CN1108389C - Process for in-situ alloying and reaction particles reiforced metal-base composition - Google Patents
Process for in-situ alloying and reaction particles reiforced metal-base composition Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention provides a preparing method for metal based composite materials jointly reinforced by alloying particles in situ and particles of reactions in situ. The wild phases of ceramic particles are generated by reactions in situ, and simultaneously, alloying elements are generated; a realization method can be a fusion casting in-situ reaction method or a powder metallurgy in-situ reaction sintering method; consequently, the preparation work of raw materials in a technical process is simplified, and alloying working procedures in conventional fusion casting technology can be reduced. The present invention is mainly suitable for designing and preparing various particle reinforced metal based composite materials with aluminium alloy, copper alloy, zinc alloy, titanium alloy, ferrous alloy, nickel alloy, etc. as basal bodies.
Description
The concept of in situ composites was to prepare TiB in 1967 by a.g.merzhanov et al (j.mater.sci., 27 (1992)) in a self-propagating pyrometallurgical synthesis process2The first proposal is for the/Cu functionally graded material. Preparation of in-situ reaction particle reinforced metal matrix composite materialThe technical principle is as follows: according to the requirement of material design, proper reactants (gas phase, liquid phase or powder solid phase) are selected, and a reinforced ceramic phase with fine size and uniform distribution is generated in situ at proper temperature by means of a matrix or alloy and a chemical reaction between the matrix or the alloy and the reinforced ceramic phase. At present, the in-situ reaction ceramic reinforcing phase mainly comprises oxides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, borides and the like, and aims to strengthen a matrix and improve the elastic modulus.
The reinforcement size of the in-situ particle reinforced Metal Matrix Composite (MMCs) is 0.5-5 μm, and the volume fraction is 0-50%. Compared with the method for preparing MMCs by adding the reinforcement body, the composite material prepared by the in-situ method has the advantages that:
1. smaller reinforcement size, higher strength, better fatigue resistance and creep resistance
2. Can obtain small single crystal reinforcement with low possibility of particle breakage
3. Clean particle matrix interface, high interface bonding strength, and high plasticity and toughness of the material
4. The material contains thermodynamically stable grains, and may be welded and cast, and the grains are insoluble at high temperature, have no reaction layer, high interface combining strength and improved corrosion performance and stability
5. The particle size distribution is good, and the mechanical property is improved
6. The preparation can be realized by the conventional process, the equipment is simple, the process of independently synthesizing the enhanced phase and the treatment and addition procedures thereof are omitted, the process is simple, and the total cost is low.
Currently, in-situ reaction techniques can be classified into a combination reaction and a displacement reaction according to the category of chemical reactions. The combination reaction is to mix the powder of the element of the reinforcing phase to be obtained, and the reaction can be expressed as:
during the reaction, one of the elements is usually in excess in order to complete the reaction, with the result that unwanted constituents are often introduced into the alloy matrix. Such as The C content is often increased in the reaction, so that the C content of the matrix is excessive, thereby affecting the material performance.
Because the reactants of the combination reaction are pure element powder, the cost is high generally, and the application of the combination reaction is influenced to a certain extent. The substitution reaction usually uses cheap raw materials such as oxides, which is beneficial to reducing the cost, and has attracted the attention of researchers.
The displacement reaction is most commonly studied as an exothermic reaction (thermite reaction) in which a metal oxide is reduced by Al to produce Al2O3The particles reinforce the metal matrix composite. The basic reaction formula is as follows:
Attempts to use other oxides to provide oxygen sources to obtain Al2O3The research on reinforced metal matrix composites is also increasing and is expected to form a unique field. P.c. maity et Al (j.mater.sei.lett., 16 (1997)) 1224, institute for casting and forging, india, added Fe to Al melt2O3Particles of Al2O3The particle size is 0.5-1 μm, and X-ray shows that Fe exists in a pure Fe form after being replaced, and is not alloyed with Al so as to generate intermetallic compounds, and one of the reasons is considered to be caused by the completion of the preparation process in a very short time. Hanabe (J.Mater.Res., 11 (1996)) 1562 in the United states by SiO2Reacting with Al or Al-Cu melt to prepare Al2O3a/Al composite material. Chen et Al (mater.Sci.Eng., A244(1998)291) prepared Al by reacting ZnO with Al2O3a/Al-Zn composite material. Fukunaga et al (J.Mater.Sci.Lett., 10(1991)23) used TiO2React with Al to prepare Al3Ti-Al2O3An Al-based composite material. Penghua et al (materials science and technology, 4(1996)11) use Ni2O3React with Al to prepare Al2O3The particles reinforce the metal matrix composite. MnO was studied in P.C. Maity (mater.lett., 20(1994)93)2Reacting with Al-2% Mg melt to produce Al2O3Particle reinforced Al-Mg based composites.
