CN110281497B - EPS sheet production line - Google Patents
EPS sheet production line Download PDFInfo
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- CN110281497B CN110281497B CN201910683665.XA CN201910683665A CN110281497B CN 110281497 B CN110281497 B CN 110281497B CN 201910683665 A CN201910683665 A CN 201910683665A CN 110281497 B CN110281497 B CN 110281497B
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 103
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006248 expandable polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 68
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 39
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000017491 Bambusa tulda Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 241001330002 Bambuseae Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/07—Flat, e.g. panels
- B29C48/08—Flat, e.g. panels flexible, e.g. films
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/28—Storing of extruded material, e.g. by winding up or stacking
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/285—Feeding the extrusion material to the extruder
- B29C48/286—Raw material dosing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/375—Plasticisers, homogenisers or feeders comprising two or more stages
- B29C48/39—Plasticisers, homogenisers or feeders comprising two or more stages a first extruder feeding the melt into an intermediate location of a second extruder
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/50—Details of extruders
- B29C48/68—Barrels or cylinders
- B29C48/681—Barrels or cylinders for single screws
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/50—Details of extruders
- B29C48/68—Barrels or cylinders
- B29C48/685—Barrels or cylinders characterised by their inner surfaces, e.g. having grooves, projections or threads
- B29C48/686—Barrels or cylinders characterised by their inner surfaces, e.g. having grooves, projections or threads having grooves or cavities
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/50—Details of extruders
- B29C48/69—Filters or screens for the moulding material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/78—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
- B29C48/80—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling at the plasticising zone, e.g. by heating cylinders
- B29C48/82—Cooling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/78—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
- B29C48/86—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling at the nozzle zone
- B29C48/87—Cooling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/78—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
- B29C48/875—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling for achieving a non-uniform temperature distribution, e.g. using barrels having both cooling and heating zones
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/88—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling
- B29C48/89—Internal treatment, e.g. by applying an internal cooling fluid stream
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2948/00—Indexing scheme relating to extrusion moulding
- B29C2948/92—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C2948/92504—Controlled parameter
- B29C2948/92704—Temperature
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an EPS sheet production line which comprises a double-screw extruder, a single-screw extruder, a static heat preservation device, a forming die, a blowing device and a winding device, wherein the forming die is arranged at an outlet of the single-screw extruder, the blowing device is arranged behind the forming die, the winding device is arranged behind the blowing device, a first feeding mechanism for conveying PS granules and auxiliary materials is arranged on the double-screw extruder, a second feeding mechanism for conveying foaming agents is arranged on the single-screw extruder, a screw heat dissipation device for dissipating heat of a single screw is arranged at one end, opposite to an output port, of the single-screw extruder, a dynamic mixing device for improving homogenization effect of a material flow is arranged on a screw barrel positioned at an output end of the single-screw extruder, and the static heat preservation device is used for keeping the material flow at an optimal extrusion forming temperature.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of EPS (expandable polystyrene) sheet production, in particular to an EPS sheet production line.
Background
When the existing KT plate is produced, a single EPS sheet is produced by adopting a serial connection mode of two single screw extruders, and then the two EPS sheets are subjected to hot pressing to prepare the plate core of the KT plate.
According to the various forms, bearing temperature degree and heat requirement of materials in the extrusion process, the material is divided into three areas of heating, constant temperature and heat preservation, in order to improve the sheet forming quality, the material flows in different areas are subjected to temperature control, and a heating device and a cooling device are added to a screw cylinder to preserve the heat of the material flows, but the method can only cool the surface temperature of the material flows, the temperature change of the core part of the material flows is small, the temperature difference between the inside and the outside is large, so that the hardness or roughness of the inside and the outside of the extruded EPS sheet is different (sunny and sunny surfaces), and therefore, the two sheets are required to be compositely processed into the plate core of the KT sheet in production, the rejection rate is high, the yield of the KT sheet is low, and the manufacturing cost is high.
It can be seen that the prior art is difficult to process and produce EPS sheets with basically the same roughness of the inner and outer surfaces, and a single EPS sheet cannot be used as a KT board core.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the invention aims to provide an EPS sheet production line, which aims to improve the quality of EPS sheets, and can be used for producing KT sheets on one side during production, so that the waste rate is reduced.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the utility model provides an EPS sheet production line, includes the extruder, including the twin-screw extruder, single screw extruder, static heat preservation device, the forming die of setting in single screw extruder exit that connect gradually, the blast apparatus of setting at the forming die rear to and the coiling mechanism of setting at the blast apparatus rear, be provided with the first feed mechanism that is used for carrying PS aggregate and auxiliary material on the twin-screw extruder, be provided with the second feed mechanism that is used for carrying the foaming agent on the single screw extruder, the one end opposite to the delivery port of single screw extruder is provided with the screw heat abstractor that is used for carrying out radiating to the single screw, is equipped with the dynamic mixing device that is used for improving the homogenization effect of material flow on the screw barrel that is located the single screw extruder output, static heat preservation device is used for making the material flow keep best extrusion molding temperature.
