CN110651673A - Standardized planting method for schisandra chinensis - Google Patents
Standardized planting method for schisandra chinensis Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/005—Precision agriculture
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/10—Vegetative propagation by means of cuttings
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/64—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/647—Triazoles; Hydrogenated triazoles
- A01N43/653—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
- A01N47/10—Carbamic acid derivatives, i.e. containing the group —O—CO—N<; Thio analogues thereof
- A01N47/12—Carbamic acid derivatives, i.e. containing the group —O—CO—N<; Thio analogues thereof containing a —O—CO—N< group, or a thio analogue thereof, neither directly attached to a ring nor the nitrogen atom being a member of a heterocyclic ring
- A01N47/14—Di-thio analogues thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
- A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
- A01N47/34—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N< containing the groups, e.g. biuret; Thio analogues thereof; Urea-aldehyde condensation products
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N53/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing cyclopropane carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
- A01N59/06—Aluminium; Calcium; Magnesium; Compounds thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
- A01N59/16—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
- A01N59/20—Copper
Abstract
The invention discloses a standardized planting method of schisandra chinensis, which comprises the following steps: s1, building a garden: selecting slightly acidic and acid soil, when building a garden on flat ground, the underground water level is below 1 m, when building a garden on mountain land, selecting shady and gentle slope land, excavating and loosening soil to form a field; s2, seedling culture: obtaining fructus Schisandrae robust seedlings by cutting seedling or seed seedling, planting fructus Schisandrae robust seedlings on the field with row spacing of 0.5 × 2m, and planting; s3, shaping and trimming; s4, summer shelf surface management; s5, soil management; s6, pest control; s7, harvesting. The method disclosed by the invention is used for planting the schisandra chinensis, can improve the yield of the schisandra chinensis and the quality of the schisandra chinensis, and is beneficial to seizing the international market.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of Chinese medicine planting, in particular to a standardized planting method of schisandra chinensis.
Background
Schisandra chinensis, a perennial deciduous woody vine of Schisandra of Magnoliaceae, a traditional Chinese medicinal material. The quality of the schisandra chinensis is best, and the schisandra chinensis is popular at home and abroad.
According to the information provided by the Chinese medicinal material general company, the market demand of the schisandra chinensis is about 1000 ten thousand tons every year, and the market gap is about 600 ten thousand tons. At present, the schisandra chinensis is planted in more scattered households, the large-scale planting is less, and each kilogram of schisandra chinensis rises to 100-120 yuan from about 50 yuan before 4 years, and the highest value reaches 125 yuan.
At present, the breeding of the schisandra varieties is not taken into consideration, the variety degeneration phenomenon is serious, the yield per unit area and the internal quality are in a descending trend, the market demand can not be met in the yield, and the national standard or the product production process requirements can not be met in the quality. How to carry out scientific planting, improve chinese magnoliavine fruit output, promote chinese magnoliavine fruit quality becomes the problem that this application needs to solve.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a standardized planting method of schisandra chinensis, which aims to solve the problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a standardized planting method of schisandra chinensis comprises the following steps:
s1, building a garden: selecting slightly acidic and acid soil, when building a garden on flat ground, the underground water level is below 1 m, when building a garden on mountain land, selecting shady and gentle slope land, excavating and loosening soil to form a field;
s2, seedling culture: obtaining fructus Schisandrae robust seedlings by cutting seedling or seed seedling, planting fructus Schisandrae robust seedlings on the field with row spacing of 0.5 × 2m, and planting;
s3, shaping and trimming: a stand bar: inserting a vertical frame rod corresponding to each Chinese magnoliavine seedling on a field, connecting adjacent vertical frame rods by using thick iron wires, and erecting a fence frame; b, trimming in winter: pruning in winter 2-3 weeks after the plants fall off and before the beginning of the next year of bleeding damage;
