CN109927845B - Green dismantling method for waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat - Google Patents
Green dismantling method for waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat Download PDFInfo
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- CN109927845B CN109927845B CN201910194104.3A CN201910194104A CN109927845B CN 109927845 B CN109927845 B CN 109927845B CN 201910194104 A CN201910194104 A CN 201910194104A CN 109927845 B CN109927845 B CN 109927845B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a green dismantling method of a waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat, which has high dismantling efficiency by using a high-pressure water jet technology and a specific dismantling process, ensures green environmental protection of the dismantling process by dismantling in a closed space, and can avoid accidents by implementing dismantling according to the dismantling process; meanwhile, the equipment and the glass fiber reinforced plastic waste plates obtained by disassembling can be further utilized according to actual needs, and the method has the advantages of high disassembling efficiency, high safety, economy, environmental protection and the like. Therefore, the green dismantling method of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat, disclosed by the invention, can solve the pollution problem of the glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat in the dismantling process, reduce the waste of resources, improve the efficiency and reduce the cost, and has great practical significance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of fishing boat dismantling, in particular to a green dismantling method of a waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat.
Background
Fishing boats, i.e. fishery vessels, collectively called as vessels for fishing, processing and transporting fish, are vessels for fishing and harvesting aquatic animals and plants, and also include some auxiliary vessels for modern fishing production, such as vessels for processing, transporting, breeding, resource investigation, fishery instruction and training, and performing fishery tasks. The fishing boat is divided into fishing boats of wood, steel, aluminum alloy, steel wire mesh cement, glass fiber reinforced plastic and various mixed structures according to the boat body materials.
For a Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic fishing boat, 80% of the skeleton is composed of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP or GFRP) which is a Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic with the scientific name of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic, and the Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic is made of unsaturated polyester, epoxy resin and phenolic resin as matrix and Glass Fiber or products thereof as reinforcing materials.
The glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat needs to be treated after being scrapped for various reasons, and at present, the glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat is usually treated by adopting modes of landfill, sea sinking for reef building and dismantling. The composite material is difficult to degrade and can be effectively degraded only through some special chemical or physical processes, the glass fiber reinforced plastic waste material obtained after disassembly needs special treatment, and due to the chemical inertia of the glass fiber reinforced plastic, the random abandonment of the glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat is unrealistic. And (3) processing the glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat by adopting a disassembling mode, and performing necessary processing on the disassembled glass fiber reinforced plastic waste.
The glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat industry in China just starts, and with the continuous promotion of the glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat industry in China, at present, the system and effective disassembling operation flow of the glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat is still lacked in China, so that the environmental pollution and the resource waste are easily caused in the treatment process.
Therefore, at present, a method for disassembling a glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat is urgently needed to be developed, the problem of pollution of the glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat in the disassembling process can be solved, the waste of resources is reduced, the efficiency is improved, and the cost is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention aims to provide a green dismantling method for waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boats, which can solve the problem of pollution of the glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boats in the dismantling process, reduce resource waste, improve efficiency and reduce cost, and has great practical significance.