The screw heat dissipation device comprises a two-way flow type rotary joint and an oil supply device arranged outside the single screw extruder, wherein a blind hole extending axially is formed in the screw of the single screw extruder, far away from the shaft end of the static heat preservation device, and is connected with the rotary joint, an inner pipe is coaxially arranged in the blind hole, a heat dissipation channel is formed between the inner wall of the blind hole and the outer wall of the inner pipe, the oil supply device comprises a circulating pump, a heat dissipation pipe and an oil tank, the rotary joint is provided with a liquid guide pipe, a backflow cavity, an oil inlet and an oil drain port, the oil inlet is connected with the liquid guide pipe, the liquid guide pipe is connected with the inner pipe in an inserting mode, the oil inlet is connected with the oil tank through the circulating pump, and the oil drain port is connected with the oil tank through the heat dissipation pipe.
The dynamic mixing device comprises a circular blocking disc fixedly arranged on a screw of the single screw extruder and a shell which is sealed outside the screw cylinder, the screw cylinder of the single screw extruder comprises a first screw cylinder and a second screw cylinder which are detachably connected, one end of each of the first screw cylinder and the second screw cylinder, which are connected, is provided with a circular ring part, the inner diameter of each circular ring part is equal to the inner diameter of the screw cylinder, the outer diameter of each circular ring part is larger than the outer diameter of the screw cylinder, the end faces of the two circular ring parts facing each other are provided with a circular groove, the two circular grooves form a stepped groove for installing the blocking disc, the diameter of the blocking disc is larger than the inner diameter of the screw cylinder, the shell and the screw cylinder form a homogenizing cavity, and a plurality of homogenizing holes which are communicated with the homogenizing cavity and the inside of the screw cylinder are arranged on the first screw cylinder and the second screw cylinder.
And each circular ring part is provided with a flange part, and the first screw cylinder is connected with the second screw cylinder through the flange parts.
The static heat preservation device comprises a heat preservation cylinder, a sleeve and a controller, wherein the sleeve is hermetically sleeved outside the heat preservation cylinder, an annular groove is formed in the inner wall of the sleeve, the annular groove is positioned at the rear end part of the sleeve and forms an oil cavity for heat conduction oil circulation with the outer wall of the heat preservation cylinder, and the inner wall positioned at the front end part of the sleeve is attached to the outer wall of the heat preservation cylinder; the sleeve is provided with a first heating device and a second heating device outside, and the first heating device and the second heating device respectively heat the front end part and the rear end part of the sleeve; the sleeve is provided with a temperature sensor which is used for detecting the oil temperature in the oil cavity, and the controller is respectively connected with the temperature sensor, the first heating device and the second heating device.
The first feeding mechanism comprises a material collecting device connected with a screw cylinder of the double screw cylinder extruder, a plurality of PS hoppers and auxiliary material hoppers connected with the material collecting device, PS feeding augers arranged corresponding to the PS hoppers, auxiliary material feeding augers arranged corresponding to the auxiliary material hoppers, PS storage boxes and auxiliary material storage boxes for storing PS material particles, wherein the lower ends of the PS feeding augers extend into the PS storage boxes, and outlets at the upper ends of the PS feeding augers are aligned with the PS hoppers; the lower end of the auxiliary material feeding auger stretches into the auxiliary material storage box, and the outlet of the upper end of the auxiliary material feeding auger is aligned with the auxiliary material hopper; and the PS hopper and the auxiliary material hopper are respectively provided with a solid particle flow valve and a transverse feeder.
The second feeding mechanism comprises a double-screw extruder, wherein an input port for inputting foaming agent, a storage tank for storing the foaming agent and a pump for conveying the foaming agent are arranged on the double-screw extruder; the second feeding mechanism feeds the input port through a feeding pipe.
A filter is arranged at the outlet of the screw cylinder of the double-screw extruder; the filter comprises a shell, a filter plate inserted in the shell, a filter screen arranged in the filter plate and a cylinder for inserting the filter screen; the front wall and the rear wall of the shell are respectively provided with a through hole for EPS material to pass through, and the filter screen is inserted between the two through holes; the housing is connected with the heater.