s4, summer shelf management: in the juvenile period, the selected main tendrils are timely led to the stand rod; if the length of the new shoot of the lateral tendrils of the grown trees is too long, 8-12 sections of pinching is reserved; when the parent branch is too long or the load is large, necessary binding is performed to avoid branch breaking;
s5, soil management: a, intertillage weeding: weeding for more than 5 times every year, ploughing depth is 8-12 cm, and soil in the planting belt is kept loose and free of weeds; b, deep ploughing: after the fruits are harvested, carrying out full-garden deep ploughing, wherein the ploughing depth is 25-35 cm, and finishing before the last ten days of 10 months; c, intercropping and cleaning sprout: planting short-stalk crops among rows within 1-2 years after building the garden; in the garden with more than 3 years old, the clear ploughing and leisure activities are kept; removing sprouts generated on the base of the plant in one year before the plant sprouts; d, fertilization: applying fertilizer in autumn after deep ploughing, applying 3-5 cubic meters of farmyard manure per mu, and applying fertilizer at two sides of the fence frame every other year; fertilizing near the planting ditch wall in the first 2 years; after the 3 rd year, fertilizing furrows with the depth of 30-40 cm are formed among the rows, and soil is immediately covered after fertilizer is filled; topdressing is carried out for 2 times every year, and quick-acting nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are topdressed in the germination period of the 1 st time; in the 2 nd growth middle stage of the plant, applying quick-acting phosphorus-potassium fertilizer;
s6, pest control: a. spraying 1 time 1:1:100 times of equivalent Bordeaux mixture in the last ten days of 5 months for prevention, and then spraying 1 time every 9-11 days; b. for preventing and treating powdery mildew, 800 times of lime sulfur mixture or triadimefon and thiophanate methyl wettable powder with the Baume degree of 0.3-0.5 is used; for preventing and treating black spot, using 70% mancozeb wettable powder 600-; c. mixing deltamethrin, triadimefon and 70% wettable powder of mancozeb for preparing 600-fold liquid for 800 times in 1 week to 7 middle days after flower falling, and spraying; d. before germination, cleaning diseased branches and leaves, burning or burying intensively, and spraying 3-5 deg.C lime sulfur mixture for 1 time;
s7, harvesting.
As a further scheme of the invention: the specific method for raising seedlings by cutting in the step S2 comprises the following steps:
preparing a cutting material: collecting the annual semi-lignified branch for cuttage before 10 am, wherein the length of the branch is 15-20 cm, and the thickness of the branch is 0.4-0.5 cm; when cutting, one upper leaf is reserved, the lower leaf is removed, and a lower cutting opening falls to be close to the lower bud and is an oblique cutting opening;
and (3) cutting treatment: soaking the pruned branches in 0.1% carbendazim liquid medicine for 1-2min, and then soaking in rooting powder aqueous solution for 20-30s to obtain treated scions for future grafting;
slotting machine and substrate: slotting machine and substrate: the cutting bed is built in a greenhouse or a shed with good moisture retention and heat dissipation performance, a ground pool with the width of 1.0-1.2 meters and the depth of 0.3 meter is dug to form a semi-underground cutting bed, the substrate of the bed surface is 1:1 of clean river sand and screened slag ash, and the bed surface is sterilized and deinsectized by 0.1 percent of carbendazim and 0.2 percent of phoxim; the substrate is disinfected by 2 percent potassium permanganate solution in a shower way, and is leached by water once after being stacked for 2 hours and then is uniformly paved on the slotting machine according to the thickness of 15-20 cm; then, a shed and a shade shed are built above the pond.
Cuttage: before cutting, the diameter of the hole is 1 cm, and the depth is 10-15 cm; the row spacing of the plants is 3 multiplied by 8 cm; compacting after inserting the cutting slips, wherein the cutting time is from the late 6 months to the early 8 months;
transplanting, hardening seedlings and heeling in: after cutting and rooting, controlling water and hardening seedlings, carefully digging out, planting in open field seedling beds at a plant row spacing of 12 multiplied by 25 cm, and continuously culturing to obtain robust seedlings of the schisandra chinensis.
As a further scheme of the invention: after cuttage, management after cuttage is needed, and the specific content of the management after cuttage is as follows: spraying water to keep the humidity in the shed above 90%, the light transmittance at 18-30% and the daily temperature at 19-28 ℃; spraying for 3-4 times per day according to humidity condition, wherein no radial flow is formed in the spray shape; then spraying once every 8-10 days.