Therefore, the invention provides a green dismantling method of a waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat, which comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of firstly, receiving the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat, conveying the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat to a water area close to a first slideway, and putting a sliding plate into the water area to press the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat on the sliding plate. Then, the first winch pulls the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat through a traction rope, and the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat slides to a second slideway at the top of the flat car by means of the first slideway, and then is conveyed to an open-air dismantling area by the flat car;
secondly, determining the construction process characteristics of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat according to a design drawing of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat, and performing real-ship inspection on the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat to obtain construction information and a ship state of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat;
thirdly, hanging the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat by a single-arm crane, keeping the stability of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat, sequentially separating fishing equipment, an anchor chain and a ship body outside the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat by adopting a high-pressure water jet method, finally separating a propeller in the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat from a shaft system, then hanging the separated fishing equipment, the anchor chain and the propeller on a flat car, binding and fixing the separated fishing equipment, the anchor chain and the propeller, then conveying the fishing boat to a storage yard for storage, and then executing a fourth step;
fourthly, correspondingly adopting preset different hanging ring installation operations according to the length of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat, installing the hanging ring on the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat, and then executing the fifth step;
fifthly, correspondingly adopting preset different hanging ring installation operations according to the number of deck layers of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat, installing hanging rings on the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat, and then executing the sixth step;
sixthly, if other waste ships are being disassembled in the indoor disassembling area, transporting the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat to the area to be disassembled for temporary storage, and if the indoor disassembling area is vacant and can receive the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat, executing a seventh step;
seventhly, conveying the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat to an indoor dismantling area, abutting a second slide way at the top of the flat car against a slipway installed in the indoor dismantling area, fixing a lifting ring to a tire lifting hook through a steel cable, pre-tensioning the tire lifting hook, and executing the eighth step if the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat is ensured not to have large swing during lifting;
eighthly, hoisting the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat by the tire hanging hook, dragging the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat by a second winch, dragging and dropping the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat to the top of the slipway by a second slide way, then loosening the tire hanging hook, loosening other steel cables except the hanging ring at the top of the deckhouse, and then executing the ninth step;
ninth, cleaning the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat according to the position of the harmful substances in the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat obtained in the second step and the condition that the gel coat is attached to marine organisms, and executing the tenth step after the harmful substances and the marine organisms in the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat are completely removed;
step ten, pre-tensioning a tire hanging hook, carrying out uniform-speed cutting on a joint of an superstructure and a main deck in the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat by adopting high-pressure water jet according to a preset track to realize the separation of the superstructure from the main deck, and hanging the dismantled superstructure in a secondary dismantling area;
the tenth step, executing the secondary disassembling step: cutting and dismantling the glass steel plate at the top of a deck room of an superstructure of a waste glass steel fishing boat at a constant speed according to a preset track by adopting high-pressure water jet, hoisting the dismantled glass steel plate at the top of the deck room by using a single-arm crane, dismantling and hoisting instrument equipment in the deck room, piling the equipment in a temporary piling area or a flat car, and then executing the twelfth step;
sixthly, high-pressure water jet is continuously adopted, the enclosing plates on the transverse periphery of the superstructure are symmetrically cut from top to bottom, then the cut waste glass fiber reinforced plastic plates are hung on a temporary stacking area or a flat car, and the thirteenth step is continuously executed;
the thirteenth step, executing the main disassembling step: the tire hanging hook is connected with a hanging ring at the stern deck of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat through a steel cable, and the stern deck is pre-tensioned and dismantled; similarly, sequentially connecting a lifting ring at the position of a bow deck and a lifting ring at the position of a middle deck of the ship, and removing the bow deck and the middle deck of the ship;
fourteenth, judging whether the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat has a second deck or not, if so, executing the fifteenth step, otherwise, executing the sixteenth step;
fifteenth, dismantling equipment on the second deck, hanging out by a single-arm crane, fixing a hanging ring on the second deck, dismantling the second deck in batches according to the sequence of the stern, the bow and the midship, and continuously executing the sixteenth step;
sixthly, connecting a shipboard lifting ring of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat with a tire crane, pre-tensioning the tire crane, successively dismantling a fixed structure of power equipment including a main machine and a tail shaft, separating the power equipment from a boat body, lifting the power equipment out by a single-arm crane, and leaving only a port and starboard outer plate of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat after completion; if the ship length is less than thirty meters, entering a seventeenth step; if the ship length is more than thirty meters, the seventeenth step is also carried out;
seventeenth step, dismantling the side outer plates in batches: the tyre hanging hook is used for fixing the hanging rings at the positions of the side planks, high-pressure water jet is adopted, the two side planks in the ship are cut at a constant speed, the side planks of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat are divided into two sections of a bow and a stern if the number of the side planks is four according to the number of the hanging rings at the position of the side planks at the fourth step, and otherwise, the side planks of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat are divided into three sections of the bow, the middle and the stern. Then, cutting the segments respectively along the longitudinal direction, and executing an eighteenth step after the cutting is finished;
eighteen, after dismantling, transporting the dismantled waste glass fiber reinforced plastic plates to a waste glass fiber reinforced plastic area of a storage yard for treatment, and transporting the dismantled equipment to an open area or an indoor area of the storage yard for storage respectively according to the quality and the value of the equipment functions, thereby completing the dismantling operation of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boats.
