CN110266557A - Broadband service quality monitoring method, device and system - Google Patents

Abstract

The embodiment of the invention discloses a broadband service quality monitoring method, device and system, which relate to the field of communication technology and are used to solve the technical problem in the prior art that operators cannot provide network quality monitoring for Internet content service providing platforms. The method includes: receiving a service request message carrying a dial test task and a dial test range; wherein, the dial test task includes: dial test time, and a dial test content identifier of the dial test content; the dial test range includes: dial test area range, and Dialing the number of test users; determining at least one target home smart gateway according to the dial test range, sending a dial test request message carrying a dial test task to at least one target home smart gateway; receiving at least one target home smart gateway according to the dial test request message returned Dial test results, generate broadband service quality monitoring results according to the dial test results. The embodiment of the present invention is used for dial testing the network capability of the Internet content provider.

Description

Broadband service quality monitoring method, device and system

technical field

The embodiments of the present invention relate to the technical field of communications, and in particular to a broadband service quality monitoring method, device and system.

Background technique

With the development of the Internet and the rapid growth of network application traffic, Internet content and services provided by Internet content service providing platforms (such as Internet content providing platforms and Internet service providing platforms) are increasingly rich and diverse. Specific video, audio, text, playback applications, game applications and other content service platforms) can provide Internet users with Internet content or services involving multiple fields such as video, live broadcast, comics, e-books, etc. demand.

Currently, Internet content service providing platforms provide Internet content or services to users through operator networks. In reality, since operators are unable to provide Internet content service provider platforms for network quality monitoring, for example, specific content or services provided by Internet content service provider platforms (such as live broadcasts of large-scale evening shows such as Spring Festival Gala live broadcasts, and specific festival activities such as Double Eleven events) etc.), when users use some specific content or services provided by the Internet content service platform, it is easy to experience interruptions in the playback process of Internet content, long connection delays or timeouts in the service access process, or even inability to access The situation of poor network quality not only seriously damages the user experience, but also affects the smooth progress of the online and operation process of specific content or services provided by the Internet content service provider platform.

Contents of the invention

Embodiments of the present invention provide a broadband service quality monitoring method, device and system, which are used to solve the technical problem in the prior art that operators cannot provide network quality monitoring for Internet content service providing platforms.

In the first aspect, a broadband service quality monitoring method is provided, including:

Receive the service request message carrying the dial test task and the dial test range sent by the Internet content service provider platform; wherein, the dial test task includes: dial test time, and the dial test content identifier of the dial test content; the dial test range includes: dial test area range, and the number of dial-up users;

Determine at least one target home smart gateway according to the dial test range, and send a dial test request message carrying a dial test task to at least one target home smart gateway;

Receive a dial test result returned by at least one target home intelligent gateway according to the dial test request message, and generate a broadband service quality monitoring result according to the dial test result.

In the broadband service quality monitoring method provided in the embodiment of the present invention, at least one target home intelligent gateway can be determined according to the service request message carrying the dial test task and the dial test range sent by the Internet content service providing platform, and by sending at least one target home smart gateway The gateway sends a dial test request message carrying a dial test task to obtain a dial test result corresponding to the dial test task, and finally generates a broadband service quality monitoring result according to the dial test result. It can be seen that the embodiment of the present invention can realize the dial-up test and evaluation of the specific content or service provided by the Internet content service provider platform according to the dial-up test task sent by the Internet content service provider platform and the dial-up test range, thereby solving the problem of operating problems in the prior art. The technical problem that the provider cannot provide network quality monitoring for the Internet content service provider platform, so that the Internet content service provider platform can adjust and optimize the network capability of the Internet content service provider platform to provide specific content or services according to the test results, effectively avoid When users use some specific content or services provided by the Internet content service provider platform, the content playback process freezes, the service access process has a long connection delay or timeout, and other poor network quality experience, while improving user experience, guarantee The online and operation process of the specific content or service provided by the Internet content service provider platform can proceed smoothly.