As a further scheme of the invention: the specific method for raising the seedling of the seeds in the step S2 comprises the following steps:
seed collection: collecting mature and full schisandra chinensis fruits without diseases and insect pests in late 8 months, soaking in clear water for 7-9 hours, stirring and kneading, washing off pulp on the surfaces of seeds, fishing out and drying for later use;
seed soaking: soaking in water for 3-4 days, removing blighted grains, air drying, selecting leeward and dry place, preventing water accumulation, mixing with wet river sand, storing, and promoting germination; sowing can be carried out when the split of the seeds is white in the middle and last ten days of 3 months;
sowing: adopting a drilling mode, wherein the drilling distance is 15 cm, covering 2-2.5 cm of soil after drilling, the seeding amount per mu is 4.5-5.2 kg, and seedling emergence can be realized 15-20 days after drilling; and (3) covering grass in time after 30% of seedlings come out of the soil, building a simple shade shed, properly fertilizing, watering, weeding and loosening the soil, and cultivating and planting strong schisandra chinensis seedlings with high lignification degree on the growing land.
As a further scheme of the invention: the humidity of the river sand in the seed soaking step is preferably that the river sand is held by hands to be agglomerated and does not drip water and is loosened immediately after being loosened.
As a further scheme of the invention: the specific orientation of winter pruning in step S3 is: when pruning is carried out, the pruning wound is 2-2.5 cm away from the bud eye, and no lateral vines are left in the rack surface 40 cm away from the ground surface; only cutting off immature parts of main spreading long branches before the branches and tendrils are fully covered with the frame; when side branches are trimmed, mainly trimming the middle long tips, reserving 6-8 sections, keeping the distance between every two sections at 15-20 cm, and trimming a single plant to reserve 10-15 middle long branches; retracting middle and long branches pruned in the previous year in time, selecting and reserving robust tiller strips emitted from the base of a plant as new main vines when a certain main vine is aged or the part of the main vine is moved upwards and the lower part of the main vine is bald and naked, and removing old vines; after the plant enters the adult, the base bud with larger bud body and good development is used at the crossing of the main lateral branch.
As a further scheme of the invention: the amount of the top dressing fertilizer in the step S5 is as follows: 25-100 g/strain of ammonium nitrate, 200-400 g/strain of calcium superphosphate and 10-25 g/strain of potassium sulfate.
As a further scheme of the invention: the farmyard manure in the step S5 is specifically composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 66-70 parts of decomposed farmyard manure, 11-15 parts of bean cakes, 4-6 parts of plant ash, 2-4 parts of potassium nitrate, 9-11 parts of calcium superphosphate and 0.8-1.2 parts of urea.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: when cutting seedling is carried out, strong seedlings with well-developed underground root systems, good quality and high overground lignification degree can be cultivated according to the principle of promoting before and controlling after; scientific management after cuttage is carried out, which is beneficial to rapid rooting, and auxin plant growth regulator is sprayed, which is beneficial to the growth of cuttage seedlings; through standardized pruning management and pest control management, the schisandra chinensis plants can grow well, the fruiting yield is high, and the fruit quality is greatly improved. The method disclosed by the invention is used for carrying out standardized planting on the schisandra chinensis, can improve the yield of the schisandra chinensis and the quality of the schisandra chinensis, and is beneficial to seizing the international market.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
A standardized planting method of schisandra chinensis comprises the following steps:
s1, building a garden: the subacid and acid soil of northern river villages under campsite towns is selected, the soil should have thick soil layer and high humus content, when the orchard is built on flat ground, the underground water level is below 1 m, when the orchard is built on mountainous regions, shady and gentle slope land is selected for digging and loosening the soil, and the field is formed.
S2, seedling culture: obtaining fructus Schisandrae robust seedlings by cutting seedling or seed seedling, planting fructus Schisandrae robust seedlings on the field with row spacing of 0.5 × 2m, and planting.
The specific method for raising seedlings by cutting in the step S2 comprises the following steps:
preparing a cutting material: collecting the annual semi-lignified branch for cuttage before 10 am, wherein the length of the branch is 15-20 cm, and the thickness of the branch is 0.4-0.5 cm; when cutting, leaves at the middle upper part are reserved, leaves at the position 3-5 cm away from the lower part are cut off, and a lower cutting opening falls on a semi-lignification section to form a large oblique cutting opening;
and (3) cutting treatment: soaking the pruned branches in 0.1% carbendazim liquid medicine for 1-2min, and then soaking in rooting powder aqueous solution for 20-30s to obtain treated scions for future grafting;
slotting machine and substrate: slotting machine and substrate: the cutting bed is built in a greenhouse or a shed with good moisture retention and heat dissipation performance, a ground pool with the width of 1.0-1.2 meters and the depth of 0.3 meter is dug to form a semi-underground cutting bed, the substrate of the bed surface is 1:1 of clean river sand and screened slag ash, and the bed surface is sterilized and deinsectized by 0.1 percent of carbendazim and 0.2 percent of phoxim; the substrate is disinfected by 2 percent potassium permanganate solution in a shower way, and is leached by water once after being stacked for 2 hours and then is uniformly paved on the slotting machine according to the thickness of 15-20 cm; then, a shed and a shade shed are built above the pond.
