CN110824393A - Magnetic flux measuring device and measuring method thereof - Google Patents
Magnetic flux measuring device and measuring method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN110824393A CN110824393A CN201910833472.8A CN201910833472A CN110824393A CN 110824393 A CN110824393 A CN 110824393A CN 201910833472 A CN201910833472 A CN 201910833472A CN 110824393 A CN110824393 A CN 110824393A
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- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
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Abstract
The invention discloses a magnetic flux measuring device and a measuring method thereof, belonging to the technical field of magnet detection, and comprising a bottom plate, wherein a bracket is arranged on the bottom plate, a first coil and a second coil which are coaxially arranged are fixed at the upper end and the lower end of the bracket, a positioning table fixed on the bottom plate is arranged in the bracket, a positioning component used for coinciding the geometric center of a magnet with the axis of the first coil is arranged on the positioning table, the first coil and the second coil are electrically connected with a fluxmeter, and the geometric centers of the magnets in different shapes can be positioned at the same point when the magnets are placed into the device for multiple times through the positioning component.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a magnet detection technology, in particular to a magnetic flux measuring device and a measuring method thereof.
Background
In the conventional manufacturing process of the permanent magnetic ferrite, the following process flows of powder preparation (slurry), magnetic field compression molding, sintering, grinding, appearance size detection, magnetic performance test and the like are generally needed. After the product is ground and processed by the grinding machine, the product is comprehensively detected and analyzed, and if the geometric dimension is within the tolerance range, the appearance is qualified, and meanwhile, the magnetic performance is detected and analyzed. In actual mass production, the semi-finished blank needs to be subjected to magnetic performance test comparison after multiple times of trial firing before batch sintering, and then the optimal sintering temperature, sintering curve and atmosphere are determined.
Common methods for detecting magnetic properties are the "Czochralski" method, which measures the magnetic flux of a magnetized product using Helmholtz coils, and the "rotation method". The Helmholtz measuring device is a cylindrical device consisting of two groups of coils with certain diameter-height ratio, and the measurement is realized by a simple operation process of putting a magnetized product into a cylinder or taking the magnetized product out of the cylinder according to the magnetizing direction. When the charged product is placed in or taken out of the cartridge, the number of lines of magnetic force passing through the helmholtz coil changes, thereby generating an induced current, which flows through a digital fluxmeter connected thereto, thereby displaying a reading. Different values can be shown by different changes of the number of the magnetic lines, and the more the number of the magnetic lines changes under the same test condition, the larger the value is shown.
However, when the magnetic flux is measured by using the conventional helmholtz coil device, the magnetic flux value can be only roughly measured, and the accuracy is poor. When the same product is repeatedly detected by the same person, the measured values change from time to time, and sometimes even have larger differences. Under the same test equipment, the numerical values measured by different people are different greatly, the repeatability is poor, and the numerical values measured by the same product are difficult to reasonably screen; and when the magnetic flux value measurement comparison is carried out on the magnets with different shapes but close magnetic flux values, the magnitude of the magnetic flux value is difficult to accurately judge.
The conventional Helmholtz coil device has poor accuracy in measuring the magnetic flux because the magnets are placed in different positions when being placed in the device for many times, and the number of magnetic lines of force passing through the coils is different when reaching the positions, so that the measured magnetic flux values are different; when magnets of different shapes are measured, the position of the geometric center of the magnets cannot be determined, and when the positions of the geometric centers of the magnets are different, the measured magnetic flux values cannot be reasonably compared.
For example, a "magnetic flux detection device" disclosed in chinese patent document, which is disclosed in publication No. CN201420821439.6 and includes a conveyor belt, a fluxmeter and a helmholtz coil, has disadvantages that, when the position of the same magnet placed on the conveyor belt is deviated, the measured magnetic flux value is different, the repeatability of the test is poor, and when the measured magnet shape is different, the position of the geometric center is uncertain, and the measured magnetic flux value is difficult to compare.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a device and a method for measuring magnetic flux, aiming at overcoming the defects that the repeatability of measurement is poor due to different positions of magnets which are put in for many times during the measurement of the magnetic flux in the prior art, and the magnetic flux values of the magnets with different shapes are difficult to compare due to the fact that the position of the geometric center of the magnet cannot be determined.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention discloses a magnetic flux measuring device which comprises a bottom plate, wherein a support is arranged on the bottom plate, a first coil and a second coil which are coaxially arranged are fixed at the upper end and the lower end of the support, a positioning table fixed on the bottom plate is arranged in the support, a positioning assembly used for enabling the geometric center of a magnet to be overlapped with the axis of the first coil is arranged on the positioning table, and the first coil and the second coil are electrically connected with a fluxmeter.