A plurality of first heating components are arranged on the screw cylinder of the double-screw extruder, a heat radiation fan is correspondingly arranged on the lower side of each first heating component, and a second heating component and a cooling component are also arranged on the screw cylinder of the single-screw extruder.
The winding device comprises a tensioning roller set, a winding roller, a driving mechanism for driving the winding roller to wind, an atomization humidifier for spraying water mist on the EPS sheet and a plurality of static eliminating strips which are abutted against the surface of the EPS sheet.
The beneficial effects are that:
The invention provides an EPS sheet production line, wherein a first feeding mechanism sends PS granules and auxiliary materials into a double-screw extruder, the double-screw extruder is used for stirring and mixing the PS granules and the auxiliary materials uniformly, then the PS granules and the auxiliary materials are sent into a single-screw extruder through a feeding mechanism to be mixed with a foaming agent for foaming, the foaming EPS material is fully homogenized by a material flow under the action of a dynamic mixing device, the temperature difference between the outer part of the material flow and a core part is reduced, and a stable foaming core homogeneous system is formed; and then the EPS material flow is heated and insulated by a static heat insulation device and the melt pressure is established, the EPS material flow is extruded into an EPS sheet from a forming die in a conical sheet shape under the action of extrusion pressure, the EPS sheet moves backwards under the traction force of a rolling device, a cylindrical sheet is formed after shaping by the blowing device, and the sheet is pulled and rolled by the rolling device after being cut and unfolded along the length direction in the blowing device. In the production process, the screw heat dissipation device, the dynamic mixing device and the static heat preservation device play a role in controlling the temperature of the EPS material flow in a constant temperature and heat preservation area, and the foaming and extrusion effects are improved, so that the inner surface and the outer surface of the extruded EPS sheet are rough and consistent, the single EPS sheet can be used as a KT board core, the processing procedures are reduced, and the yield is improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a top view of an EPS sheet production line provided by the invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a twin-screw extruder in an EPS sheet production line provided by the invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a single screw extruder to a winding device in the EPS sheet production line provided by the invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic connection diagram of a single screw and a rotary joint in the EPS sheet production line provided by the invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic connection diagram of a rotary joint and an oil supply device in the EPS sheet production line provided by the invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic connection diagram of a first screw cylinder and a second screw cylinder in the EPS sheet production line provided by the invention.
Fig. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a dynamic mixing device in the EPS sheet production line provided by the invention.
Fig. 8 is a perspective view of a static heat preservation device in the EPS sheet production line provided by the invention.
Fig. 9 is a schematic structural diagram of a static heat preservation device in the EPS sheet production line provided by the invention.
Fig. 10 is a schematic structural diagram of a blower device in the EPS sheet production line provided by the invention.
Detailed Description
The invention provides an EPS sheet production line, which is used for making the purposes, technical schemes and effects of the invention clearer and more definite, and the invention is further described in detail below by referring to the accompanying drawings and examples. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Herein, the latter means the forward and backward directions along the direction in which the material moves, i.e., the direction in which the twin-screw extruder 1 in fig. 1 goes to the winding device 6. The dashed line portion is not visible from the outside in the figure.
Referring to fig. 1-10, the present invention provides an EPS sheet production line, which includes a twin-screw extruder 1 (i.e. two screws are disposed in a screw barrel of the twin-screw extruder), a single-screw extruder 2, a static heat preservation device 3, a forming die 4 disposed at an outlet of the single-screw extruder, a blower device 5 disposed behind the forming die, and a winding device 6 disposed behind the blower device, wherein the twin-screw extruder is provided with a first feeding mechanism a for conveying PS granules and auxiliary materials, the single-screw extruder is provided with a second feeding mechanism B for conveying foaming agents, one end of the single-screw extruder opposite to the output port is provided with a screw heat dissipation device 8 for dissipating heat from the single screw, the screw barrel disposed at an output end of the single-screw extruder is provided with a dynamic mixing device 9 for improving a homogenization effect of a material flow, and the static heat preservation device 3 is used for maintaining an optimal extrusion molding temperature of the material flow. The forming die 4 is used for extruding EPS material (EPS material is formed by foaming PS) into an EPS sheet in a conical sheet shape, the air blowing device 5 is used for shaping the EPS sheet into a cylindrical shape and then cutting and expanding the EPS sheet along the length direction, and the winding device 6 is used for winding the expanded EPS sheet. The twin screw extruder and the single screw extruder are connected by a feeding mechanism for conveying molten PS material, which is prior art and will not be described in detail herein.