In the first step, two sides of the flat car are respectively provided with a first winch.
In the first step, the direction of the first winch traction sliding plate is parallel to the direction of the first slide way.
Wherein, the construction information of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat comprises: the type, the length and the net tonnage of the fishing boat, the number of deck layers, the type of equipment, the installation position and the connection form of the equipment, and the structural forms of all main structures;
the ship state of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing ship comprises the following steps: the form and position of structural damage, the condition of marine organism adhesion to the gel coat, the operation condition of shipborne equipment, and the type and position of harmful substances on the ship.
Wherein, the fourth step is specifically:
if the ship length of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat is less than ten meters, fourteen hanging rings are installed on the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat, and the hanging rings are divided into two groups on average and are symmetrically distributed in the boat; wherein, the four hoisting rings are distributed at the top of the deck chamber; two lifting rings are respectively positioned at decks of the bow, the middle and the stern; the four lifting rings are positioned at the head end and the tail end of the side outer plate;
if the ship length of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing ship is more than ten meters and less than thirty meters, sixteen hanging rings are installed, and the hanging rings are averagely divided into two groups and are symmetrically distributed in relation to the ship; wherein, the four hoisting rings are distributed at the top of the deck chamber; the lifting rings positioned at decks of the bow, the middle and the stern are respectively two, four and two; the four lifting rings are positioned at the head and tail sections of the side outer plate;
if the ship length of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat is more than thirty meters, twenty hanging rings are installed, and the hanging rings are averagely divided into two groups and are symmetrically distributed in the ship; wherein, the four hoisting rings are distributed at the top of the deck chamber; the lifting rings positioned at decks of the bow, the middle and the stern are respectively two, six and two; six hoisting rings are positioned at the head, middle and tail sections of the side outer plate; and when the length of the ship is increased by ten meters on the basis of thirty meters, two hanging rings which are symmetrically distributed in the middle of the ship are additionally arranged at the positions of the middle deck and the middle side outer plate of the ship on the basis of installing twenty hanging rings.
And in the fifth step, if the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat is provided with a second deck, the lifting rings with the same positions and quantity as the main deck are installed on the second deck.
In the tenth step, the connection position of the superstructure and the main deck in the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat is a rectangular frame-shaped connection position;
and (3) adopting high-pressure water jet to cut the rectangular frame-shaped joint at a constant speed by taking the middle point E of the transverse long edge as an initial cutting point and taking the ship length direction B and the ship width direction C of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing ship as cutting track directions D in sequence until the middle point F of the longitudinal wide edge, and stopping cutting.
In the tenth step, high-pressure water jet is adopted, the glass fiber reinforced plastic plate at the top of the deckhouse is cut at a constant speed by taking a middle point E of a transverse long edge as an initial cutting point and sequentially taking the ship length direction B and the ship width direction C of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing ship as cutting track directions D until a middle point F of a longitudinal wide edge, and the cutting is stopped, so that the glass fiber reinforced plastic plate at the top of the deckhouse is dismantled;
in the twelfth step, for the coamings at the transverse periphery of the deckboard chamber, the corner points G at the top of the coamings are used as initial cutting points, and high-pressure water jet is adopted to cut at a constant speed according to the cutting direction I from top to bottom until the coamings reach the corner points H at the bottom of the coamings.
And in the seventeenth step, high-pressure water jet is adopted, and uniform-speed symmetrical cutting is performed on the two sides of the ship from top to bottom.
Wherein, after the eighteenth step, further comprising the steps of:
nineteenth step, cleaning the indoor dismantling area to receive the next ship;
twentieth, according to the quality and the requirement of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic plate, the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic plate is conveyed to a secondary disassembling area to be further disassembled into small glass fiber reinforced plastic blocks which are convenient to pack, and the disassembled glass fiber reinforced plastic waste is bagged and conveyed to a preset glass fiber reinforced plastic waste disposal mechanism to be disposed.
