CN110655143A - A stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor and its construction method and application - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor and its construction method and application. The water inlet at the bottom of the reactor; the sewage from the water inlet enters the reactor in a tangential manner and makes a circular motion to generate a swirling fluid until the water outlet at the top of the reactor and flows out; the sewage flowing in a swirling flow with the center of the reactor as the main axis can pass through an effective mixing effect. and the residence time is purified by a fixed photocatalytic system fixed at the central position of the reactor; the fixed photocatalytic system is composed of a _TiO2 nanotube mesh surrounding the periphery of a quartz tube with a built-in ultraviolet lamp; the swirl method in the present invention and the fixed The photocatalytic system can effectively improve the contact opportunities between the components in the sewage, prolong the water retention time, and achieve high-efficiency advanced treatment effects. At the same time, the photocatalyst can be effectively fixed and applied to actual sewage treatment.

Description

A stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor and its construction method and application

technical field

The invention relates to environmental pollution control and protection, relates to a stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor and its construction method and application, in particular to a reactor for removing refractory organic pollutants in water, The SS and COD concentration in the treated sewage is less than 0.1mg/L and 300mg/L of the sewage for further advanced treatment and finally improve the water quality of the reactor.

Background technique

Ultraviolet-based advanced oxidation technology is particularly prominent in the removal of organic pollutants in water and disinfection. These processes are often achieved by adding additional catalysts (liquid, solid) to generate hydroxyl radicals with strong oxidizing power. However, the existence of the catalyst in the reaction water, hydrodynamics and efficient reactor design will have a great impact on the degradation conditions in the water, and improper handling will increase the operating cost and process.

According to different classification principles, photocatalytic reactors can also be divided into several different types. Among them, according to the existence state of the catalyst in the reactor, it can be divided into a suspension type reactor and a fixed type reactor. The main feature of the suspension reactor is that the powder catalyst is directly mixed with the wastewater to be treated, maintained in a suspended state by aeration or stirring, and the organic pollutants in the water are catalyzed and degraded under the action of incident light. The fixed type reactor refers to the use of the catalyst directly fixed or supported on the carrier in the form of its precursor to form a thin film. Due to the disadvantages of the suspended photocatalytic reactor, such as difficult catalyst recovery, large loss of active components, and centrifugal separation after the reaction, it can be found in a stationary photocatalytic reactor with high efficiency and simple catalyst separation and recovery or without additional separation process. breakthrough. For a fixed photocatalytic reactor, it has the advantages of high utilization of light source, easy separation of catalyst, low cost, and easy construction. However, due to the immobilization of catalyst particles, only half of its surface can receive light radiation, and the reaction The effective specific surface area of the catalyst per unit volume is small, and the utilization rate of the catalyst is low; at the same time, there is also the problem of mass transfer limitation of the diffusion of pollutants to the catalyst, resulting in generally low photocatalytic efficiency.

The photocatalytic oxidation method has many advantages over the traditional biological method in the treatment of biologically refractory substances, oily substances and toxic and harmful pollutants in water. However, the existence of the catalyst in the photoreactor, the contact opportunity between the reactants in the water, and the hydraulic retention time are the main problems that have puzzled photocatalysis researchers for many years.

Chinese patent CN201120143617.0 discloses a sewage treatment component with a titanium dioxide photocatalyst layer, comprising a cylindrical quartz glass rod with a through hole coaxial with the cylindrical quartz glass rod, and a component fixed on the cylindrical quartz glass rod. Titanium dioxide photocatalyst layer on the outer surface and inner surface of the rod; this patent discloses the use of quartz glass as the carrier of the titanium dioxide photocatalyst, but the fixing method needs to be fixed by colloid or adhesive, but colloid or adhesive Generally, they are organic compounds. Adhesives using organic compounds are very easy to be oxidized by photocatalysts and lose their adhesion effect. At the same time, the adhered titanium dioxide photocatalyst layer is also easy to lose its adhesion effect and fall off under the scouring of sewage for a long time, resulting in The titanium dioxide photocatalyst layer loses its fixation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Purpose of the invention: In view of the problems existing in the prior art, the present invention provides a stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor and its construction method and application; Discharge standard or reclaimed water reuse.