During operation, the PS granules and auxiliary materials are fed into the double-screw extruder 1 by the first feeding mechanism A, uniformly stirred and mixed by the double-screw extruder 1, then fed into the single-screw extruder 2 by the feeding mechanism C and mixed with the foaming agent for foaming, and the EPS material obtained by foaming is fully homogenized by the material flow under the action of the dynamic mixing device 9, so that the temperature difference between the outer part of the material flow and the core part is reduced, and a stable foaming nuclear homogeneous system is formed; then EPS material flows through the heating heat preservation of the static heat preservation device 3 and the establishment of melt pressure, the EPS sheet is extruded into an EPS sheet from a forming die in a conical shape under the action of extrusion pressure, the EPS sheet moves backwards under the traction force of the winding device, a cylindrical sheet is formed after shaping by the blowing device, and the sheet is pulled and wound by the winding device after being cut and unfolded along the length direction in the blowing device 5, so that the whole production process is continuous, the automation degree is high, and the production efficiency is high. In addition, in the production process, the screw heat dissipation device absorbs heat on the screw of the single screw extruder, and effectively absorbs internal heat generated by shearing and calendaring actions of a part of single screws on materials, so that materials in the constant temperature area obtain proper heat, and the problem of quality of forming blanks due to excessive heat of the absorbed internal heat is avoided. Further, the EPS material passes through the dynamic mixing device 9, so that all material flows are effectively homogenized, the temperature difference between the outer part of the material flow and the core part is reduced, a stable foaming core homogeneous system is formed, and the molding quality of the EPS sheet is ensured. Preferably, the static heat preservation device 3 further improves the quality of the extruded parison by heating to preserve heat and establishing the melt pressure, and the temperature, stress, viscosity, compactness and flow rate of the material flow are more uniform. Therefore, the quality of the extruded parison of the EPS sheet is improved, so that the problem that the inner and outer surfaces of the extruded EPS sheet are rough and inconsistent (sunny and sunny surfaces) is solved, and a single EPS sheet can be used as a KT board core, so that the processing procedures are reduced, and the yield is improved.
Specifically, see fig. 4 and 5, the screw heat dissipation device 8 includes a two-way rotary joint 81 and an oil supply device 82 disposed outside the single screw extruder, a blind hole 83 extending axially is provided at a shaft end of the single screw extruder, away from the static heat insulation device, the blind hole is connected with the rotary joint 81, an inner tube 84 is coaxially disposed in the blind hole, a heat dissipation channel is formed between an inner wall of the blind hole and an outer wall of the inner tube, the oil supply device 82 includes a circulation pump 82.1, a heat dissipation tube 82.2 and an oil tank 82.3, the rotary joint includes a liquid guide tube 81.1, a backflow cavity 81.2, an oil inlet 81.3, an oil drain 81.4, the oil inlet 81.3 is connected with the liquid guide tube 81.1, the oil drain 81.4 is communicated with the backflow cavity 81.2, the liquid guide tube 81.1 is connected with the inner tube 84, the oil inlet 81.3 is connected with the oil tank 82.3 through the circulation pump 82.1, and the oil drain 81.4 is connected with the oil tank 82.3 through the heat dissipation tube 82.2. In order to be convenient for the installation of inner tube is fixed, the cover is equipped with a holding ring 86 on the tip that the inner tube is close to rotary joint, and the outer wall fixed connection of inner tube is passed through to this holding ring's inner ring, and the outer loop of this holding ring passes through the inner wall fixed connection of welding mode and blind hole, and the outer wall cover at other positions of inner tube has a plurality of bracing piece, and holding ring and the coaxial setting of inner tube. When the cooling device works, the circulating pump conveys normal-temperature oil into the inner tube, then the normal-temperature oil flows through the heat dissipation channel, the normal-temperature oil absorbs heat on the single screw rod to be changed into hot oil, and part of internal heat is effectively absorbed, so that EPS materials in the single screw rod extruder obtain proper heat, and the quality problem of forming blanks caused by excessive heat absorbing the internal heat is avoided. Finally, the hot oil flows back to the radiating pipe through the oil drain port, so that heat exchange and heat dissipation of the hot oil are accelerated to normal temperature.