For the magnet, in order to make the magnetic poles distributed evenly, the magnet is often made into a cylindrical shape or a flat shape, the magnet comprises two parallel end faces, the magnetizing direction of the magnet is from one end face to the other end face, the lower side face of the magnet is placed on a positioning table during magnetic flux measurement, the position of the magnet in the vertical direction is determined through the positioning table, and the position of the magnet in the horizontal direction is determined through a positioning assembly, so that the magnet can be placed at the same position when being placed into the device for multiple times, the accuracy of the magnetic flux measurement is improved, and when the shapes of the magnets are different, the geometric centers of different magnets can be determined at the same point through the positioning assembly, so that the magnetic flux values of the magnets with different shapes can be reasonably compared.
Preferably, the positioning assembly comprises two scales which are fixed on the positioning table and are perpendicular to each other, and clamping blocks which can slide in the scale direction of the scales and are used for clamping the magnets are arranged beside the scales; when the magnet is placed on the positioning table, the magnet is clamped by the clamping block, the geometric center position of the magnet can be calculated through the scale marks below the clamping block when the magnet is clamped, and the geometric centers of the magnets with different shapes can be located at the same point when the magnets with different shapes are placed in the device each time through adjusting the position of the clamping block.
Preferably, the positioning assembly comprises a transparent positioning block which can be detached from the positioning table, a positioning shaft which is coaxial with the first coil is arranged in the positioning block, and an adhesive layer is arranged on the upper side surface of the positioning block; when measuring the magnetic flux value of the magnet, the positioning shaft is aligned to the geometric center of the magnet, then the positioning block is adhered to the lower side of the magnet, the magnet and the positioning block are mounted on the positioning table together, and the geometric centers of the magnets with different shapes are located at the same point when the magnets are placed into the device every time the positioning block is determined relative to the position of the positioning table.
Preferably, the side is located the positive centre of first coil and second coil on the locating platform, install height adjusting part on the locating platform, when the thickness or the height of magnet that awaits measuring is different, its geometric centre can change in the ascending position of vertical direction, through adjusting height adjusting part, can guarantee that the geometric centre of different thickness or height's magnet is located the same point.
Preferably, the height adjusting assembly comprises a knob arranged on the outer side surface of the support, circumferential scales are drawn on the knob, a rack in the vertical direction and a gear meshed with the rack are arranged on the positioning table, and the knob is connected with the gear through a rotating shaft penetrating through the support; the gear can be driven to rotate through the rotating shaft by rotating the knob, so that the positioning table is driven to move in the vertical direction, and the moving distance of the positioning table can be controlled through scales on the knob.
Preferably, the support, the bottom plate and the positioning assembly are made of non-magnetic conducting materials, and components except magnets in the device are prevented from interfering with the measured magnetic flux value.
The invention discloses a magnetic flux measuring method, which comprises the following steps:
①, connecting the first coil, the fluxmeter and the second coil in series, and resetting the fluxmeter;
② calculating the geometric center of the magnet and marking the projection point on the lower side of the magnet;
③ magnetizing the magnet to saturation;
④ placing the magnet on the positioning table from the outside of the support, and adjusting the projection point of the geometric center of the magnet on the lower side of the magnet and the axis of the first coil to be coincident;
⑤ reads the output value of the magnetic flux meter, which is the magnetic flux value of the magnet.
Confirm the position of magnet on vertical direction through putting the location platform with magnet, confirm the position of magnet in the horizontal direction through the projection point with the geometric centre of magnet at the magnet downside and the coincidence of first coil axis to when guaranteeing that magnet is put into the device many times, the position of placing is the same, has improved measuring repeatability, and, the magnet of different shapes can be placed at same point when measuring, its geometric centre makes the magnetic flux of different shapes magnet can carry out more reasonable comparison.