The invention overcomes the complex biochemical treatment process flow, long treatment period, inconvenient management and maintenance, low operation efficiency, large total investment and inability to effectively meet the current water treatment process deficiencies in the prior art, and provides a movable, modularized , a sewage advanced treatment device that does not produce secondary pollution. The most important point is that the fixed photocatalytic cyclone reactor of the present invention can realize the immobilization method of the photocatalyst and be applied to the actual sewage treatment, which overcomes the difficulty of catalyst recovery, large loss of active components and reaction in the suspended photocatalytic reactor. After the need for centrifugation and other disadvantages. The advantages of the invention are the fully automatic operation mode, small floor space, low equipment investment, good effluent quality, and can greatly reduce secondary pollution.

Technical solution: In order to achieve the above purpose, the construction method of a stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor according to the present invention is mainly constructed by a reactor that generates a cyclone and a stationary photocatalytic system installed in the central position of the reactor When the sewage continuously enters the water inlet at the bottom of the reactor through the inlet pump; the structure of the inlet sewage entering the bottom of the reactor in a tangential manner makes the sewage entering the reactor naturally move around the center to generate a swirling fluid until the water outlet at the top of the reactor and flow out; the swirling sewage with the center of the reactor as the main axis can be oxidized and degraded by the fixed photocatalytic system fixed in the central position of the reactor through mixing and staying; the fixed photocatalytic system is based on TiO ₂ nanotubes A mesh (TNTM) is formed around the periphery of the quartz tube with the built-in UV lamp. The swirl method and the stationary photocatalytic system in the present invention can effectively improve the contact opportunity between the various components in the sewage, prolong the water conservancy residence time, and then achieve the high-efficiency advanced treatment effect.

Wherein, the sewage is sewage with SS concentration less than 0.1 mg/L and COD concentration less than or equal to 300.0 mg/L. When the sewage continuously enters the water inlet at the bottom of the reactor through the intake pump, the influent flow rate of the intake pump ranges from 1.9 to 7.9 L/min, the corresponding residence time is 120-10 sec, and the residence time is the time in the whole reactor.

The _TiO2 nanotube mesh is a titanium wire mesh with a purity higher than 99.99% that is oxidized on its surface by anodizing method to generate a large number of _TiO2 nanotubes, which are then crystallized into a mixture of anatase and rutile after heat treatment. Crystalline semiconductor photocatalytic material.

Preferably, the specific preparation method of the _TiO nanotube network is:

(1) Pretreatment of the titanium wire mesh: the surface of the titanium wire mesh is encapsulated, ultrasonically cleaned with acetone and anhydrous ethanol in turn, washed with distilled water and air-dried, chemically polished, washed with distilled water, and dried for later use;

(2) Construct an anodizing device for preparing _TiO nanotube arrays: the power supply adopts a DC voltage-stabilized power supply, the pre-treated titanium wire mesh is the anode, the platinum sheet is the cathode, and the distance between the two poles is 4-5cm. Anodizing reaction;

(3) The anodized product is subjected to high temperature heat treatment and crystallized to form a mixed crystal semiconductor photocatalytic material of anatase and rutile, which is a TiO ₂ nanotube network; specifically, a TiO ₂ nanotube network catalyst.

Further, the preparation of _TiO nanotube-like network photocatalysts can enhance its catalytic performance by compounding graphene.

Preferably, the prepared TiO ₂ nanotube mesh can be tightly fixed by steel wires to form a fixed photocatalytic system around the quartz tube provided with the ultraviolet lamp,

The stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor of the present invention comprises a reactor for generating cyclone and a stationary photocatalytic system installed at the central position of the reactor; the reactor for generating cyclone comprises an inlet pump, a reactor a body, a water inlet, and a water outlet; the fixed photocatalytic system includes a _TiO2 nanotube network, a quartz tube, and an ultraviolet lamp, which is formed by the _TiO2 nanotube network surrounding the quartz tube with the built-in ultraviolet lamp; the A swirl layer is formed between the TiO ₂ nanotube network and the reactor body, the water inlet enters the swirl layer in a tangential manner and is connected to the reactor body, the other end of the water inlet is connected to a water pump, and the top of the swirl layer is provided with a water outlet.