Cuttage: before cutting, the diameter of the hole is 1 cm, and the depth is 10-15 cm; the row spacing of the plants is 3 multiplied by 8 cm; compacting after the scions are inserted, wherein the cuttage time is from the late 6 th to the early 8 th of the month;
transplanting, hardening seedlings and heeling in: after cutting and rooting, controlling water and hardening seedlings, carefully digging out, planting in open field seedling beds at a plant row spacing of 12 multiplied by 25 cm, and continuously culturing to obtain robust seedlings of the schisandra chinensis. Based on the principle of promoting before and controlling after, strong seedlings with well developed underground root systems and high overground lignification degree can be cultivated.
After cuttage, management after cuttage is needed, and the specific content of the management after cuttage is as follows: spraying water to keep the humidity in the shed above 90%, the light transmittance at 18-30% and the daily temperature at 19-28 ℃; spraying for 3-4 times per day according to humidity condition, wherein no radial flow is formed in the spray shape; spraying disinfectant, rooting powder and growth promoting solution 1 time each 15 days after insertion, and spraying every 8-10 days. The key technology of rooting is controlling temperature, and the key technology of cutting seedling growth is spraying auxin plant growth regulator.
The specific method for raising the seedling of the seeds in the step S2 comprises the following steps:
seed collection: collecting mature and full schisandra chinensis fruits without diseases and insect pests in late 8 months, soaking in clear water for 7-9 hours, stirring and kneading, washing off pulp on the surfaces of seeds, fishing out and drying for later use;
seed soaking: because the seed coat of the schisandra chinensis is hard, smooth and has an oil layer, the water permeability is weak, and the seedling is not easy to emerge, the schisandra chinensis is soaked in water for 3-4 days and nights, blighted grain impurities are removed, then the schisandra chinensis is dried, a leeward and dry place is selected, water accumulation is prevented, moist river sand is used for mixing, storage and germination acceleration, the humidity of the river sand is suitable for being held by hands to be agglomerated and loosened, and the over-drying or mildew and rot are prevented; sowing can be carried out when the split of the seeds is white in the middle and last ten days of 3 months;
sowing: adopting a drilling mode, wherein the drilling distance is 15 cm, covering 2-2.5 cm of soil after drilling, the seeding amount per mu is 4.5-5.2 kg, and seedling emergence can be realized 15-20 days after drilling; and (3) covering grass in time after 30% of seedlings come out of the soil, building a simple shade shed, properly fertilizing, watering, weeding and loosening the soil, and cultivating and planting strong schisandra chinensis seedlings with high lignification degree on the growing land.
S3, shaping and trimming: a stand bar: inserting a vertical frame rod corresponding to each Chinese magnoliavine seedling on a field bed, connecting adjacent vertical frame rods by using thick iron wires, and erecting a shed frame; because the branches and tendrils of the schisandra chinensis are soft and can not stand upright, the branches and tendrils need to be wound and grow upwards by depending on a stick, and therefore, the shaping of the schisandra chinensis needs to be finished by manually setting a frame rod and combining with pruning; the growth amount of the schisandra chinensis in the current year of field planting is small, the height of the schisandra chinensis is 60-80 cm, the average height of the schisandra chinensis in the 2 nd year is 180 cm, the surface of the schisandra chinensis can be covered on the shelf in the 3 rd year, the schisandra chinensis is fixed on a thick iron wire shelf line by a thin iron wire in the spring of the 2 nd year (the middle ten days of 5 months), and 3-5 fixed main vines are reserved on each vertical shelf; b, trimming in winter: pruning is carried out in winter 2-3 weeks after the plants fall off leaves and before the beginning of the bleeding of the next year, but the pruning is preferably completed in the middle 3 months and before the buds sprout.