Preferably, in step ④, the projection of the geometric center of the magnet on the lower side of the magnet and the axis of the first coil are adjusted to coincide with each other by sliding the clamp block to make the clamp block clamp the magnet, calculating the distance from the point on the magnet to the contact position of the magnet and the clamp block in the scale direction, adjusting the clamp block while observing the scale to make the point on the magnet coincide with the axis of the first coil, the clamp block plays a role of fixing the magnet, the position of the contact position of the magnet and the clamp block can be determined by the degree of the scale below the clamp block, and when the distance from the geometric center of the magnet to the contact position of the magnet and the clamp block corresponds to the reading of the scale, the geometric center of the magnet is located at the determined point.
Preferably, in step ④, the step of adjusting the projection point of the geometric center of the marked magnet on the lower side of the magnet to coincide with the axis of the first coil includes removing the positioning block, aligning the marked point on the magnet with the positioning shaft on the positioning block and adhering the positioning block to the magnet, and then mounting the magnet together with the positioning block on the positioning table, wherein the positioning table can determine the position of the magnet in the vertical direction, and since the positioning block is fixed relative to the positioning table, the horizontal position of the magnet is also determined when the marked point on the magnet is aligned with the positioning shaft on the positioning block.
After step ④ is completed, the knob is adjusted to enable the positioning table to descend to the height of the distance from the geometric center of the magnet to the lower side surface of the magnet, and when the magnetic flux value of the magnets with different thicknesses is measured, the geometric center of the magnet can be always located at the same point in the vertical direction by adjusting the positioning table, so that the measuring accuracy is further improved.
Therefore, the invention has the following beneficial effects: (1) when the same magnet is placed into the device for multiple times for measurement, the positioning assembly can ensure that the magnet is positioned at the same position every time, so that the measurement repeatability is improved; (2) when the magnets with different shapes are used for measurement in the device, the geometric centers of the magnets can be ensured to be always positioned at the same point, so that the measurement result is more accurate and reasonable.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a top view of a first embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a top view of a second embodiment of the present invention
In the figure: 1. the positioning device comprises a bottom plate 2, a support 3, a first coil 4, a second coil 5, a positioning table 6, a positioning assembly 61, a graduated scale 62, a clamping block 63, a positioning block 64, a positioning shaft 7, a height adjusting assembly 71, a knob 72, a rack 73, a gear 74, a rotating shaft 8 and a magnet.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings.
The invention discloses a magnetic flux measuring device which comprises a bottom plate, wherein a support is arranged on the bottom plate, a first coil and a second coil which are coaxially arranged are fixed at the upper end and the lower end of the support, a positioning table fixed on the bottom plate is arranged in the support, a positioning assembly used for enabling the geometric center of a magnet to be overlapped with the axis of the first coil is arranged on the positioning table, and the first coil and the second coil are electrically connected with a fluxmeter.
The positioning assembly comprises two mutually vertical graduated scales fixed on the positioning table, and a clamping block which can slide in the graduated scale direction and is used for clamping a magnet is arranged above the graduated scales.
The positioning assembly comprises a transparent positioning block which can be detached from the positioning table, a positioning shaft which is coaxial with the first coil is arranged in the positioning block, and an adhesive layer is arranged on the upper side face of the positioning block.
And the positioner is provided with a height adjusting assembly.
The height adjusting assembly comprises a knob arranged on the outer side surface of the support, circumferential scales are drawn on the knob, a rack in the vertical direction and a gear meshed with the rack are arranged on the positioning table, and the knob is connected with the gear through a rotating shaft penetrating through the support.
The support, the bottom plate and the positioning assembly are all made of non-magnetic materials.