The work of the researchers indicates that the method for preparing the particle-reinforced metal-based composite material by the in-situ replacement reaction method is completely feasible, and the raw materials required by the replacement reaction method for preparing the particle-reinforced metal-based composite material are low in cost and wide in source. However, the in situ conversion reaction produces a second species in addition to the desired ceramic particulate phase, which if left unattended, tends to become a harmful impurity in the material, destroying the overall properties of the material.
The present researchers have focused on the acquisition of reinforcement, and do not consider the effect of in situ reaction on the matrix. It should therefore be noted that the composite material is an organic whole in which the matrix and the reinforcement are combined with each other, and if the same reaction system is selected for different matrix materials, unnecessary excess or even harmful elements are often introduced into the alloy matrix, and the properties of the material are reduced, for example, a large amount of compound phases are added to increase the amount of the reinforcing phase, so that the content of the alloy elements far exceeds the amount required for alloying, and the alloying fails.
The invention aims to solve the problem of generating excessive or harmful impurities in-situ reaction, and provides a thought and a method for preparing in-situ alloying and in-situ particle simultaneous strengthening metal matrix composite materials by considering the in-situ reaction, an alloy matrix, a reinforcing phase, alloy elements and the like as a whole.
The invention is composed of: the metal-based composite material is designed and prepared by in-situ alloying and in-situ reaction particles and simultaneously reinforced, and the basic realization methods comprise a fusion casting in-situ reaction method, a powder metallurgy in-situ reaction sintering method and the like.
When a fusion casting in-situ reaction method process is adopted, the basic preparation process comprises the following steps: selecting a reaction system and calculating the mixture ratio, preparing a prefabricated blank, smelting a pure metal matrix, carrying out in-situ reaction operation, carrying out subsequent molding, carrying out subsequent hot working and the like:
1. selecting a reaction system, and calculating the mixture ratio
The reaction expression is as follows:
in the formula, X represents a matrix element, such as Al, Cu, Fe, Ni, Ti, Zn and the like and alloy elements thereof, and Y represents a matrix alloy element. For example, Cu, Mg, Si, Mn, Ti, Ni, V, Zr, Fe, Zn, Li, Sn, etc.; for the Cu matrix, Al, Mn, Ni, Fe, Sn,Zn, Si, Mg, etc.; z represents non-metal elements such as O, C, B, N and the like. The principle of choosing the reaction system is that the reaction is thermodynamically feasible, and that compound XZ is thermodynamically more stable than YZ. The result of the replacement reaction is to generate a ceramic reinforcing phase, and meanwhile, the replaced element Y can be an alloy element of the matrix, and the mass content of Y in the composite material is adjustable within 0.1-30%. React with the matrix or other alloy elements in the matrix to generate a binary or multi-element intermetallic compound reinforcing phase. All reactants are powdery, and the particle size range is 5-300 mu m;
2. preparation of preforms
Putting the reactants X and YZ into a mixer according to the chemical formula proportion for uniform mixing, wherein one reactant is often addedQuantitative reaction promoter and reaction diluent, the diluent needs to be uniformly mixed with the reaction materials, the adiabatic temperature of the reaction is between the melting point of the compound XZ and 200K above the vaporization point of X, and the reaction promoter can be mixed in two ways: one is local mixing or contact; secondly, the whole is evenly mixed. The prepared powder is mixed with waterPressing and molding at room temperature, wherein the pressure range is 5-100 Mpa; the reaction promoter comprises powders of K, Ca, Na, Mg, Sr and rare earth elements, which can promote the reaction at a lower temperature; the reaction diluent does not participate in the chemical reaction among reactants, and has the function of absorbing the heat release of the reaction to ensure that the reaction is controllable in a certain range, for example, excessive Al is added into an Al + CuO prefabricated block; the addition amount of the reaction accelerator is 0.0005-0.01 times of the total weight of the powder compact; the addition amount of the reaction diluent is 0.05-3.0 times of the total weight of the chemically proportioned reactants; when the reactant is a combination of Al and CuO, the preferred ranges (weight ratio) of the reaction promoter and the reaction diluent are: 0.001-0.008 and 0.5-1.5; if Al is mixed with CuO and SiO2When combined, they are preferably selected from the following ranges: 0.002 to 0.005 and 2.0 to 2.5
3. Melting and in-situ reaction synthesis of pure metal matrix