Wherein, the length of the water inlet is 10-15 cm, and it enters the reactor body in a tangential manner at a position 2-3 cm upward from the lower end of the reactor. Preferably, the water inlet is 10 cm long and enters the reactor tangentially 2 cm upwards from the lower end of the reactor.

Wherein, the width of the _TiO2 nanotube mesh is slightly larger than the perimeter of the quartz tube with the built-in ultraviolet lamp, so that the _TiO2 nanotube mesh can be closely surrounded by the quartz tube, and the length of the _TiO2 nanotube mesh is equal to the quartz tube. The length of the UV lamp tube is slightly longer than the total length of the reactor; one end of the UV lamp is connected to a power source.

Preferably, the TiO ₂ nanotube mesh is prepared from titanium mesh, the diameter of the titanium mesh is 0.5 mm, and the mesh number is 150-200 mesh.

Further, the ultraviolet lamp in the fixed photocatalytic system installed at the central position of the reactor is a vacuum ultraviolet lamp, and its wavelength is 185-365 nm.

The invention discloses the application of a stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor in efficiently removing refractory organic pollutants in water.

The reactor can be applied to actual sewage treatment on site, and can also be used for intermittent or continuous photocatalytic reaction experiments; it can also be used for disinfection treatment of tap water and drinking water.

The reactor can also be applied to on-site actual volatile organic pollutants (VOCs) treatment and photocatalytic degradation reaction experiments related to atmospheric pollutants.

When the reactor is applied to on-site sewage treatment, multiple identical reactors can be installed repeatedly according to the index requirements of advanced sewage treatment.

Working principle: The sewage with SS concentration less than 0.1mg/L and COD concentration less than or equal to 300.0mg/L after a series of pretreatments will be continuously pumped into the water inlet pipe at a flow rate of 1.9~7.9L/min by the inlet pump. The water inlet connecting the photocatalytic cyclone reactor is tangentially connected to the outer cyclone layer and the reactor body. The structure can make the sewage entering the reactor naturally move around the center to generate a swirling fluid until the water outlet at the top of the reactor and flow out; The photocatalytic system at the central position of the device purifies, so that the organic pollutants in the sewage are oxidized and degraded. The swirl method and the stationary photocatalytic system in the present invention can effectively improve the contact chance between the components in the sewage, prolong the water conservancy residence time, and then achieve the high-efficiency advanced treatment effect.

Beneficial effect: Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:

1. The fixed photocatalytic cyclone reactor constructed by the present invention adopts the combination of the cyclone method and the fixed photocatalytic system, which can effectively improve the contact opportunity between the components in the sewage, prolong the water conservancy residence time, and then achieve high efficiency. Deep processing effect.

2. The fixed photocatalytic cyclone reactor of the present invention adopts a brand-new fixed photocatalytic system, and a large number of _TiO2 nanotubes are formed on the surface of the titanium wire mesh by anodizing the titanium wire mesh with a purity higher than 99.99%. After high temperature heat treatment, a TiO2 nanotube network (TNTM) catalyst is formed. The new stationary photocatalytic system is composed of a reticulated _TiO2 nanotube network (TNTM) surrounded by a quartz tube with a built-in UV lamp, so that the photocatalyst has a large surface area and The utilization rate is high, and it can be effectively fixed in the reactor for continuous use without recycling, which will not lead to the problem of mass transfer limitation of catalyst diffusion; it overcomes the difficulty of catalyst recovery, large loss of active components, and reaction in suspension type photocatalytic reactors. However, it also overcomes the shortcomings of conventional stationary photocatalytic reactors due to the immobilization of catalyst particles, so that only half of the surface can receive light radiation, and the effective specific surface area of the catalyst per unit volume of the reactor is small. , the utilization rate of the catalyst is low and other problems; at the same time, there is also the problem of the mass transfer limitation of pollutant diffusion to the catalyst, resulting in generally low photocatalytic efficiency.