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme provided by the invention has the advantages that the green dismantling method of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat is provided, the pollution problem of the glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat in the dismantling process can be solved, the waste of resources is reduced, the efficiency is improved, the cost is reduced, and the method has great practical significance.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a side view of a glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat pulling ashore, a slideway and a flatbed slideway in the green disassembly method of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat provided by the invention;
FIG. 2 is a top view of a glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat pulling ashore, a slideway and a flatbed slideway in the green disassembly method of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat provided by the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the installation positions of the hoisting rings on the glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat in the green dismantling method of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat provided by the invention, and shows a first schematic view of the installation positions of the hoisting rings when fourteen hoisting rings are installed;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the installation positions of the hoisting rings on the glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat in the green dismantling method of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat provided by the invention, and a schematic view II of the installation positions of the hoisting rings when fourteen hoisting rings are installed is shown;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the installation positions of lifting rings on a glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat in the green dismantling method of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat provided by the invention, and shows a first schematic view of the installation positions of the lifting rings additionally increased when sixteen lifting rings are installed and the boat length is increased by ten meters;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the installation positions of the lifting rings on the glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat in the green dismantling method of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat provided by the invention, and a schematic diagram II of the installation positions of the additionally increased lifting rings when sixteen lifting rings are installed and the boat length is increased by ten meters is shown;
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a ship loading platform dragged by a winch in an indoor dismantling area in the green dismantling method of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing vessel provided by the invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a symmetrical uniform-speed cutting method from the middle to both ends adopted in the green dismantling method of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat provided by the invention for separating the superstructure from the main deck and dismantling the glass fiber reinforced plastic plate at the top of the deck chamber;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of a symmetrical cutting method from top to bottom adopted when the coaming is cut in the green dismantling method of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat provided by the invention;
FIG. 10 is a schematic overall flow chart of the green dismantling method for waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boats according to the present invention, which reflects the steps and sequence required for dismantling the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boats;
in the figure: 1 is a waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat, 11 is a main deck, 12 is an superstructure, and 13 is a hanging ring;
2 is a sliding plate, 31 is a first slideway, 32 is a second slideway, and 4 is a flat car;
the device comprises a first winch 51, a second winch 52, a slipway 6, a tire lifting hook 7 and a steel cable 70.
Detailed Description
In order that those skilled in the art will better understand the technical solution of the present invention, the following detailed description of the present invention is provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments.
Referring to fig. 1 to 10, the invention provides a green dismantling method of a waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat, which comprises the following steps:
firstly, receiving a waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1, conveying the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat to a water area 10 close to a first slideway 31, putting a sliding plate 2 into the water area 10, pressing the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat on the sliding plate 2, then dragging the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 by a first winch 51 through a traction rope, sliding the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 to a second slideway 32 at the top of a flat car 4 by means of the first slideway 31, and conveying the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 to an open-air dismantling area by a flat car 4 as shown in figures 1 and 2;
in the present invention, in the first step, a first winch 51 is provided on each of both sides (e.g., front and rear sides) of the flat car 4.
In the present invention, in the first step, the direction a of the first winch 51 towing the sliding plate 2 is preferably parallel to the direction of the first slideway 31, so that the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 can be level with the first slideway 31 during towing.
Secondly, determining the construction process characteristics of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 according to the design drawing of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1, and performing real-ship inspection on the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 to obtain the construction information and the ship state of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1;
in the present invention, in the second step, the construction information of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing vessel includes: the type, the length, the net tonnage, the number of deck layers, the type, the installation position and the connection form of the fishing boat and the structural forms of the main structures.
In the present invention, in the second step, the ship state of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing vessel includes: the form and position of structural damage, the condition of marine organism adhesion to the gel coat, the operation condition of shipborne equipment, and the type and position of harmful substances on the ship.