Putting a proper amount of pure metal matrix, such as pure Al, Cu, Fe, Ti, Ni, Zn and the like, into a heating furnace for heating, wherein the heating temperature is 120-300K above the melting point of the element; pressing the precast block accounting for 1-50% of the weight of the pure metal of the matrix into the alloy melt, and preserving heat for 1-30 minutes;
4. melt refining and subsequent forming process: the melt refining can be carried out by conventional alloy refining methods such as hexachloroethane for aluminum alloy; the subsequent forming process may include: die casting, semi-solid casting, centrifugal casting or injection molding, rapid hardening of a chill roll and the like; as for Al2O3For the particle reinforced Al-Fe composite material system, the spray forming or quenching roller process can be selected to eliminate coarse Fe3Acicular intermetallic compounds of Al;
5. the subsequent hot working comprises the processes of conventional hot extrusion, forging, hot extrusion and the like. Because the materials contain fine ceramic particles, the ceramic particles can block the growth of matrix grains and intermetallic compound phases in the hot working, and the problem of grain growth in the existing hot working can be solved.
When the composite material is prepared by adopting a powder metallurgy method, the basic steps comprise: selecting a reaction system, preparing a powder compact, and sintering in-situ reaction and densification.
1. Selecting a reaction system, and calculating the mixture ratio by a method similar to a fusion casting in-situ reaction method; the mixture comprises reactants, diluent and promoter, which are added in such an amount that the adiabatic temperature of the reaction is between 1800K and the vaporization point of the low-melting product;
2. uniformly mixing the materials, and pressing the materials into a pressed blank at room temperature, wherein the density of the pressed blank is 50-90% of the theoretical density;
3. placing the pressed compact in a certain medium, reacting under the condition of temperature or pressure, for example, placing the pressed compact in vacuum, inert gas or metal melt, reacting at 800-1500K under 1-10 atmospheric pressures, wherein the compacting process can be carried out simultaneously with the reaction process or independently; for the Al + CuO reaction, an aluminum melt can be selected as a medium, the temperature is between 800 and 1000 ℃, and the time is 30 to 360 minutes;
in the above method for preparing the in-situ alloying and in-situ reaction particle jointly reinforced metal matrix composite, the selected reaction system can be that one compound is reduced by a certain element, such as (Al + CuO), or that a plurality of compounds are reduced by a certain element, such as Al + CuO + MnO2+TiO2The method is suitable for preparing in-situ particle reinforced binary alloy matrix composite materials and multi-element alloy matrix composite materials from pure metal matrixes respectively, and can meet the requirement of matrix alloying on the addition of elements and the requirement on particle reinforcing effect by adjusting the addition of compounds.
The invention has the advantages that:
1. the mechanical property of the material is further improved under the condition of ensuring various advantages of the in-situ reaction particle reinforced metal matrix composite material. The invention can ensure that the in-situ particle generation and the alloying of the metal matrix can be realized simultaneously in the process, designs the alloy components of the matrix while designing the reinforcing phase, can further improve the mechanical property of the material through subsequent heat treatment, and effectively solves the problem of the damage of the reaction by-products of the existing in-situ reaction metal matrix composite material to the property in the preparation process.
2. The preparation method of the in-situ metal matrix composite material is more flexible, and the addition amount of the fine reinforcing particles can be obviously increased within a certain range. Because the amount of the element (such as Cu) to be replaced is not too high when a single reaction system (such as Al + CuO) is adopted, the amount of the generated particles is limited to a certain extent, and the invention provides a composite reaction system (such as Al + CuO + SiO)2) The method can obtain larger addition amount of the particles, and increase the number of in-situ reinforced particles while in-situ alloying.
3. The refining and modification treatment technology in the conventional cast alloy can be used continuously, and the comprehensive performance of the material is improved. The invention can prepare the composite material taking a mature alloy system as a matrix, so that the conventional refining modification treatment process can be continuously used to improve the performance of the matrix. And the size of the in-situ generated particles is very small, and the refining and modification treatment can not influence the particles.