In the second aspect, a broadband service quality monitoring device is provided, including:

The receiving module is used to receive the service request message carrying the dial test task and the dial test range sent by the Internet content service providing platform; wherein, the dial test task includes: the dial test time and the dial test content identifier of the dial test content; the dial test range Including: dial test area range, and the number of dial test users;

A determination module, configured to determine at least one target home smart gateway according to the dial test range received in the receiving module, and send a dial test request message carrying a dial test task to at least one target home smart gateway;

The processing module is configured to receive a dial test result returned by at least one target home intelligent gateway according to the dial test request message, and generate a broadband service quality monitoring result according to the dial test result.

In a third aspect, a broadband service quality monitoring device is provided, including: one or more processors; the processors are used to execute computer program codes in the memory, and the computer program codes include instructions, so that the broadband service quality monitoring device executes the above-mentioned first aspect Broadband service quality monitoring method.

In a fourth aspect, a storage medium is provided. The storage medium stores instruction codes, and the instruction codes are used to execute the broadband service quality monitoring method in the first aspect above.

In a fifth aspect, a computer program product is provided, the computer program product includes instruction codes, and the instruction codes are used to execute the broadband service quality monitoring method in the first aspect above.

It can be understood that the broadband service quality monitoring device, storage medium and computer product provided above are used to implement the method corresponding to the first aspect provided above, therefore, the beneficial effects that it can achieve can refer to the first aspect above The method and the beneficial effects of the corresponding solutions in the following specific implementation manners will not be repeated here.

Description of drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the following will briefly introduce the drawings that need to be used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art. Obviously, the accompanying drawings in the following description are only These are some embodiments of the present invention, and the drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating preferred implementations, and are not considered to limit the present invention.

Fig. 1a shows a method flowchart of a broadband service quality monitoring method provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 1b shows a method flowchart of a broadband service quality monitoring method provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 2 shows a functional structural block diagram of a broadband service quality monitoring device provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 3 shows a functional structural block diagram of a broadband service quality monitoring device provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

Figure 4a shows a functional structural block diagram of a broadband service quality monitoring system provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

Fig. 4b shows a functional structural block diagram of a broadband service quality monitoring system provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

Detailed ways

The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present application, but not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments in this application, all other embodiments obtained by persons of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts fall within the protection scope of this application. The use of the terms "first" and "second" etc. does not denote any order, and the above terms may be interpreted as names of the described objects. In the embodiments of the present invention, words such as "exemplary" or "for example" are used as examples, illustrations or illustrations. Any embodiment or design solution described as "exemplary" or "for example" in the embodiments of the present invention shall not be construed as being more preferred or more advantageous than other embodiments or design solutions. Rather, the use of words such as "exemplary" or "such as" is intended to present related concepts in a concrete manner.

At present, with the development of the Internet and the rapid growth of network application traffic, in order to ensure the quality of broadband services and realize the controllability of home broadband services, operators currently deploy dial-up test plug-ins on home gateways, so that they can pass dial-test plug-ins Carry out a dial-up test on a designated website, so as to evaluate the operator's network quality, or perform fault diagnosis on the user's network broadband. However, in reality, the above-mentioned monitoring process of broadband service quality is only for Internet broadband users to diagnose network link failures of operators themselves. The monitoring capabilities of the network and operation of the service provider platform. For example, for specific content or services provided by the Internet content service provider platform, such as the live broadcast of large-scale evening shows such as the Spring Festival Gala live broadcast, and specific festival activities such as the Double Eleven event, operators are often unable to monitor Internet content services. The monitoring of the network capabilities of the platform to provide the above-mentioned specific content or services (for example, whether the server of the Internet content service provider platform can bear the traffic of users, etc.), makes it easy for users to use some specific content or services provided by the Internet content service provider platform. Poor network quality, such as interruption of Internet content playback, long connection delays or timeouts during service access, or even inaccessibility, will not only seriously damage the user experience, but also lead to specific content or services provided by the Internet content service provider platform. The on-line and operation process cannot be carried out smoothly.