3. The fixed photocatalytic cyclone reactor constructed by the present invention overcomes the complex biochemical treatment process in the prior art, long treatment period, inconvenient management and maintenance, low operation efficiency, large total investment, and cannot effectively meet the current water treatment process. It provides a mobile, modular, advanced sewage treatment device that does not produce secondary pollution. The most important point is that it can realize the immobilization method of photocatalyst and apply it to practical sewage treatment. The advantages of the invention are the fully automatic operation mode, small floor space, low equipment investment, good effluent quality, and can greatly reduce secondary pollution. It can not only further advanced treatment of sewage and ultimately improve water quality; it can also be used in the disinfection of tap water and drinking water and the degradation of atmospheric pollutants (such as VOCs, etc.).

Description of drawings

1 is a schematic diagram of a stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is the construction flow chart of the stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor of the present invention;

Figure 3 shows the effect of oxidation time on nanotube length in 0.25wt% NH ₄ F/ethylene glycol electrolyte at 20V.

Detailed ways

The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

Example 1

As shown in Figure 1, a stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor includes a reactor for generating a cyclone and a stationary photocatalytic system installed at the center of the reactor; the reactor for generating a cyclone includes an inlet pump 1, a reaction The device body 2, the water inlet 3, the water outlet 4; the fixed photocatalytic system includes a _TiO2 nanotube mesh 5, a quartz tube 6, an ultraviolet lamp 7, and the _TiO2 nanotube mesh 5 surrounds the quartz with built-in ultraviolet lamp 7 The composition of the periphery of the tube 6; a swirl layer 8 is formed between the _TiO nanotube network 5 and the reactor body 2 and is connected with one end of the water inlet 3, and the water inlet 3 enters the swirl layer 8 in a tangential manner and is connected with the reactor body 1 , the swirl layer 8 is connected to the water outlet 4 at the top of the reactor, and the water outlet 4 is located on the top of the swirl layer 8 . The water inlet pipe 3 has a length of 10 cm, and enters the reactor body 1 in a tangential manner at a position 2 cm upward from the lower end of the reactor.

The width of the _TiO nanotube mesh 5 is slightly larger than the perimeter of the quartz tube with the built-in UV lamp 7, while the length of the _TiO nanotube mesh 5 is equal to the length of the quartz tube 6, and the length of the UV lamp 7 lamp tube is slightly longer than the reaction The total length of the device; one end of the ultraviolet lamp 7 is connected with a power supply 9. The TiO ₂ nanotube mesh 5 is prepared from titanium mesh wire, the diameter of the titanium mesh wire is 0.5mm, and the mesh number is 150-200 mesh. The ultraviolet lamp 7 in the fixed photocatalytic system installed at the central position of the reactor is a vacuum ultraviolet lamp with a wavelength of 185-254 nm.

Example 2

Preparation method of fixed photocatalytic material _TiO2 nanotube network (TNTM)

The fixed photocatalyst is realized by the combination of the following materials: high-purity titanium wire mesh sample piece (purity 99.99%, thickness 0.5mm, mesh number 150-200 mesh), platinum sheet (purity 99.99%, thickness 0.25mm) , 0.25wt% NH ₄ F/ethylene glycol solution.

The pretreatment process of the titanium wire mesh sample piece is as follows: surface encapsulation→ultrasound cleaning with acetone and anhydrous ethanol→distilled water cleaning and drying→chemical polishing→distilled water cleaning→cold air drying for later use. Chemical polishing was carried out in a mixed solution of HF, HNO, and distilled water in a volume ratio of ₁ :1:2. The polishing adopts the dipping method, and the process is accompanied by vigorous stirring. When the color of the polishing liquid changes from colorless to green, the polishing liquid should be replaced in time.

The specific experimental method for the preparation of stationary photocatalytic materials: first, a set of anodizing devices for preparing _TiO2 nanotube arrays were constructed by themselves. The sheet is the cathode, the distance between the two poles is 4cm, and the reaction is carried out at room temperature; in order to prevent the erosion of F ions to the glass instrument, the electrolytic cell used is a plexiglass electrolytic cell, and the electrolyte in the electrolytic cell is 0.25wt% NH4F/ethylene glycol solution ; Anodize at 20V for 30min; then calcine the anodized _TiO2 nanotube network in a high temperature muffle furnace at 550℃ for 3h to form a mixed crystal semiconductor photocatalytic material of anatase and rutile. _TiO2 nanotube network (TNTM).