4. The equipment of conventional casting or powder metallurgy production can be used, and the alloying procedure in the conventional casting process can be reduced, so that the preparation work of the material is simplified, and the manufacturing cost of the composite material is reduced;
the invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIG. 1 is an as-cast structure of a binary alloy-based composite material of the present invention. FIG. 2 shows an as-cast structure of the ternary alloy-based composite material of the present invention. FIG. 3 shows the sintered structure of the powder metallurgy in-situ reaction sintered composite material.
Example 1
Casting in situ 10 wt.% Cu and 5.3% Al2O3The particles jointly reinforce the Al-based composite material. Push buttonWeighing appropriate amount of industrial pure Al powder with purity of more than 99.5% and chemical pure Al powder with the ratio of Al to CuO of 1: 1CuO powder with the granularity of 31.2 microns and 8.2 microns is uniformly mixed and is unidirectionally pressed into a cylindrical prefabricated block with the diameter of 20 x 30mm on a press under the pressure of 10 MPa. 1.015Kg of industrial pure aluminum is put into a medium frequency induction heating furnace to be melted and heated to 800 ℃. And (3) pressing 340g of prefabricated blocks into the aluminum liquid by using a graphite bell jar, and keeping the temperature for 10 minutes. When the temperature is reduced to 750 ℃, hexachloroethane accounting for 0.3 percent of the weight of the aluminum liquid is added for refining. Keeping the temperature for 5 minutes, pouring the melt into a metal mold to obtain Al2O3The particles reinforce the Al-10 Cu-based composite material. Sigma of composite material in permanent mold casting statebNot less than 200MPa, sigma at T5 statebNot less than 300MPa, observed by scanning electron microscope of Cambridge S250 type, and the as-cast structure of the material is shown in figure 1.
Example 2
Casting in situ 10 wt% Cu, 4 wt% Si and Al2O3The particles reinforce the Al-based composite material. According to the ratio of Al to CuO to SiO2Weighing appropriate amount of industrial pure Al powder with purity of more than 99.5 percent and chemical pure CuO and SiO in the proportion of 1: 1.5: 12The powder with the granularity of 31.2 microns, 8.2 microns and 8.5 microns is uniformly mixed and pressed into cylindrical prefabricated blocks with the diameter of 20 x 20mm on a press in a single direction under the pressure of 8 MPa. 0.52Kg of industrial pure aluminum is put into a medium frequency induction heating furnace to be melted and heated to 800 ℃. And (3) pressing 210g of prefabricated blocks into the aluminum liquid by using a graphite bell jar, and keeping the temperature for 10 minutes. When the temperature is reduced to 750 ℃, hexachloroethane accounting for 0.3 percent of the weight of the aluminum liquid is added for refining. Keeping the temperature for 5 minutes, pouring the melt into a metal mold to obtain Al2O3The particles reinforce the Al-10Cu-4 Si-based composite material. The cast structure of the composite material is shown in FIG. 2 by scanning electron microscope observation of Cambridge model S250.
Example 3
Powder metallurgy in situ 8 wt% Fe and Al2O3And the particles simultaneously strengthen the Al-based composite material. According to the ratio of Al to Fe2O3Weighing appropriate amount of industrial pure Al powder with purity of more than 99.5% and chemical pure Fe according to the proportion of 8.7: 12O3Powders with a particle size of 31.2 μm and 8.2 μm, respectively, were mixed well and pressed into cylindrical compacts with a diameter of 20X 30mm on a 50 ton press. 1Kg of industrial pure aluminum is put into a resistance heating furnace to be melted and heated to 1000 deg.CDEG C. Pressing the prefabricated block into the aluminum liquid by using a graphite bell jar, keeping the temperature for 10 minutes, and taking out the prefabricated block to obtain Al2O3The particles reinforce the Al-Fe-based composite material. The sintered structure of the composite material is shown in FIG. 3 by scanning electron microscope observation of Cambridge model S250.