The specific orientation of winter pruning in step S3 is: when pruning is carried out, the pruning wound is 2-2.5 cm away from the bud eye, and no lateral vines are left in the rack surface 40 cm away from the ground surface; only cutting off immature parts of main spreading long branches before the branches and tendrils are fully covered with the frame; when side branches are trimmed, mainly trimming the middle long tips, reserving 6-8 sections, keeping the distance between every two sections at 15-20 cm, and trimming a single plant to reserve 10-15 middle long branches; retracting middle and long branches pruned in the previous year in time, selecting and reserving robust tiller strips emitted from the base of a plant as new main vines when a certain main vine is aged or the part of the main vine is moved upwards and the lower part of the main vine is bald and naked, and removing old vines; after the plant enters the adult, a large and well-developed base bud is used at the crossing of the main lateral branches, and the bud is large enough to extract a strong branch, so that good conditions are created for updating the lateral branches.
S4, summer shelf management: in the juvenile period, the selected main tendrils are timely led to the stand rod; if the length of the new shoot of the lateral tendrils of the grown trees is too long, 8-12 sections of pinching is reserved; when the parent branch is too long or the load is large, necessary binding is given to avoid branch breaking.
S5, soil management: a, intertillage weeding: weeding for more than 5 times every year, ploughing depth is 8-12 cm, and soil in the planting belt is kept loose and free of weeds; b, deep ploughing: after the fruits are harvested, carrying out full-garden deep ploughing, wherein the ploughing depth is 25-35 cm, and finishing before the last ten days of 10 months; c, intercropping and cleaning sprout: short-stalk crops are planted among rows within 1-2 years after the orchard is built, so that income in the orchard is increased; in the garden with more than 3 years old, the clear ploughing and leisure activities are kept; removing sprouts generated on the base of the plant in one year before the plant sprouts; d, fertilization: applying fertilizer in autumn after deep ploughing (turning over in autumn), applying 3-5 cubic meters of farmyard manure per mu, and applying fertilizer at two sides of the fence frame every other year; fertilizing near the planting ditch wall in the first 2 years; after the 3 rd year, fertilizing furrows with the depth of 30-40 cm are formed among the rows, and soil is immediately covered after fertilizer is filled; topdressing is carried out for 2 times every year, and quick-acting nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are topdressed in the germination period (early 5 months) for the 1 st time; in the 2 nd growth middle period (7-8 months), quick-acting phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is applied.
The farmyard manure in the step S5 is specifically composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 66-70 parts of decomposed farmyard manure, 11-15 parts of bean cakes, 4-6 parts of plant ash, 2-4 parts of potassium nitrate, 9-11 parts of calcium superphosphate and 0.8-1.2 parts of urea.
The amount of the top dressing fertilizer in the step S5 is as follows: 25-100 g/strain of ammonium nitrate, 200-400 g/strain of calcium superphosphate and 10-25 g/strain of potassium sulfate.
S6, pest control: powdery mildew and black spot are two common diseases, generally occurring in the first 6 th month, pests mainly comprise budworms, foam cicadas, chafers and the like, the damage period is mostly in the last 5 th month to the last 8 th month, and the control method comprises the following steps: a. spraying 1 time 1:1:100 times of equivalent Bordeaux mixture in the last ten days of 5 months for prevention, and then spraying 1 time every 9-11 days; b. for preventing and treating powdery mildew, 800 times of lime sulfur mixture or triadimefon and thiophanate methyl wettable powder with the Baume degree of 0.3-0.5 is used; for preventing and treating black spot, using 70% mancozeb wettable powder 600-; c. mixing deltamethrin, triadimefon and 70% wettable powder of mancozeb for preparing 600-fold liquid for 800 times in 1 week to 7 middle days after flower falling, and spraying; can prevent and cure the above two diseases and can prevent and cure various insect pests; d. cleaning the diseased branches and leaves before germination, burning or burying deeply, and spraying 1 time of 3-5 deg.C lime-sulfur mixture.
S7, harvesting: the collected schisandra chinensis fruits are subjected to medicine detection, wherein the content of soluble solids is 5.5%, the content of total sugar is 12.5%, the content of total acid is 0.6%, the content of vitamin C is 18.4 mg/100 g, the content of impurities is 0.3%, the content of water is 0.3%, the content of total ash is 0.3%, and the contents of carmine, erythrosine and acid red 73 meet the specification.