Based on the above existing problems, an embodiment of the present invention provides a broadband service quality monitoring method, as shown in Figure 1a, including the following steps:

Step S110: Receive a service request message carrying a dial-up test task and a dial-up test range sent by the Internet content service providing platform.

Specifically, the Internet content service providing platform may include a content service platform that provides specific content services such as video, audio, text, playback applications, and game applications. In specific implementation, the Internet content service providing platform may include: Internet content provider (internet content provider, ICP) or Internet service provider (internet server provider, ISP) server, service quality (Quality of Service, QoS) equipment etc. and network Service-related equipment.

The dial test task can include information related to the dial test operation, such as the dial test time (such as 0 am, 20:00 pm, etc.), the dial test content identifier of the dial test content, etc.; the dial test range can include information, such as the dial-up area and the number of dial-up users. Wherein, the type of the dial test content may include any one of web page type, video type and game type; the status of the dial test content may include any of the following: online status and offline status.

Further, in order to realize the dial-up test of the content service provided by the Internet content service providing platform to a specific user, the above-mentioned dial-up test task may further include: dial-up test verification information of the predetermined user. In a specific implementation, the above predetermined user may be a user with specific authority, such as a member user of a video website, a paid user, etc., and the dial test verification information of the predetermined user may be key information that allows access to the dial test content of the predetermined user.

Step S120: Determine at least one target home smart gateway according to the dialing range.

Specifically, according to the dialing range obtained in step S110, at least one target home smart gateway corresponding to the dialing range is determined. For example, if the dial-up test area in the dial-up test range is Yanta District, Xi'an City, and the number of dial-up test users is 1000, then select 1000 home smart gateways from the home smart gateways that belong to Yanta District, Xi'an City as targets Home Smart Gateway. In specific implementation, the determination method of determining the target home intelligent gateway according to the dialing range can be set by those skilled in the art according to the actual situation, which is not limited in the present invention.

Step S130: Send a dial test request message carrying a dial test task to at least one target home smart gateway.

Step S140: Receive a dial test result returned by at least one target home intelligent gateway according to the dial test request message, and generate a broadband service quality monitoring result according to the dial test result.

Specifically, the dial-up test results may include, but are not limited to: broadband download rate, or display time of the first screen, and other information that can reflect the network capabilities of the Internet content service provider platform to provide users with specific content or services. In specific implementation, when the status of the dial-up test content is online, real-time monitoring can be performed on the network capability of the Internet content service provider platform to provide users with specific content or services; when the status of the dial-up test content is not online, the Predict the network capabilities of the Internet content service provider platform to provide users with specific content or services. When the broadband service quality monitoring result is generated according to the dialing test result, the dialing test result can be directly used as the broadband service quality monitoring result, or the dialing test result can be processed according to the actual situation to obtain the broadband service quality monitoring result. For example, if the dial test result is the broadband download rate, obtain the average value of the broadband download rate returned by at least one target home smart gateway as the broadband service quality monitoring result, or obtain the maximum and minimum broadband download rates returned by at least one target home smart gateway The difference between the values is used as the monitoring result of broadband service quality, and so on. In specific implementation, the above-mentioned broadband service quality monitoring results can reflect the network capability of the Internet content service provider platform to provide users with specific content or services, and the Internet content service provider platform can provide specific content to the Internet content service provider platform based on the above-mentioned broadband service quality monitoring results. or service network capabilities to analyze and evaluate.

It can be seen that, in the broadband service quality monitoring method provided by the embodiment of the present invention, at least one target home intelligent gateway can be determined according to the service request message carrying the dial-up test task and the dial-up test range sent by the Internet content service providing platform, by sending at least one A target home intelligent gateway sends a dial test request message carrying a dial test task to obtain a dial test result corresponding to the dial test task, and finally generates a broadband service quality monitoring result according to the dial test result. Therefore, the embodiment of the present invention can realize the dial-up test and evaluation of the specific content or service provided by the Internet content service provider platform according to the dial-up test task and the dial-up test range sent by the Internet content service provider platform, thereby solving the problem that operators cannot Provide the technical issues of network quality assessment for the Internet content service provider platform, so that the Internet content service provider platform can adjust and optimize the network capability of the Internet content service provider platform to provide specific content or services according to the dial test results, and effectively prevent users from When using some specific content or services provided by the Internet content service provider platform, the content playback process is interrupted, the service access process has a long connection delay or timeout, and the network quality experience is poor. While improving user experience, the Internet content is guaranteed. The online and operation process of specific content or services provided by the service provider platform can proceed smoothly.