Claims (3)
1. A method for preparing a particle-reinforced metal matrix composite by simultaneously carrying out in-situ reaction and in-situ alloying is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method is realized by adopting a fusion casting in-situ reaction method or a powder metallurgy in-situ reaction sintering method:
a. the fusion casting in-situ reaction method comprises the following steps: selecting a reaction system, wherein the reaction formula is as follows: wherein X represents a matrix element, Al, Cu, Fe, Ni, Y represents a matrix alloy element, Cu, Mg, Si, Mn, Ti, Ni, V, Zr, Fe, Zn for an Al matrix, and Al, Mn, Ni, Fe, Sn, Zn, Z represents a non-metal element, O, C, B, N for a Cu matrix; the adiabatic temperature of the reaction is from the vaporization point of the element X to 0-500K higher than the vaporization point; the result of the replacement reaction is that a ceramic reinforcing phase is generated, and meanwhile, the replaced element Y can be used as an alloy element of the matrix, and the weightcontent of Y in the composite material is 0.1-30%; all reactants are powdery, and the particle size range is 5-300 mu m; preparing a prefabricated blank, putting reactants X and YZ into a mixer according to a chemical reaction formula ratio, uniformly mixing, adding a reaction diluent and a reaction promoter, wherein the diluent needs to be uniformly mixed with a reaction material, the reaction adiabatic temperature is between the melting point of a compound XZ and 200K above the vaporization point of X, the reaction promoter and the diluent are K, Ca, Na, Mg, Sr and rare earth element powder, and the reaction promoter can be mixed in two modes: a partial mixing or contacting thereof; the two components are uniformly mixed; pressing and forming the prepared powder at room temperature, wherein the pressure range is 5-100 MPa; melting and in-situ reaction synthesis of matrix pure metal, adding matrix pure metal Al, Cu, Ti, Zn, Fe and NiHeating in a heating furnace, wherein the heating temperature is 120-300K above the melting point of the element; pressing the precast block accounting for 1-50% of the weight of the matrix pure metal into the alloy melt by using a graphite bell jar, and preserving heat for 1-30 minutes; melt refining and forming, for refining an aluminum alloy with hexachloroethane, the forming process comprises: die casting, semi-solid casting, centrifugal casting or injection molding, and rapid solidification by a chill roll; for Al2O3The particle reinforced Al-Fe composite material system can adopt spray forming or a chill roll process; the subsequent hot working comprises hot extrusion, forging and hot rolling.
b. The composite material is prepared by adopting a powder metallurgy method, and the basic steps comprise: selecting a reaction system to prepare a powder pressed compact, and uniformly mixing materials, wherein the materials comprise reactants, a diluent and an accelerator, and the addition amount of the reactants, the diluent andthe accelerator is such that the adiabatic temperature of the reaction is between 1800K and the vaporization point of a low-melting-point product; pressing the mixture into a pressed blank at room temperature, wherein the density of the pressed blank is controlled within 50-90% of the theoretical density; sintering in-situ reaction and densification process: placing the pressed blank in vacuum, inert gas or metal melt, reacting at 800-1500K under 1-10 atmospheric pressures, wherein the compacting process can be carried out simultaneously with the reaction process or independently; for the Al + CuO reaction, an aluminum melt can be selected as a medium, the temperature is 1000-1273K, and the time is 30-360 minutes.
2. A method of preparing a composite material according to claim 1, wherein: the selected reaction system can be that a single compound is reduced by a certain element to be Al + CuO, or a plurality of compounds are reduced by a certain element to be Al + CuO + MnO2+TiO2They are suitable for preparing in-situ particle reinforced binary alloy matrix composite materials and multi-element alloy matrix composite materials from pure metal matrixes respectively.
3. A method of preparing a composite material according to claim 1, wherein: the reaction diluent is used for absorbing the exothermic heat of the reaction, and excessive Al is added into the Al + CuO prefabricated block; the addition amount of the reaction accelerator is 0 based on the total weight of the powder compact0005 to 0.01 times; the addition amount of the reaction diluent is 0.05-3.0 times of the total weight of the chemically proportioned reactants; when the reactant is the combination of Al and CuO, the preferential selection range of the reaction promoter is 0.001-0.008, and the reaction diluent is 0.5-1.5; if Al is mixed with CuO and SiO2In thecombination, the reaction accelerator is preferably selected from the range of 0.002 to 0.005 and the reaction diluent is preferably selected from the range of 2.0 to 2.5.
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| CN100408724C (en) * | 2006-04-28 | 2008-08-06 | 北京科技大学 | Method for spreading wearable anti-corrosion coating on surface of aluminum alloy |
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