Further, referring to fig. 5 and 7, the direction indicated by the arrow in fig. 7 is the flow direction of the EPS material, the dynamic mixing device 9 includes a circular baffle disc 91 fixedly disposed on the screw of the single screw extruder and a housing 92 sealed outside the screw, the screw of the single screw extruder includes a first screw 93 and a second screw 94 that are detachably connected, one end of the first screw and the second screw connected is provided with a circular ring portion 95, the inner diameter of the circular ring portion 95 is equal to the inner diameter of the screw, the outer diameter of the circular ring portion is greater than the outer diameter of the screw, the end faces of the two circular ring portions facing each other are provided with a circular groove, the two circular grooves enclose a stepped groove 96 for mounting the baffle disc, the diameter of the baffle disc 91 is greater than the inner diameter of the screw, the housing and the screw enclose a homogenizing cavity 97, and the first screw and the second screw are provided with a plurality of homogenizing holes 98 communicating with the homogenizing cavity and the inside the screw. Because a certain clearance allowance exists between the stepped groove and the blocking disc, the blocking disc is prevented from interfering with the screw cylinder when rotating, and the clearance allowance is small, a better blocking effect is achieved, the material flow is ensured to flow to the homogenization cavity only through the homogenization holes, and the homogenization effect of the material flow is improved. Here, the spiral shell section of thick bamboo adopts the sectional type to set up, the assembly of separation dish of being convenient for reduces the assembly degree of difficulty, and easy later maintenance moreover.
Preferably, a flange 99 is provided on each annular portion, and the first screw cylinder and the second screw cylinder are connected by the flange. Through setting up flange portion, guarantee the axiality and the reliability of first spiral shell section of thick bamboo and second spiral shell section of thick bamboo connection.
Preferably, as shown in fig. 8 and 9, the static heat insulation device 3 includes a heat insulation cylinder 31, a sleeve 32 sealingly sleeved outside the heat insulation cylinder, and an oil temperature machine 33, wherein an annular groove 34 is formed on the inner wall of the sleeve, the annular groove is located at the rear end of the sleeve and forms an oil cavity 35 for heat conduction oil circulation with the outer wall of the heat insulation cylinder, and the inner wall located at the front end of the sleeve is attached to the outer wall of the heat insulation cylinder; a first heating device 36 and a second heating device 37 are arranged outside the sleeve, and the first heating device and the second heating device respectively correspond to the front end part (the first heat preservation area S1) and the rear end part (the first heat preservation area S2) of the sleeve for heating; the sleeve is provided with a temperature sensor 38 for the problem of the EPS stream, and the oil temperature machine is connected to the temperature sensor.
During operation, the EPS material flows into the first heat preservation area S1, the first heating device 36 heats the front end parts of the sleeve and the heat preservation cylinder 31 to enable the material flows to reach extrusion temperature, then the EPS material flows into the second heat preservation area S2 under the pushing action, the second heating device 37 controls the second heating device according to the EPS material flow temperature detected by the temperature sensor, the oil temperature machine 33 enables the heat conduction oil of the oil cavity to be maintained at a set temperature, and accordingly the heat conduction oil evenly heats the rear end part of the heat preservation cylinder to enable the material flow in the area to be kept at the optimal extrusion temperature, and the quality of extruded parisons is greatly improved.
Specifically, as shown in fig. 1 and 2, the first feeding mechanism a includes a material collecting device A1 connected with a screw barrel of the twin-screw extruder, a plurality of PS hoppers A2 and auxiliary material hoppers A3 connected with the material collecting device, PS feeding augers A4 arranged corresponding to the PS hoppers, auxiliary material feeding augers A5 arranged corresponding to the auxiliary material hoppers, PS storage tanks A6 and auxiliary material storage tanks A7 for storing PS granules, the lower ends of the PS feeding augers A4 extend into the PS storage tanks A6, and outlets at the upper ends of the PS feeding augers A4 are aligned with the PS hoppers A2; the lower end of the auxiliary material feeding auger A5 extends into the auxiliary material storage box A7, and the outlet of the upper end of the auxiliary material feeding auger A is aligned with the auxiliary material hopper A3; . In order to be convenient for the collection glassware is connected with the hopper, the interior cavity that has of collection glassware A1, the upper portion is the last casing A1.1 of a square, the lower part is a conical inferior valve A1.2, four sides of going up the casing all set up the pan feeding mouth, PS hopper or auxiliary material hopper can be connected according to actual demand, because twin-screw extruder has two screws, compare prior art, PS hopper and auxiliary material need not separate the pay-off, PS hopper and auxiliary material are gathered together, the extrusion effect at two screws, the homogeneity degree of stirring is higher, can effectively avoid the material to gather into clusters, promote EPS material's foaming effect. Preferably, the PS hopper and the auxiliary material hopper are both provided with a transverse feeder A9, the transverse feeder comprises a motor, a speed reducer and a feeding double screw, the motor drives the speed reducer to drive the feeding double screw to reversely rotate, and the motor controls the rotating speed of the double screw through a frequency converter so as to accurately control the formula dosage corresponding to each raw material.