Thirdly, hanging the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 by a single-arm crane, keeping the stability of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1, sequentially separating fishing equipment, anchors, anchor chains and a hull outside the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 by adopting a high-pressure water jet method, finally separating propellers in the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 from a shaft system, then hanging the separated fishing equipment, anchors, anchor chains and propellers on a flat car 4 by the single-arm crane, binding and fixing the fishing equipment, anchors, anchor chains and propellers, then conveying the fishing equipment, anchors, anchor chains and propellers to a storage yard for storage, and then executing a fourth step;
the high-pressure water jet method is a conventional cutting method, and specific description thereof is not given here.
Fourthly, correspondingly adopting different preset hanging ring installation operations according to the length of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1, installing the hanging ring on the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1, and then executing the fifth step;
in the present invention, in the fourth step, in a concrete implementation, the fourth step is specifically:
if the ship length of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 is less than ten meters, fourteen hanging rings 13 are installed on the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1, and the hanging rings are divided into two groups on average and are symmetrically distributed in the ship; wherein, the four hoisting rings are distributed at the top of the deck chamber; two lifting rings are respectively positioned at decks of the bow, the middle and the stern; four lifting rings are positioned at the head end and the tail end of the side outer plate, as shown in figures 3 and 4;
if the ship length of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing ship 1 is more than ten meters and less than thirty meters, sixteen hanging rings 13 are installed, and the hanging rings are averagely divided into two groups and symmetrically distributed in relation to the ship; wherein, the four hoisting rings are distributed at the top of the deck chamber; the lifting rings positioned at decks of the bow, the middle and the stern are respectively two, four and two; the four lifting rings are positioned at the head and tail sections of the side outer plate; as shown in fig. 4 and 5;
if the ship length of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing ship 1 is more than thirty meters, twenty hanging rings 13 are installed, and the hanging rings are averagely divided into two groups and are symmetrically distributed in the ship; wherein, the four hoisting rings are distributed at the top of the deck chamber; the lifting rings positioned at decks of the bow, the middle and the stern are respectively two, six and two; six hoisting rings are positioned at the head, middle and tail sections of the side outer plate; and when the length of the ship is increased by ten meters on the basis of thirty meters, two hanging rings which are symmetrically distributed in the middle of the ship are additionally arranged at the positions of the middle deck and the middle side outer plate of the ship on the basis of installing twenty hanging rings. See fig. 5 and 6.
Fifthly, correspondingly adopting preset different hanging ring installation operations according to the number of deck layers of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1, installing the hanging rings on the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1, and then executing the sixth step;
in the fifth step, in a concrete implementation manner, if the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 has two decks, the same number of lifting rings 13 as the main deck 11 should be installed at the two decks.
It should be noted that, regarding the fourth step and the fifth step, in terms of implementation, the structural damage form and position obtained in the second step should be fully considered, so as to avoid the hanging ring being installed at the damaged position.
Sixthly, if other waste ships are being disassembled in the indoor disassembling area, transporting the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 to the area to be disassembled for temporary storage, and if the indoor disassembling area is vacant and can receive the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1, executing a seventh step;
seventhly, conveying the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 to an indoor dismantling area, abutting a second slide way 32 at the top of the flat car 4 against a slipway 6 installed in the indoor dismantling area, fixing a lifting ring 13 to a tire lifting hook 7 through a steel cable 70, and pre-tensioning the tire lifting hook 7, so as to ensure that the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 cannot generate large swing during lifting, and executing the eighth step;
eighthly, the tire hanging hooks 7 lift the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1, the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 is dragged by the second winch 52, the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 is dragged and dropped to the top of the slipway 6 by means of the second slide way 32, as shown in fig. 7, then the tire hanging hooks 7 are loosened, other steel cables except hanging rings on the top of the deckhouse are loosened, and then the ninth step is executed; the direction of the draw of the second winch 52 is shown as a1 in fig. 7.