The first embodiment is as follows: as shown in fig. 1 and 2, a magnetic flux measuring device includes a bottom plate 1, the bottom plate is made of bakelite, a bracket 2 is mounted on the bottom plate, a first coil 3 and a second coil 4 which are coaxially arranged are fixed at the upper end and the lower end of the bracket, coil slots are arranged at the upper end and the lower end of the bracket, and the first coil and the second coil are wound in the coil slots; the magnetic flux meter is characterized in that a positioning table 5 fixed on a bottom plate is arranged in the support, a through hole is formed in the middle of the bottom plate, the positioning table is installed in the through hole in an adaptive mode, the positioning table is cylindrical, the axis of the positioning table is overlapped with the axes of a first coil and a second coil, a positioning assembly 6 used for enabling the geometric center of a magnet to be overlapped with the axis of the first coil is installed on the positioning table, the first coil and the second coil are electrically connected with the magnetic flux meter, and the first coil, the magnetic flux meter and the second coil are sequentially connected in series; the positioning assembly comprises two scales 61 which are fixed on the positioning table and are perpendicular to each other, a clamping block 62 which can slide in the scale direction of the scales and is used for clamping a magnet is arranged above the scales, the track extension line of the sliding block passes through the circle center of the upper side surface of the positioning table, a sliding groove which is used for enabling the clamping block to slide along the scale direction is arranged on the upper side surface of the positioning table, and the scales are adhered to the positioning table by clinging to the groove opening of the sliding groove; a height adjusting assembly 7 is mounted on the positioning table and can adjust the height of the positioning table outside the bracket; the height adjusting assembly comprises a knob 71 installed on the outer side face of the support, circumferential scales are drawn on the knob, a rack 72 in the vertical direction and a gear 73 meshed with the rack are installed on the positioning table, the knob is connected with the gear through a rotating shaft 74 penetrating through the support, the rack is installed on the side face of the positioning table, and the scales on the knob are the ascending or descending height of the positioning table.
Example two: as shown in fig. 3 and 4, a magnetic flux measuring device includes a bottom plate made of bakelite, a bracket 2 is mounted on the bottom plate, a first coil 3 and a second coil 4 which are coaxially disposed are fixed at upper and lower ends of the bracket, coil slots are disposed at upper and lower ends of the bracket, and the first coil and the second coil are wound in the coil slots; the magnetic flux meter is characterized in that a positioning table 5 fixed on a bottom plate is arranged in the support, a through hole is formed in the middle of the bottom plate, the positioning table is installed in the through hole in an adaptive mode, the positioning table is cylindrical, the axis of the positioning table is overlapped with the axes of a first coil and a second coil, a positioning assembly 6 used for enabling the geometric center of a magnet to be overlapped with the axis of the first coil is installed on the positioning table, the first coil and the second coil are electrically connected with the magnetic flux meter, and the first coil, the magnetic flux meter and the second coil are sequentially connected in series; the positioning assembly comprises a transparent positioning block 63 which can be detached from the positioning table, a positioning shaft 64 which is coaxial with the first coil is arranged in the positioning block, an adhesive layer is arranged on the upper side face of the positioning block, the positioning block is made of transparent materials, when the positioning block is arranged at the bottom of the magnet, the positioning shaft and a marking point on the lower side face of the magnet can be aligned through the positioning block, and when the positioning block is arranged on the positioning table, the upper side face of the positioning block is positioned in the middle of the first coil and the second coil; a height adjusting assembly 7 is mounted on the positioning table and can adjust the height of the positioning table outside the bracket; the height adjusting assembly comprises a knob 71 installed on the outer side face of the support, circumferential scales are drawn on the knob, a rack 72 in the vertical direction and a gear 73 meshed with the rack are installed on the positioning table, the knob is connected with the gear through a rotating shaft 74 penetrating through the support, the rack is installed on the side face of the positioning table, and the scales on the knob are the ascending or descending height of the positioning table.
The invention also discloses a magnetic flux measuring method, which comprises the following steps:
①, connecting the first coil, the fluxmeter and the second coil in series, and resetting the fluxmeter;
② calculating the geometric center of the magnet and marking the projection point on the lower side of the magnet;
③ magnetizing the magnet to saturation;
④ placing the magnet on the positioning table from the outside of the support, and adjusting the projection point of the geometric center of the magnet on the lower side of the magnet and the axis of the first coil to be coincident;
⑤ reads the output value of the magnetic flux meter, which is the magnetic flux value of the magnet.