Further, as shown in fig. 3, the second feeding mechanism B includes a twin-screw extruder provided with an input port B1 for inputting a foaming agent, a storage tank B2 for storing the foaming agent, and a pump B3 for delivering the foaming agent; the second feeding mechanism feeds the input port through a feeding pipe B4.
Preferably, a filter D is arranged at the outlet of the screw barrel of the twin-screw extruder shown in FIG. 1; the filter comprises a shell D1, a filter plate D2 inserted in the shell, a filter screen arranged in the filter plate and a cylinder D3 for inserting the filter screen; the front wall and the rear wall of the shell are respectively provided with a through hole for passing PS materials, and the filter screen is inserted between the two through holes; the housing is connected to a heater D5. When PS material passes through the shell, impurities can be filtered out by the filter screen and adhered to the filter screen, and when the impurities are accumulated to a certain degree, the filter plate can be pulled out by the air cylinder, and then the impurities on the filter screen are cleaned. Because the temperature of the filter plate can be suddenly reduced in the process of cleaning impurities on the filter plate, when the filter plate is inserted again to influence the temperature of the PS material flow, the PS material flow is difficult to completely plasticize, and the heater is arranged on the shell, so that the shell can supplement the lost heat for the PS material flow, and the influence of the filter on the PS material is reduced. The heater is set as an electric heating plate.
Preferably, as shown in fig. 1-3, a plurality of first heating assemblies E1 are disposed on the screw barrel of the twin-screw extruder, a heat dissipation fan E2 is disposed on the lower side of each first heating assembly E, and a second heating assembly E4 and a cooling assembly E3 are also disposed on the screw barrel of the single-screw extruder. When the heating temperature of the first heating component is too high, the heat dissipation fan performs air cooling heat dissipation, so that the phenomenon that the melting effect of PS materials is influenced due to the fact that the internal temperature of a screw cylinder of the double-screw extruder is too high is avoided. The second heating component can properly insulate the screw barrel of the single screw extruder, excessive loss of the temperature of the screw barrel is avoided, the cooling component dissipates heat of the screw barrel of the double screw extruder, the requirement that internal heat generated by shearing and calendaring of materials by a single screw exceeds the materials is further avoided, and the cooling component E3 comprises a water tank E3.1 and a heat conduction pipe E3.2 used for connecting the screw barrel of the double screw extruder and the water tank.
Preferably, referring to fig. 1-3, the winding device 6 includes a tension roller set 61, a winding roller 62, a driving mechanism 63 for driving the winding roller to wind, an atomization humidifier 64 for spraying water mist on the EPS sheet, and a plurality of static eliminating strips 65 abutting against the surface of the EPS sheet. The EPS sheet can be flattened by the tensioning roller set, the bending generated during shaping in the air blowing device is eliminated, and the EPS sheet is convenient to roll. The dual effect of static elimination can be achieved by spraying water mist and static elimination bars.
It should be noted that, referring to fig. 3 and 10, the blower device 5 includes a frame 51, a first blower 52 and an electric cabinet 53 disposed on the frame, a cylindrical guide cylinder 54 fixed on the top of the electric cabinet, and a cutter 55 disposed on the rear side of the guide cylinder; the front end of the guide cylinder is opposite to the outlet of the forming die 4, and the guide cylinder is provided with an air inlet pipe 56 penetrating through the front end and the rear end and a plurality of air return holes 57 communicated with the front end and the rear end; the first air blower is connected with the rear end of the air inlet pipe through an air pipe; the cutter is used for cutting the cylindrical EPS sheet from the downside, preferably, still be provided with an air exhauster 58 on the electric cabinet, this air exhauster is used for extracting the hot air current that is located the return air hole of guide cylinder downside, guarantees the hot air current and discharges fast to make the cooling effect of the internal surface of PS sheet better, can avoid leading to "hardness/roughness deviation great" phenomenon of internal surface and surface to take place because the internal and external surface cooling degree difference is too big.