By planting the schisandra chinensis by the method, the yield and the quality of the schisandra chinensis are greatly improved, fruit bearing can be realized in 2 year of planting, the acre yield in the full-production period reaches more than 300 kilograms (dry products), the market price per kilogram is about 80 yuan, and the acre benefit reaches more than 24000 yuan.
It will be evident to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, and that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
Claims (8)
1. The standardized planting method of the schisandra chinensis is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, building a garden: selecting slightly acidic and acid soil, when building a garden on flat ground, the underground water level is below 1 m, when building a garden on mountain land, selecting shady and gentle slope land, excavating and loosening soil to form a field;
s2, seedling culture: obtaining fructus Schisandrae robust seedlings by cutting seedling or seed seedling, planting fructus Schisandrae robust seedlings on the field with row spacing of 0.5 × 2m, and planting;
s3, shaping and trimming: a stand bar: inserting a vertical frame rod corresponding to each Chinese magnoliavine seedling on a field, connecting adjacent vertical frame rods by using thick iron wires, and erecting a fence frame; b, trimming in winter: pruning in winter 2-3 weeks after the plants fall off and before the beginning of the next year of bleeding damage;
s4, summer shelf management: in the juvenile period, the selected main tendrils are timely led to the stand rod; if the length of the new shoot of the lateral tendrils of the grown trees is too long, 8-12 sections of pinching is reserved; when the parent branch is too long or the load is large, necessary binding is performed to avoid branch breaking;
s5, soil management: a, intertillage weeding: weeding for more than 5 times every year, ploughing depth is 8-12 cm, and soil in the planting belt is kept loose and free of weeds; b, deep ploughing: after the fruits are harvested, carrying out full-garden deep ploughing, wherein the ploughing depth is 25-35 cm, and finishing before the last ten days of 10 months; c, intercropping and cleaning sprout: planting short-stalk crops among rows within 1-2 years after building the garden; in the garden with more than 3 years old, the clear ploughing and leisure activities are kept; removing sprouts generated on the base of the plant in one year before the plant sprouts; d, fertilization: applying fertilizer in autumn after deep ploughing, applying 3-5 cubic meters of farmyard manure per mu, and applying fertilizer at two sides of the fence frame every other year; fertilizing near the planting ditch wall in the first 2 years; after the 3 rd year, fertilizing furrows with the depth of 30-40 cm are formed among the rows, and soil is immediately covered after fertilizer is filled; topdressing is carried out for 2 times every year, and quick-acting nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are topdressed in the germination period of the 1 st time; in the 2 nd growth middle stage of the plant, applying quick-acting phosphorus-potassium fertilizer;
s6, pest control: a. spraying 1 time of 1:1:100 times of equivalent Bordeaux mixture in late 5 months for prevention, and then spraying 1 time every 9-11 days; b. for preventing and treating powdery mildew, 800 times of lime sulfur mixture or triadimefon and thiophanate methyl wettable powder with the Baume degree of 0.3-0.5 is used; for preventing and treating black spot, using 70% mancozeb wettable powder 600-; c. mixing deltamethrin, triadimefon and 70% wettable powder of mancozeb for preparing 600-fold liquid for 800 times in 1 week to 7 middle days after flower falling, and spraying; d. cleaning diseased branches and leaves before germination, burning or burying intensively, and spraying 3-5 deg.C lime sulfur mixture for 1 time;
s7, harvesting.