In step ④, the specific process of adjusting the projection point of the geometric center of the marked magnet on the lower side surface of the magnet and the axis of the first coil to coincide is to slide the clamping block to enable the clamping block to clamp the magnet, calculate the distance from the marking point on the magnet to the contact position of the magnet and the clamping block in the scale direction, and adjust the clamping block while observing the scale to enable the marking point on the magnet to coincide with the axis of the first coil.
In the step ④, another specific process of adjusting the projection point of the geometric center of the marked magnet on the lower side surface of the magnet and the axis of the first coil to coincide is to take off the positioning block, align the marking point on the magnet with the positioning shaft on the positioning block and stick the positioning block on the magnet, and then install the magnet and the positioning block on the positioning table.
After step ④ is completed, the knob is adjusted to lower the positioning table by the height of the distance from the geometric center of the magnet to the lower side of the magnet.
The first embodiment is as follows: as shown in fig. 1 and 2, a method for measuring magnetic flux includes the following steps:
①, connecting the first coil 3, the fluxmeter and the second coil 4 in series, and clearing the fluxmeter;
② calculating the geometric center of the magnet 8 and marking the projection point on the lower side of the magnet;
③ magnetizing the magnet to saturation;
④ placing the magnet on the positioning table from the outside of the support, and adjusting the projection point of the geometric center of the magnet on the lower side of the magnet and the axis of the first coil to be coincident;
⑤ reads the output value of the magnetic flux meter, which is the magnetic flux value of the magnet.
Before the fluxmeter is cleared, it is required to ensure that no other magnet is arranged near the device and the magnet to be measured is far away from the device, so that the influence on the measurement result is prevented; when the shape of the magnet is simpler, such as a cylinder, a cuboid and the like, the geometric center of the magnet can be calculated by using a simple mathematical geometry method, and when the shape of the magnet is more complex, the geometric center can be measured by using a suspension method; the lower side surface is the surface of the magnet which is contacted with the positioning table when the magnet is placed on the positioning table; the saturation magnetization of a magnet is accomplished by placing the magnet in a sufficiently strong magnetic field for a period of time.
In the step ④, the specific process of adjusting the projection point of the geometric center of the marked magnet 8 on the lower side surface of the magnet and the axis of the first coil to be coincident is to slide the clamping block 62 to enable the clamping block to clamp the magnet, calculate the distance from the marked point on the magnet to the contact position of the magnet and the clamping block in the scale direction, observe the scale 61 and adjust the clamping block to enable the marked point on the magnet to be coincident with the axis of the first coil, when the clamping block clamps the magnet, only the magnet needs to be ensured not to move in the measuring process, and the method for calculating the distance from the marked point on the magnet to the contact position of the magnet and the clamping block in the scale direction is to clamp the magnet by the clamping block after the magnet is turned over, at the moment, the marked point on the magnet is located on the upper side, and measure the distance from the marked point to the contact position of the magnet.
After the step ④ is completed, the knob is adjusted to lower the positioning table by the height of the distance from the geometric center of the magnet to the lower side of the magnet, since the position of the geometric center of the magnet has been calculated in the step ②, the distance from the geometric center of the magnet to the lower side of the magnet can be obtained, and the scale marked on the knob is the height of the positioning table which is lowered.
Example two: as shown in fig. 3 and 4, a method for measuring magnetic flux includes the following steps:
①, connecting the first coil 3, the fluxmeter and the second coil 4 in series, and clearing the fluxmeter;
② calculating the geometric center of the magnet 8 and marking the projection point on the lower side of the magnet;
③ magnetizing the magnet to saturation;
④ placing the magnet on the positioning table from the outside of the support, and adjusting the projection point of the geometric center of the magnet on the lower side of the magnet and the axis of the first coil to be coincident;
⑤ reads the output value of the magnetic flux meter, which is the magnetic flux value of the magnet.
Before the fluxmeter is cleared, it is required to ensure that no other magnet is arranged near the device and the magnet to be measured is far away from the device, so that the influence on the measurement result is prevented; when the shape of the magnet is simpler, such as a cylinder, a cuboid and the like, the geometric center of the magnet can be calculated by using a simple mathematical geometry method, and when the shape of the magnet is more complex, the geometric center can be measured by using a suspension method; the lower side surface is the surface of the magnet which is contacted with the positioning table when the magnet is placed on the positioning table; the saturation magnetization of a magnet is accomplished by placing the magnet in a sufficiently strong magnetic field for a period of time.