During operation, the air inlet pipe 56 blows air from back to front (along the direction of a curved arrow in fig. 10), the conical EPS sheets are blown to form the bulge, air flows out from the air return holes 57 after hitting the EPS sheets to ensure that wind energy continuously enters, and the expanded EPS sheets move backwards along the circumferential surface of the guide cylinder under the traction of the winding machine, so that the cylindrical sheets are cooled and shaped into the cylindrical sheets, and when the cylindrical sheets move to the position of the cutter, the cylindrical sheets are cut and unfolded from the lower side by the cutter.
In this embodiment, a delivery pipe 59 for delivering water mist to the front of the guide cylinder is further provided in the air inlet pipe, and the guide cylinder and the sheet are cooled by delivering water mist forward, so that shaping of the sheet is promoted. Preferably, the blowing device further includes a guide rail 50a, a driving motor 50b, and a decelerator 50c provided in a moving direction of the EPS sheet, and the frame is movably provided on the guide rail by a roller 50 d. The driving motor is used for driving the speed reducer to enable the speed reducer to drive the roller to move through the belt, the distance requirements from the forming die to the guide cylinder are different, the position of the frame is adjustable, the production requirements of the sheets with different thicknesses can be met, and the applicability is strong.
Preferably, as shown in fig. 3, the forming mold 4 is provided with an air ring 41 and a second blower 46 for blowing air to the air ring; a plurality of air inlets 42 are uniformly arranged on the circumferential surface of the air ring along the circumferential direction, annular air outlets 43 are formed on the rear side surface of the air ring, air enters the air ring from each air inlet along the radial direction and finally is sprayed out from the air outlets backwards (the air moves along the solid arrows in fig. 3), and the sprayed air is relatively uniform along the circumferential direction; because the air is flowing against the surface of the forming die, heat can be effectively taken away, so that the sheet is uniformly cooled, and the phenomenon of large hardness/roughness deviation between the inner surface and the outer surface caused by overlarge difference of the cooling degrees of the inner surface and the outer surface is further avoided.
It will be understood that equivalents and modifications will occur to those skilled in the art in light of the present invention and their spirit, and all such modifications and substitutions are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention as defined in the following claims.
Claims (3)
1. The EPS sheet production line is characterized by comprising a double-screw extruder, a single-screw extruder, a static heat preservation device, a forming die arranged at an outlet of the single-screw extruder, a blowing device arranged behind the forming die, and a winding device arranged behind the blowing device, wherein the double-screw extruder is provided with a first feeding mechanism for conveying PS granules and auxiliary materials, the single-screw extruder is provided with a second feeding mechanism for conveying foaming agents, one end of the single-screw extruder opposite to an output port is provided with a screw heat dissipation device for dissipating heat of the single screw, a screw barrel positioned at the output end of the single-screw extruder is provided with a dynamic mixing device for improving homogenization effect of material flow, the static heat preservation device is used for keeping the optimal extrusion molding temperature of the material flow; the screw heat dissipation device comprises a two-way flow type rotary joint and an oil supply device arranged outside the single screw extruder, wherein the shaft end of the screw of the single screw extruder, which is far away from the static heat preservation device, is provided with a blind hole extending axially, the blind hole is connected with the rotary joint, an inner pipe is coaxially arranged in the blind hole, a heat dissipation channel is formed between the inner wall of the blind hole and the outer wall of the inner pipe, the oil supply device comprises a circulating pump, a heat dissipation pipe and an oil tank, the rotary joint is provided with a liquid guide pipe, a backflow cavity, an oil inlet and an oil drain port, the oil inlet is connected with the liquid guide pipe, the liquid guide pipe is connected with the inner pipe in an inserting way, the oil inlet is connected with the oil tank through the circulating pump, the oil drain port is connected with the oil tank through a radiating pipe; The dynamic mixing device comprises a circular blocking disc fixedly arranged on a screw of the single screw extruder and a shell hermetically sleeved outside the screw barrel, the screw barrel of the single screw extruder comprises a first screw barrel and a second screw barrel which are detachably connected, one end of each of the first screw barrel and the second screw barrel which are connected is provided with a circular ring part, the inner diameter of each circular ring part is equal to the inner diameter of the screw barrel, the outer diameter of each circular ring part is larger than the outer diameter of the screw barrel, the end faces of the two circular ring parts facing each other are provided with a circular groove, the two circular grooves form a stepped groove for installing the blocking disc, the diameter of the blocking disc is larger than the inner diameter of the screw barrel, the shell and the screw barrel form a homogenizing cavity, and a plurality of