Ninth, cleaning the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 according to the position of the harmful substances in the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 obtained in the second step and the condition that the gel coat is attached to marine organisms, and executing a tenth step after the harmful substances and the marine organisms in the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 are completely removed;
tenthly, pre-tensioning the tire hanging hooks 7, carrying out uniform-speed cutting on a joint (specifically a rectangular joint) of the superstructure 12 and the main deck 11 in the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 by adopting high-pressure water jet according to a preset track, separating the superstructure 12 from the main deck 11, and hanging the dismantled superstructure 12 in a secondary dismantling area;
in the tenth step, the connection position of the superstructure and the main deck in the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 is a rectangular frame-shaped connection position;
referring to fig. 8, high-pressure water jet is adopted, the middle point E of the transverse long edge is taken as an initial cutting point, the ship length direction B and the ship width direction C of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing ship 1 are sequentially taken as cutting track directions D, cutting is carried out at a constant speed until the middle point F of the longitudinal wide edge is reached, and cutting is stopped;
that is, the connection part (specifically, the rectangular connection part) of the superstructure and the main deck of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 is cut symmetrically from the middle to the two ends at a constant speed.
The tenth step, executing the secondary disassembling step: cutting and dismantling the glass steel plate at the top of a deckhouse (namely a cabin in the superstructure 12) of the superstructure 12 of the waste glass steel fishing boat 1 at a constant speed according to a preset track by adopting high-pressure water jet, hoisting the dismantled glass steel plate at the top of the deckhouse out by a single-arm crane, dismantling and hoisting out instrument equipment in the deckhouse, piling the instrument equipment in a temporary piling area or a flat car, and then executing the twelfth step;
in the tenth step of the invention, in particular, in terms of implementation, a uniform cutting mode of symmetrical uniform cutting from the middle to the two ends is also adopted. The method specifically comprises the following steps:
similarly, referring to fig. 8, high-pressure water jet is adopted, the glass fiber reinforced plastic plate at the top of the deckhouse is cut at a constant speed by taking a middle point E of a transverse long edge as an initial cutting point and sequentially taking the ship length direction B and the ship width direction C of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing ship 1 as cutting track directions D until the middle point F of a longitudinal wide edge, and cutting is stopped, so that the glass fiber reinforced plastic plate at the top of the deckhouse is dismantled.
A twelfth step of symmetrically cutting the surrounding plates on the transverse periphery of the superstructure 12 from top to bottom by continuously adopting high-pressure water jet, then hoisting the cut waste glass fiber reinforced plastic plates to a temporary stacking area or a flat car, thereby completing the secondary dismantling step, and continuously executing the thirteenth step;
in the present invention, in the twelfth step, specifically, as shown in fig. 9, for the coaming around the superstructure 12 in the transverse direction, as shown in fig. 9, the corner point G at the top of the coaming is used as the initial cutting point, and the coaming is cut at a constant speed by using high-pressure water jet according to the cutting direction I from top to bottom until reaching the corner point H at the bottom of the coaming.
The thirteenth step, executing the main disassembling step: the tire hanging hook 7 is connected with a hanging ring at the stern deck of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 through a steel cable 70, and the stern deck is removed by pre-tensioning; similarly, sequentially connecting a lifting ring at the position of a bow deck and a lifting ring at the position of a middle deck of the ship, and removing the bow deck and the middle deck of the ship;
it should be noted that, with the present invention, the sub-dismantling step of the eleventh step performed on the sub-dismantling region may be performed simultaneously with the main dismantling step of the thirteenth step performed on the main dismantling region.
Fourteenth, judging whether the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 has a second deck or not, if so, executing the fifteenth step, otherwise, executing the sixteenth step;
fifteenth, dismantling equipment on the second deck, hanging out by a single-arm crane, fixing a hanging ring on the second deck (specifically, the specified mode in the thirteenth step can be referred to), dismantling the second deck in batches according to the sequence of the stern, the bow and the midship, and continuing to execute the sixteenth step;
sixthly, connecting the shipboard flying ring of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 with a tire crane, pre-tensioning the tire crane, successively dismantling a fixed structure of power equipment comprising a main machine and a tail shaft, separating the power equipment from a boat body, hoisting the power equipment and the boat body by a single-arm crane, and leaving only a port and starboard outer plate on the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 after completion; if the ship length is less than thirty meters, entering a seventeenth step; if the ship length is more than thirty meters, the seventeenth step is also carried out;
seventeenth step, dismantling the side outer plates in batches: the tyre hanging hook 7 is used for fixing the hanging rings at the positions of the side planks, high-pressure water jet is adopted, the two side planks in the ship are cut at a constant speed, the side planks of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 are divided into two sections of a bow and a stern if the number of the side planks is four according to the number of the hanging rings at the position of the fourth step side planks, and otherwise, the side planks of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 are divided into three sections of the bow, the middle and the stern. Then, cutting the segments respectively along the longitudinal direction, and executing an eighteenth step after the cutting is finished;
in the seventeenth step, high-pressure water jet is adopted for uniform-speed symmetrical cutting from top to bottom at the positions of two sides in the ship.