Under the same experimental conditions, the anode titanium wire mesh sample was anodized, and the effect of oxidation time on the length of nanotubes in 0.25wt% NH ₄ F/ethylene glycol electrolyte at 20V voltage was investigated. When the length of TiO ₂ nanotubes reaches about 500nm, the length of TiO ₂ nanotubes remains basically unchanged if the oxidation time is prolonged, so 0.25wt% NH4F/ethylene glycol solution; anodic oxidation at a voltage of 20V for 30min has the best effect, At the same time, it can be seen in Figure ₃ that the _TiO2 nanotube network catalyst has a large specific surface area, stable structure, large pores (large diameter), Longer path, stronger adsorption properties and efficient electron transport channels, as effective photocatalysts.

Example 3

Construction of Stationary Photocatalytic Cyclone Reactor

A vacuum ultraviolet lamp is used as the reaction light source, which is placed inside the quartz tube, installed in the center of the reactor, and connected to the power supply at the top of the reactor. On the premise of increasing the mixing effect of the fluid in the photoreactor and prolonging the residence time, and aiming at improving the degradation efficiency in the photoreactor, the designed cyclone reactor system is as follows: the water inlet enters the reactor in a tangential manner and flows from the The bottom end is swirling upward, and the fluid performs photocatalytic reaction around the light source in the reactor. When the swirl layer fluid reaches the top of the reactor, it flows out through the water outlet. The photocatalyst wrapped around the quartz tube is a new type of fixed photocatalytic swirl reaction device composed of _TiO2 nanotube network (TNTM) prepared by anodization method and fixed in the central position of the reactor. The assembly process of the photocatalyst is shown in Figure 2, which is the construction process diagram of the new stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor.

As shown in Figure 2, a TiO2 nanotube network (TNTM) was prepared by using anodization method, and it was installed around the outer wall of the quartz tube with the built-in UV lamp in the center of the new cyclone reactor. The obtained _TiO2 nanotube-like mesh is tightly fixed by steel wires to form a fixed photocatalytic system around the quartz tube with ultraviolet lamp inside, and the new cyclone reactor can make the sewage enter the reactor in a tangential manner and naturally generate cyclone. It flows to the outlet at the top of the reactor, and at the same time is attacked by the active radicals generated by the photocatalytic reaction between the light source and TNTM to achieve the purpose of purifying sewage.

The stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor is connected to the water inlet pump and the sewage storage device through the water inlet pipe, and the SS concentration after a series of pretreatments is checked by the water inlet water pump. L of sewage is continuously pumped into the water inlet pipe at a flow rate of 1.9 to 7.9 L/min, and the corresponding residence time is 120 to 10 sec. The water inlet pipe is connected to the water inlet of the reactor in a tangential manner and enters the outer cyclone layer and the reactor body. Connected, the sewage enters the water inlet and then flows in the center of the circle to generate a swirl; the sewage acts on the swirl layer and the fixed photocatalytic system for photocatalysis, and the organic matter in the sewage is oxidized and degraded; the sewage after photodegradation Gradually flow towards the top of the reactor and exit the reactor through the outlet connected by the cyclone layer.

Test Example 1

The fixed photocatalytic cyclone reactor of the present invention is used to treat the sewage by intermittent reaction. After the sewage comes out of the water outlet, it is continuously pumped into the fixed photocatalytic cyclone reactor for treatment, and four kinds of sewage are respectively subjected to intermittent reactions. After treatment, the four kinds of sewage contained 10 mg/L of oxytetracycline, methyl orange, methylene blue, and rhodamine B respectively, and the results were shown in Table 1; The treatment rate of Ming B all reached more than 90%.