In step ④, the specific process of adjusting the projection point of the geometric center of the marked magnet on the lower side surface of the magnet and the axis of the first coil to coincide is that the positioning block is taken down, the marking point on the magnet is aligned with the positioning shaft on the positioning block and the positioning block is adhered to the magnet, and then the magnet and the positioning block are mounted on the positioning table together, wherein the positioning block is made of a transparent material, and the positioning block can be thrown through to see the position of the marking point when the alignment is performed.
After the step ④ is completed, the knob is adjusted to lower the positioning table by the height of the distance from the geometric center of the magnet to the lower side of the magnet, since the position of the geometric center of the magnet has been calculated in the step ②, the distance from the geometric center of the magnet to the lower side of the magnet can be obtained, and the scale marked on the knob is the height of the positioning table which is lowered.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a magnetic flux measuring device, characterized by, includes bottom plate (1), install support (2) on the bottom plate, the upper and lower both ends of support are fixed with first coil (3), second coil (4) of coaxial setting, support internally mounted has a location platform (5) of fixing on the bottom plate, install on the location platform and be used for the geometric center of magnet and locating component (6) of the axis coincidence of first coil, second coil and fluxmeter electricity are connected.
2. A magnetic flux measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the positioning assembly comprises two mutually perpendicular scales (61) fixed on the positioning table, and a clamp block (62) which is slidable in the direction of the scale marks and is used for clamping the magnet is mounted beside the scales.
3. A flux measuring device according to claim 1, wherein the positioning assembly comprises a transparent positioning block (63) which is detachable from the positioning table, wherein a positioning shaft (64) is provided coaxially with the first coil, and wherein an adhesive layer is provided on the upper side of the positioning block.
4. A magnetic flux measuring apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a height adjustment assembly (7) is mounted on the positioning table.
5. A magnetic flux measuring device according to claim 4, wherein the height adjustment assembly comprises a knob (71) mounted on the outer side of the frame, the knob being provided with circumferential scales, the positioning table being provided with a vertical rack (72) and a gear (73) engaging the rack, the knob being connected to the gear via a shaft (74) extending through the frame.
6. A magnetic flux measuring apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the support, base plate and positioning member are all of a non-magnetically conductive material.
7. A method of magnetic flux measurement, comprising the steps of:
①, connecting the first coil, the fluxmeter and the second coil in series, and resetting the fluxmeter;
② calculating the geometric center of the magnet and marking the projection point on the lower side of the magnet;
③ magnetizing the magnet to saturation;
④ placing the magnet on the positioning table from the outside of the support, and adjusting the projection point of the geometric center of the magnet on the lower side of the magnet and the axis of the first coil to be coincident;
⑤ reads the output value of the magnetic flux meter, which is the magnetic flux value of the magnet.
8. A method of magnetic flux measurement as claimed in claim 7 wherein the step ④ of aligning the projection of the geometric centre of the magnet on the underside of the magnet with the axis of the first coil is performed by sliding the clamp blocks so that the clamp blocks grip the magnet and the distance from the point on the magnet to the point where the magnet contacts the clamp blocks is calculated in the direction of the scale, and adjusting the clamp blocks while viewing the scale so that the point on the magnet is aligned with the axis of the first coil.
9. A method of magnetic flux measurement as claimed in claim 7 wherein the step ④ of aligning the projected point of the geometric centre of the marked magnet on the underside of the magnet with the axis of the first coil is performed by removing the locating block, aligning the marked point on the magnet with the locating axis on the locating block and adhering the locating block to the magnet, and then mounting the magnet together with the locating block on the locating table.
10. A method of magnetic flux measurement according to any one of claims 7 to 9 wherein after said step ④ is completed, said knob is adjusted to lower the positioning stage by the height of the distance from the geometric centre of the magnet to the underside of the magnet.
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| CN110082668A (en) * | 2019-05-23 | 2019-08-02 | 南京师范大学泰州学院 | A kind of component-fixing device for Helmholtz coil measurement of magnetic field |
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