homogenizing holes which are communicated with the homogenizing cavity and the inside of the screw barrel are arranged on the first screw barrel and the second screw barrel; A flange part is arranged on each circular ring part, and the first screw cylinder is connected with the second screw cylinder through the flange part; the blowing device comprises a frame, a first blower and an electric cabinet which are arranged on the frame, a cylindrical guide cylinder fixed at the top of the electric cabinet, and a cutter arranged at the rear side of the guide cylinder; the front end of the guide cylinder is opposite to the outlet of the forming die, and the guide cylinder is provided with an air inlet pipe penetrating through the front end and the rear end and a plurality of air return holes communicated with the front end and the rear end; the first air blower is connected with the rear end of the air inlet pipe through an air pipe; the cutter is used for cutting the cylindrical EPS sheet from the lower side; the electric cabinet is also provided with an exhaust fan which is used for extracting hot air flow of the air return hole positioned at the lower side of the guide cylinder, so that the hot air flow is ensured to be discharged rapidly, and the cooling effect of the inner surface of the EPS sheet is better; The forming die is provided with an air ring and a second blower for blowing air to the air ring; a plurality of air inlets are uniformly formed in the circumferential surface of the air ring along the circumferential direction, and annular air outlets are formed in the rear side surface of the air ring; the static heat preservation device comprises a heat preservation cylinder, a sleeve and a controller, wherein the sleeve is hermetically sleeved outside the heat preservation cylinder, an annular groove is formed in the inner wall of the sleeve, the annular groove is positioned at the rear end part of the sleeve and forms an oil cavity for heat conduction oil circulation with the outer wall of the heat preservation cylinder, and the inner wall positioned at the front end part of the sleeve is attached to the outer wall of the heat preservation cylinder; the sleeve is provided with a first heating device and a second heating device outside, and the first heating device and the second heating device respectively heat the front end part and the rear end part of the sleeve; The sleeve is provided with a temperature sensor which is used for detecting the oil temperature in the oil cavity, and the controller is respectively connected with the temperature sensor, the first heating device and the second heating device; the first feeding mechanism comprises a material collecting device connected with a screw cylinder of the double screw cylinder extruder, a plurality of PS hoppers and auxiliary material hoppers connected with the material collecting device, PS feeding augers arranged corresponding to the PS hoppers, auxiliary material feeding augers arranged corresponding to the auxiliary material hoppers, PS storage boxes and auxiliary material storage boxes for storing PS material particles, wherein the lower ends of the PS feeding augers extend into the PS storage boxes, and outlets at the upper ends of the PS feeding augers are aligned with the PS hoppers; the lower end of the auxiliary material feeding auger stretches into the auxiliary material storage box, and the outlet of the upper end of the auxiliary material feeding auger is aligned with the auxiliary material hopper; The PS hopper and the auxiliary material hopper are respectively provided with a solid particle flow valve and a transverse feeder; the second feeding mechanism comprises an input port, a storage tank and a pump, the input port is arranged on the double-screw extruder and used for inputting foaming agent, the storage tank is used for storing the foaming agent, and the pump is used for conveying the foaming agent; the second feeding mechanism feeds materials to the input port through a feeding pipe; a plurality of first heating components are arranged on the screw cylinder of the double-screw extruder, a heat radiation fan is correspondingly arranged on the lower side of each first heating component, and a second heating component and a cooling component are also arranged on the screw cylinder of the single-screw extruder.
2. The EPS sheet production line according to claim 1, characterized in that a filter is provided at the outlet of the barrel of the twin-screw extruder; the filter comprises a shell, a filter plate inserted in the shell, a filter screen arranged in the filter plate and a cylinder for inserting the filter screen; through holes for EPS materials to pass through are formed in the front wall and the rear wall of the shell, the filter screen is inserted between the two through holes, and the shell is connected with the heater.
3. The EPS sheet production line according to claim 1, characterized in that the winding device comprises a tensioning roller set, a winding roller, a driving mechanism for driving the winding roller to wind, an atomization humidifier for spraying water mist on the EPS sheet and a plurality of static eliminating strips which are abutted against the surface of the EPS sheet.
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| CN112793026A (en) * | 2021-01-28 | 2021-05-14 | 武汉旭力保温材料有限公司 | Heat-insulation board forming process based on environment-friendly foaming process and processing system thereof |
| JP2023117582A (en) * | 2022-02-14 | 2023-08-24 | 株式会社日本製鋼所 | Extruder and method for producing resin composition |
| CN115230108B (en) * | 2022-08-06 | 2025-06-20 | 广州创裕泡沫制品有限公司 | Foam material for food packaging and preparation method thereof |
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