2. The standardized planting method of schisandra chinensis as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specific method for raising seedlings by cutting in step S2 is as follows:
preparing a cutting material: collecting the annual semi-lignified branch for cuttage before 10 am, wherein the length of the branch is 15-20 cm, and the thickness of the branch is 0.4-0.5 cm; when cutting, one upper leaf is reserved, the lower leaf is removed, and a lower shearing opening falls on the semi-lignified joint to form a large oblique shearing opening;
and (3) cutting treatment: soaking the pruned branches in 0.1% carbendazim liquid medicine for 1-2min, and then soaking in rooting powder aqueous solution for 20-30s to obtain treated scions for future grafting;
slotting machine and substrate: the cutting bed is built in a greenhouse or a shed with good moisture retention and heat dissipation performance, a ground pool with the width of 1.0-1.2 meters and the depth of 0.3 meter is dug to form a semi-underground cutting bed, the substrate of the bed surface is 1:1 of clean river sand and screened slag ash, and the bed surface is sterilized and deinsectized by 0.1 percent of carbendazim and 0.2 percent of phoxim; the substrate is disinfected by 2 percent potassium permanganate solution in a shower way, and is leached by water once after being stacked for 2 hours and then is uniformly paved on the slotting machine according to the thickness of 15-20 cm; then, a shade shed is arranged above the frame;
cuttage: before cutting, the diameter of the hole is 1 cm, and the depth is 10-15 cm; the row spacing of the plants is 3 multiplied by 8 cm; compacting after inserting the cutting slips, wherein the cutting time is from the late 6 months to the early 8 months;
transplanting, hardening seedlings and heeling in: after cutting and rooting, controlling water and hardening seedlings, carefully digging out, planting in open field seedling beds at a plant row spacing of 12 multiplied by 25 cm, and continuously culturing to obtain robust seedlings of the schisandra chinensis.
3. The standardized planting method of schisandra chinensis as claimed in claim 2, wherein post-cutting management is required after cutting, and the post-cutting management specifically comprises: spraying water to keep the humidity in the shed above 90%, the light transmittance at 18-30% and the daily temperature at 19-28 ℃; spraying for 3-4 times per day according to humidity condition, wherein no radial flow is formed in the spray shape; then spraying once every 8-10 days.
4. The standardized planting method of schisandra chinensis as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specific method for raising seedlings of seeds in step S2 is as follows:
seed collection: collecting mature and full schisandra chinensis fruits without diseases and insect pests in late 8 months, soaking in clear water for 7-9 hours, stirring and kneading, washing off pulp on the surfaces of seeds, fishing out and drying for later use;
seed soaking: soaking in water for 3-4 days, removing blighted grains, air drying, selecting leeward and dry place, preventing water accumulation, mixing with wet river sand, storing, and promoting germination; sowing can be carried out when the split of the seeds is white in the middle and last ten days of 3 months;
sowing: adopting a drilling mode, wherein the drilling distance is 15 cm, covering 2-2.5 cm of soil after drilling, the seeding amount per mu is 4.5-5.2 kg, and seedling emergence can be realized 15-20 days after drilling; and (3) covering grass in time after 30% of seedlings come out of the soil, building a simple shade shed, properly fertilizing, watering, weeding and loosening the soil, and cultivating and planting strong schisandra chinensis seedlings with high lignification degree on the growing land.
5. The standardized planting method of schisandra chinensis as claimed in claim 4, wherein the humidity of river sand in the seed soaking step is suitable for being held by hands to form a mass without dripping water and to be loosened immediately.
6. The standardized planting method of schisandra chinensis as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specific orientations of winter pruning in the step S3 are as follows: when pruning is carried out, the pruning wound is 2-2.5 cm away from the bud eye, and no lateral vines are left in the rack surface 40 cm away from the ground surface; only cutting off immature parts of main spreading long branches before the branches and tendrils are fully covered with the frame; when side branches are trimmed, mainly trimming the middle long tips, reserving 6-8 sections, keeping the distance between every two sections at 15-20 cm, and trimming a single plant to reserve 10-15 middle long branches; retracting middle and long branches pruned in the previous year in time, selecting and reserving robust tiller strips emitted from the base of a plant as new main vines when a certain main vine is aged or the part of the main vine is moved upwards and the lower part of the main vine is bald and naked, and removing old vines; after the plant enters the adult, the base bud with larger bud body and good development is used at the crossing of the main lateral branch.
7. The standardized planting method of schisandra chinensis as claimed in claim 1, wherein the amount of top dressing fertilizer used in step S5 is: 25-100 g/strain of ammonium nitrate, 200-400 g/strain of calcium superphosphate and 10-25 g/strain of potassium sulfate.
8. The standardized planting method of schisandra chinensis as claimed in claim 1, wherein the farmyard manure in the step S5 is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 66-70 parts of decomposed farmyard manure, 11-15 parts of bean cakes, 4-6 parts of plant ash, 2-4 parts of potassium nitrate, 9-11 parts of calcium superphosphate and 0.8-1 part of urea.
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