Table 1. Treatment efficiency (%) of various organic pollutants

5min 10min 20min 30min oxytetracycline 27.9 53.7 69.8 94.3 methyl orange 35.8 63.0 80.5 99.6 Methylene blue 36.4 60.4 73.3 96.3 Rhodamine B 35.6 63.0 80.5 98.2

Claims (10)

1. a construction method of a stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor, is characterized in that, is mainly constructed from the reactor that produces cyclone and the stationary photocatalytic system that is installed in the reactor central position; Continue to enter the water inlet at the bottom of the reactor; the structure of the sewage entering the bottom of the reactor in a tangential manner makes the sewage entering the reactor naturally move around the center to generate a swirling fluid until the water outlet at the top of the reactor and flow out; the center of the reactor is The swirling flow of sewage on the main shaft can be oxidized and degraded by a fixed photocatalytic system fixed at the central position of the reactor through mixing and staying; the fixed photocatalytic system is a _TiO2 nanotube mesh surrounded by quartz with built-in ultraviolet lamps Tube composition. 2. the construction method of stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described sewage is the sewage that SS concentration is less than 0.1mg/L and COD concentration is less than or equal to 300.0mg/L, described sewage When the sewage continuously enters the water inlet at the bottom of the reactor through the inlet pump, the inlet water flow rate of the inlet pump is in the range of 1.9 to 7.9 L/min, and the corresponding residence time is 120 to 10 sec. 3. The method for constructing a stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor according to claim 1, wherein the _TiO nanotube mesh is preferably a titanium wire mesh with a purity higher than 99.99% through anodizing method in the Its surface is oxidized to form _TiO2 nanotubes, which are then crystallized into mixed crystal semiconductor photocatalytic materials of anatase and rutile after heat treatment. 4. the construction method of stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor according to claim 1, is characterized in that, described _TiO The concrete preparation method of nano-tube network is: (1) Pretreatment of the titanium wire mesh: the surface of the titanium wire mesh is encapsulated, ultrasonically cleaned with acetone and anhydrous ethanol in turn, washed with distilled water and air-dried, chemically polished, washed with distilled water, and dried for later use; (2) Construct an anodizing device for preparing _TiO nanotube arrays: the power supply adopts a DC voltage-stabilized power supply, the pre-treated titanium wire mesh is the anode, the platinum sheet is the cathode, and the distance between the two poles is 4-5cm. Anodizing reaction; (3) The anodized product is crystallized by high temperature heat treatment to form a mixed crystal semiconductor photocatalytic material of anatase and rutile, which is a TiO ₂ nanotube network. 5. a stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor, is characterized in that, comprises the reactor that produces swirl and the stationary photocatalytic system that is installed in the reactor central position; The described reactor that generates swirl comprises inlet water pump ( 1), a reactor body (2), a water inlet (3), and a water outlet (4); the stationary photocatalytic system includes a TiO ₂ nanotube network (5), a quartz tube (6), an ultraviolet lamp (7) ), consisting of a TiO ₂ nanotube tubular net (5) surrounding a quartz tube (6) with a built-in ultraviolet lamp (7); the space between the TiO ₂ nanotube net (5) and the reactor body (2) A swirl layer (8) is formed, the water inlet (3) enters the swirl layer (8) in a tangential manner and is connected to the reactor body (2), the other end of the water inlet (3) is connected to the water pump (1), and the swirl layer ( 8) The top is provided with a water outlet (4). 6. The stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor according to claim 5, wherein the water inlet (3) has a length of 10-15cm, and enters in a tangential manner at the upper 2-3cm at the lower end of the reactor Reactor body (2). 7 . The stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor according to claim 5 , wherein the width of the _TiO nanotube network ( 5 ) is larger than the circumference of the quartz tube ( 6 ) with the built-in ultraviolet lamp ( 7 ). 8 . while the length of the _TiO nanotube mesh (5) is equal to the length of the quartz tube (6), and the length of the UV lamp (7) is longer than the total length of the reactor; one end of the UV lamp (7) is connected with a power supply ( 9). 8. The stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor according to claim 5, characterized in that, the _TiO nanotube mesh (5) is prepared from titanium mesh, and the diameter of the titanium mesh is 0.5mm, The number of meshes is 150 to 200 meshes. 9 . The stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor according to claim 5 , wherein the ultraviolet lamp ( 7 ) in the stationary photocatalytic system installed in the central position of the reactor is a vacuum ultraviolet lamp. 10 . 10. Application of a stationary photocatalytic cyclone reactor in the efficient removal of refractory organic pollutants in water.

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