In the seventeenth step, in the concrete implementation, every ten meters is added on the basis of thirty meters for the ship length of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing vessel 1, the number of the segments after cutting is increased by one, and the lengths of the segments are ensured to be consistent.
Eighteenth, after the dismantling is finished, the dismantled waste glass fiber reinforced plastic plates are conveyed to a waste glass fiber reinforced plastic area of a storage yard to be treated, and the dismantled equipment is conveyed to an open area or an indoor area of the storage yard to be stored respectively according to the quality and the value of the functions of the equipment, so that the dismantling operation of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 is completed.
For the present invention, after the eighteenth step, the method may further include the steps of:
nineteenth step, cleaning the indoor dismantling area to receive the next ship;
twentieth, according to the quality and the requirement of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic plate, the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic plate is conveyed to a secondary disassembling area to be further disassembled into small glass fiber reinforced plastic blocks which are convenient to pack, and the disassembled glass fiber reinforced plastic waste is bagged and conveyed to a preset glass fiber reinforced plastic waste disposal mechanism to be disposed.
It should be noted that, the present invention aims to provide a set of method and process for dismantling a waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat, which can provide guidance for ship dismantling workers after being put into use, so that the ship dismantling workers can complete the work of dismantling the glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat scientifically and efficiently according to the method provided by the present invention, and reduce pollution and waste of resources in the dismantling process to the maximum extent.
In the present invention, in a practical implementation, the second slipway 32 provided on the top of the flatbed 4 extends in the transverse direction of the flatbed and can be connected to the slipway 6.
In the invention, the keel of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat 1 is seated on the second slideway 32 of the flat car 4. At this time, the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat can be bound.
In the present invention, the flatbed can be spliced as needed, so that the flatbed can be used to accommodate frp fishing boats of different captain, and the second slipway 32 of the flatbed 4 facilitates the placement of the frp fishing boat on the berth 6.
In the invention, the open-air dismantling area is a square plane area formed by pouring concrete with the thickness of 5 m, and a position 0.5 m away from the ground is paved by a 12-millimeter steel plate; the length and width of the square plane area are respectively 30 meters and 60 meters; the four sides of the open-air disassembly area are provided with oil collecting grooves, the width of each oil collecting groove is 10 cm, the bottom surfaces of the oil collecting grooves are inclined, the oil collecting grooves are connected with a waste oil storage tank (a sewage storage tank), and the waste oil storage tank is connected to a waste oil and sewage treatment plant; a single-arm crane with the lifting capacity of more than 500 tons is fixed in the open-air dismantling area, and a tension test instrument is arranged on a lifting rope of the single-arm crane; the outdoor dismantling area is provided with 2 ground fire hydrants which are symmetrically distributed along the length direction of the area and are positioned in the middle section of the length direction of the plane area.
In the invention, the yard comprises an open area, an indoor area and a glass fiber reinforced plastic waste area, wherein the open area is used for storing mechanical equipment which is not high in economic value and cannot be recycled, the indoor area is used for storing mechanical equipment and electronic instruments which are high in economic value, complete in function and capable of being recycled, and the glass fiber reinforced plastic waste area is used for storing glass fiber reinforced plastic waste.