Optionally, after performing S140, as shown in FIG. 1b, the embodiment of the present invention may further perform the following steps:

Step S150: Send the broadband service quality monitoring result to the Internet content service providing platform.

Step S160: Receive the redirection strategy returned by the Internet content service providing platform according to the broadband service quality monitoring result.

Step S170: Redirect the dial test content according to the redirect policy.

There are many ways to redirect the dial test content according to the redirection strategy, such as domain name system (domain name system, DNS) redirection, hypertext transfer protocol (hyper text transport protocol, HTTP) redirection, etc., the present invention The embodiment does not limit the manner of redirection.

Finally, it should be noted that, through the embodiment of the present invention, the fixed-line broadband operation system that can provide platforms for Internet content services outside the operator (such as content service platforms such as specific videos, playback applications, and game applications) can be used for family As a unit, the intelligent gateway conducts dial-up tests on the broadband service execution of the Internet content service provider platform, guarantees the network operation capability of the broadband service provider of the Internet content service provider platform, and conducts a complete end-to-end operation of the server and QoS system of the Internet content service provider platform The dial test can also cooperate with the Internet content service provider platform to redirect the dial test content according to the redirection strategy returned by the dial test result, so as to provide differentiated services for the Internet content service provider platform.

The embodiment of the present invention also provides a broadband service quality monitoring device. It can be understood that the broadband service quality monitoring device provided in the embodiment of the present invention is used to realize the corresponding functions in the above method embodiments, and it includes the corresponding hardware structures and/or software modules. Those skilled in the art should easily realize that, in combination with the algorithm steps of the examples described in the embodiments disclosed herein, the present invention can be implemented in the form of hardware or a combination of hardware and computer software. Whether a certain function is executed by hardware or computer software drives hardware depends on the specific application and design constraints of the technical solution. Those skilled in the art may use different methods to implement the described functions for each specific application, but such implementation should not be regarded as exceeding the scope of the present invention.

The embodiments of the present invention can divide the function modules of the broadband service quality monitoring device according to the above method embodiments, for example, each function module can be divided corresponding to each function, or two or more functions can be integrated into one processing module . The above-mentioned integrated modules can be implemented in the form of hardware or in the form of software function modules. It should be noted that the division of modules in the embodiment of the present invention is schematic, and is only a logical function division, and there may be another division manner in actual implementation.

In the case of dividing each functional module corresponding to each function, Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the functional structure of the broadband service quality monitoring device involved in the embodiment of the present invention. As shown in Fig. 2, the broadband service quality monitoring device is specifically used to implement In the above method embodiments corresponding to FIG. 1a and FIG. 1b , the device for monitoring broadband service quality may be a separate device or integrated into a device on an Internet content service providing platform. The broadband service quality monitoring device includes:

The receiving module 21 is used to receive the service request message carrying the dial test task and the dial test scope sent by the Internet content service providing platform; wherein, the dial test task includes: dial test time and dial test content identifier of the dial test content; dial test The scope includes: the range of the dial-up test area and the number of dial-up test users.

The determination module 22 is configured to determine at least one target home smart gateway according to the dial test range received in the receiving module 21, and send a dial test request message carrying a dial test task to at least one target home smart gateway.

It can be understood that only one target home smart gateway is schematically shown in FIG. 2 . In specific implementation, when there are multiple target home smart gateways, the connection mode between each target home smart gateway and the broadband service quality monitoring device is the same as that shown in FIG. The connections are the same as those shown in 2.

The processing module 23 is configured to receive a dial test result returned by at least one target home intelligent gateway according to the dial test request message, and generate a broadband service quality monitoring result according to the dial test result.

