致其与负极接触时不会造成电池的内部短路，从根本上杜绝电池热失控的产生。同时，拉伸的PET也会包裹在穿刺异物的表面，使得电池不会当穿刺异物是导体时因异物连接正负极而造成电池短路，引起热失控。特别地，当上述作用机理因各种原因未能避免电池内短路时，因夹层铝箔PET层外的铝金属层相较于普通铝箔厚度小的得多，铝箔在内短路时瞬间通过大电流产生很大的热量而融化，从而中断短路点避免电池进一步产热引发热失控。
作为另一种优选的实施方式，塑料层3为聚邻苯二酰胺塑料层。具体而言，两层铝箔通过中间的聚邻苯二酰胺塑料(PPA)粘连在一起。聚邻苯二酰胺塑料俗称高温尼龙，简称PPA，PPA的拉伸强度高、电绝缘性能优良、耐高温、耐蠕变、耐疲劳和耐化学品腐蚀等性能优良。采用此种三明治结构的铝箔，锂离子电池在提升电池防穿刺或挤压性能的作用机理为：锂离子电池在受到穿刺或挤压时会导致电池内部的隔离膜和正负极片的破损，同时铝箔或铜箔会被拉伸，铝箔会穿过破损的隔离膜而直接与负极极片相接触而造成短路，在短时间内通过大量电流产生大热量造成电池热失控。锂离子电池正极使用的是涂胶铝箔，在电池受到针刺或挤压隔离膜和极片破损时，涂胶铝箔会被拉伸，由于夹层铝箔中间的PPA拉伸强度大于外层铝箔而导致在拉伸过程中主要是PPA在拉伸，穿过隔离膜与负极接触的也是PPA。PPA具有优良的电绝缘性导致其与负极接触时不会造成电池的内部短路，从根本上杜绝电池热失控的产生。同时，拉伸的PPA也会包裹在穿刺异物的表面，使电池不会当穿刺异物是导体时因异物导通正负极而造成电池短路，引起热失控。
根据生产工艺和产品设计的需求，上述三明治结构的铝箔的具体厚度和各层的厚度比例可能存在差异，通常涂胶铝箔的厚度在8-20μm之间。
上述隔离膜可以采用现有技术中常规的隔膜，作为进一步的改进，如图3所示，隔离膜7包括聚乙烯多孔隔膜层10和设于聚乙烯多孔隔膜层10两面的聚烯烃纤维无纺布隔膜层11，聚乙烯多孔隔膜层10上设有微孔12。在聚乙烯多孔隔膜层上设置圆柱体形微孔，能有效增加锂电池隔膜的电解液吸附性，有利于离子通过。解决了锂电池的吸液性能差会导致离子通透性不高的问题。此外，聚烯烃纤维无纺布隔膜层11的外侧设有陶瓷颗粒层13。外层的陶瓷颗粒层进一步提升了锂电池隔膜的耐高温性能，避免锂电池隔膜在受热时发生尺寸收缩，提升锂电池的安全性能。
该锂离子电池的制作工艺如下：
利用附图2所示的铝箔作为电池正极集流体，把含有活性材料、导电剂和粘结剂的正极浆料均匀涂覆于夹层铝箔两侧，通过冷压、模切、分条，与负极极片、隔离膜组装卷绕成裸电芯，再通过入铝壳、焊接、高温烘烤、注液、化成、容量与分组等工序，形成成品电池。该锂离子电池不限定电池具体的材料体系，三元(镍钴锰酸锂)和磷酸铁锂等材料电池均可。
以上结合附图对本发明进行了示例性描述。显然，本发明具体实现并不受上述方式的限制。只要是采用了本发明的方法构思和技术方案进行的各种非实质性的改进；或未经改进，将本发明的上述构思和技术方案直接应用于其它场合的，均在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
1.一种锂离子电池，包括壳体、设于壳体内的正极极片、负极极片和隔离膜，所述正极极片包括铝箔和涂覆于铝箔表面的正极材料，其特征在于，所述铝箔包括第一铝箔层、第二铝箔层和设于第一铝箔层与第二铝箔层之间且可形变拉伸的塑料层。
2.根据权利要求1所述锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述塑料层为PP塑料层、PE塑料层、PET塑料层、PPA塑料层、PI塑料层、PPS塑料层或PEEK塑料层。
3.根据权利要求1所述锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述铝箔为三明治结构。
4.根据权利要求1所述锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述负极极片包括铜箔和涂覆于铜箔表面的负极材料。
5.根据权利要求1所述锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述隔离膜包括聚乙烯多孔隔膜层和设于聚乙烯多孔隔膜层两面的聚烯烃纤维无纺布隔膜层，所述聚乙烯多孔隔膜层上设有微孔。
6.根据权利要求5所述锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述聚烯烃纤维无纺布隔膜层的外侧设有陶瓷颗粒层。
7.根据权利要求1所述锂离子电池，其特征在于，所述铝箔的厚度在8-20μm之间。
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