Optionally, the broadband service quality monitoring also includes: redirection module 24, for:

Send the broadband service quality monitoring result obtained in the processing module 23 to the Internet content service providing platform; receive the redirection strategy returned by the Internet content service providing platform according to the broadband service quality monitoring result; redirect the dialing test content according to the redirection strategy.

Optionally, the type of dial-up test content includes: web page type, video type, and game type; the type of dial-up test result includes: broadband download rate, or display time of the first screen.

Optionally, the status of the dial-up content includes any of the following: an online status or an offline status.

Optionally, if the status of the content to be dialed is already online, the dialing test task further includes: the dialing test verification information of the predetermined user; and the dialing test result includes: the dialing test result of the service content of the predetermined user corresponding to the predetermined user.

All relevant content of each step involved in the above method embodiment can be referred to the function description of the corresponding function module, and its function will not be repeated here.

In the case of using an integrated module, the broadband service quality monitoring device includes: a storage unit, a processing unit and an interface unit. The processing unit is used to control and manage the processing actions of the broadband service quality monitoring device, for example, the processing unit is used to support the broadband service quality monitoring device to execute the steps in Fig. 1a and Fig. 1b. The interface unit is used for the interaction between the broadband service quality monitoring device and other devices; the storage unit is used for storing the code and data of the broadband service quality monitoring device.

Wherein, the processing unit is a processor, the storage unit is a memory, and the interface unit is a communication interface as an example. Wherein, the broadband service quality monitoring device is shown in FIG. 3 , including a communication interface 301 , a processor 302 , a memory 303 and a bus 304 .

The processor 302 can be a general-purpose central processing unit (Central Processing Unit, CPU), a microprocessor, a specific application integrated circuit (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit, ASIC), or one or more for controlling the execution of the application program program integrated circuit.

The memory 303 may be a read-only memory (Read-Only Memory, ROM) or other types of static storage devices that can store static information and instructions, and a random access memory (Random Access Memory, RAM) or other types that can store information and instructions It can also be an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory, EEPROM), a CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, CD-ROM) or other optical disk storage, optical disk storage ( including compact discs, laser discs, optical discs, digital versatile discs, blu-ray discs, etc.), magnetic disk storage media or other magnetic storage devices, or can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and can be stored by a computer Any other medium, but not limited to. The memory can exist independently and be connected to the processor through the bus. Memory can also be integrated with the processor.

Wherein, the memory 303 is used to store the application program code for executing the solution of the present application, and the execution is controlled by the processor 302 . The communication interface 301 is used to support the interaction between the broadband service quality monitoring device and other devices. The processor 302 is configured to execute the application code stored in the memory 303, so as to implement the method in the embodiment of the present invention.

The steps of the methods or algorithms described in conjunction with the disclosure of the present invention may be implemented in the form of hardware, or may be implemented in the form of a processor executing software instructions. The embodiment of the present invention also provides a storage medium, which may include a memory for storing computer software instructions used by the broadband service quality monitoring device, including program codes designed to execute the broadband service quality monitoring method. Specifically, the software instructions may be composed of corresponding software modules, and the software modules may be stored in random access memory (Random Access Memory, RAM), flash memory, read only memory (Read Only Memory, ROM), erasable programmable only memory, etc. Read memory (Erasable Programmable ROM, EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (Electrically EPROM, EEPROM), registers, hard disk, removable hard disk, CD-ROM, or any other form of storage known in the art medium. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. Of course, the storage medium may also be a component of the processor.

The embodiment of the present invention also provides a broadband service quality monitoring system, as shown in Fig. 4a and Fig. 4b, including: an Internet content service providing platform, at least one target home intelligent gateway, and any of the above-mentioned broadband service quality monitoring devices. Wherein, Fig. 4a shows a block diagram of the functional structure of the broadband service quality monitoring system corresponding to when the broadband service quality monitoring device is a separate device, and Fig. 4b shows that the broadband service quality monitoring device is integrated into the Internet content service providing platform (ie: Internet Among the devices of the content service providing platform) is a block diagram of the functional structure of the broadband service quality monitoring system corresponding. It can be understood that only one target home smart gateway is schematically shown in FIG. 4a and FIG. 4b. In specific implementation, when there are multiple target home smart gateways, the connection between each target home smart gateway and the broadband service quality monitoring device The connection is the same as shown in Figure 4a and Figure 4b.

An embodiment of the present invention also provides a computer program, which can be directly loaded into a memory and contains software codes. After being loaded and executed by a computer, the computer program can realize the above broadband service quality monitoring method.

Those skilled in the art should be aware that, in the above one or more examples, the functions described in the present invention may be implemented by hardware, software, firmware or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer.

The above is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in the present invention shall be covered within the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be based on the protection scope of the claims.

Claims (11)

1. a kind of broadband service quality monitoring method characterized by comprising

Receive the business request information for carrying testing task and testing range that internet content service providing platform is sent；Its In, the testing task includes: the testing content identification of testing time and testing content；The testing range includes: testing Regional scope and testing number of users；

At least one target household intelligent gateway is determined according to the testing range, at least one described target household intelligent network Pass issues the testing request message for carrying the testing task；

The testing that at least one target household intelligent gateway described in receiving is returned according to the testing request message is as a result, according to institute It states testing result and generates broadband services quality-monitoring result.

2. broadband service quality monitoring method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described according to the testing result After generating broadband services quality-monitoring result, the method also includes:

The broadband services quality-monitoring result is sent to the internet content service providing platform；

Receive the redirection plan that the internet content service providing platform is returned according to the broadband services quality-monitoring result Slightly；

The testing content is redirected according to the redirection strategy.

3. broadband service quality monitoring method according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the class of the testing content Type includes: type of webpage, video type and type of play；The type of the testing result include: broadband downloaded rate or Head screen presentation time.

4. broadband service quality monitoring method according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the shape of the testing content State includes any one of following: online state and not online state.

5. broadband service quality monitoring method according to claim 4, which is characterized in that if the state of institute's testing content is Online state, the testing task further include: the testing verification information of predesignated subscriber；Then the testing result includes: described The corresponding predesignated subscriber's business tine testing result of predesignated subscriber.

6. a kind of broadband services quality monitoring device characterized by comprising

Receiving module, for receiving the industry for carrying testing task and testing range of internet content service providing platform transmission Business request message；Wherein, the testing task includes: the testing content identification of testing time and testing content；The testing Range includes: testing regional scope and testing number of users；

Determining module, for determining at least one target household intelligence according to the testing range received in the receiving module Gateway issues the testing request message for carrying the testing task at least one described target household intelligent gateway；

Processing module is dialled for receiving at least one described target household intelligent gateway according to what the testing request message returned It surveys as a result, generating broadband services quality-monitoring result according to the testing result.

7. broadband services quality monitoring device according to claim 6, which is characterized in that the broadband services quality-monitoring Device further include: re-orientation processes module is used for:

The broadband services quality-monitoring obtained in the processing module is sent to the internet content service providing platform As a result；Receive the redirection plan that the internet content service providing platform is returned according to the broadband services quality-monitoring result Slightly；The testing content is redirected according to the redirection strategy.

8. a kind of broadband services quality monitoring device characterized by comprising one or more processors；The processor is used In executing the computer program code in memory, computer program code includes instruction, terminal device is made to execute such as right It is required that the described in any item broadband service quality monitoring methods of 1-5.

9. a kind of broadband services mass monitoring system characterized by comprising internet content service providing platform, at least one A target household intelligent gateway and such as broadband services quality monitoring device as claimed in claim 6 to 8.

10. a kind of storage medium, which is characterized in that the storage medium is stored with instruction code, and described instruction code is for holding Row broadband service quality monitoring method as described in any one in claim 1-5.

11. a kind of computer program product, which is characterized in that the computer program product includes instruction code, described instruction Code is for executing broadband service quality monitoring method as described in any one in claim 1-5.