In the invention, in the concrete implementation, when the hanging ring is installed, holes are drilled on the inner side and the outer side of a glass steel plate at the installation position of the hanging ring, wood buffer pads are fixed on two sides of the glass steel plate, the thickness of each buffer pad is 10 mm, the side length is 30 cm, and finally the hanging ring is fixed on the inner side and the outer side of the wood buffer pads; during the drilling process, a dust suction device is adopted to absorb dust during drilling; by adopting the method to install the hanging ring, the glass fiber reinforced plastic can be effectively prevented from being damaged due to stress concentration, so that safety accidents are avoided;
in the invention, in a concrete implementation, the indoor dismantling area is a closed space with the length, width and height of 40 meters, 80 meters and 15 meters respectively; the indoor dismantling area is divided into a main dismantling area and a secondary dismantling area, wherein the main dismantling area is used for dismantling the main hull, and the secondary dismantling area is used for dismantling the rest structure of the main dismantling area; four sides of the indoor disassembling area are provided with oil collecting grooves, the width of each oil collecting groove is 15 cm, the bottom surfaces of the oil collecting grooves are inclined, the oil collecting grooves are connected with a waste oil storage tank (a sewage storage tank), and the waste oil storage tank is connected to a waste oil and sewage treatment plant; the middle part of the disassembly area is provided with a tyre crane with the lifting capacity of more than 1000 tons, and the middle part of the disassembly area is provided with a slipway with the length of 50 meters; the indoor dismantling area is equipped with a 500 ton single-arm crane; the indoor dismantling area is provided with two winches; the indoor dismantling area is provided with ventilation equipment, and the ventilation equipment is connected to the air purification device; the indoor dismantling area is provided with an area for temporarily stacking dismantling equipment and glass fiber reinforced plastic waste; the indoor dismantling area is provided with a high-pressure water gun device and 2 overground fire hydrants which are symmetrically distributed along the length direction of the area and are positioned in the middle section of the length direction of the area; the indoor dismantling area is a closed area, and dust generated in the dismantling process of the glass fiber reinforced plastic can be effectively isolated from polluting the atmosphere, so that the environment-friendly effect is achieved;
in the invention, in a specific implementation, the secondary dismantling area is a closed space with the length, width and height of 10 meters, 30 meters and 5 meters respectively; the secondary dismantling area comprises a waste plate stacking area and a working area; the waste plate stacking area is used for storing the glass fiber reinforced plastic waste plates, and the working area is used for further cutting and crushing the glass fiber reinforced plastic waste plates; the secondary dismantling area is separated from other dismantling areas, so that the glass fiber reinforced plastic waste plate can be further processed according to actual needs, and the dismantling of the glass fiber reinforced plastic waste plate by the secondary dismantling area is carried out as required, so that the normal flow of dismantling other glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boats is not influenced, the integral dismantling efficiency is improved, and the economy is improved;
compared with the prior art, the invention has the following technical advantages and effects:
1. the high-pressure water jet method and the disassembly process used by the invention have high disassembly efficiency, and the disassembly in a closed space ensures the environmental protection of the disassembly process, and can avoid accidents in the one-step disassembly process;
2. the equipment and the glass fiber reinforced plastic waste plate obtained by disassembling can be further utilized according to actual needs, and the glass fiber reinforced plastic waste plate disassembling device has the advantages of high disassembling efficiency, high safety, economy, environmental protection and the like.
Compared with the prior art, the green dismantling method for the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat can solve the pollution problem of the glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat in the dismantling process, reduces the waste of resources, improves the efficiency and reduces the cost, and has great practical significance.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The green dismantling method of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat is characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, receiving a waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1), conveying the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat to a water area (10) close to a first slideway (31), putting a sliding plate (2) into the water area (10), pressing the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) on the sliding plate (2), then dragging the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) by a first winch (51) through a traction rope, making the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) slide to a second slideway (32) at the top of a flat car (4) by means of the first slideway (31), and then conveying the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) to a dismantling open area by the flat car (4);
secondly, determining the construction process characteristics of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) according to the design drawing of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1), and performing real-ship inspection on the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) to obtain the construction information and the ship state of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1);
in the second step, the ship state of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing ship comprises the following steps: the condition of the gel coat adhering to marine organisms and the position of harmful substances on the ship;
thirdly, hanging the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) by a single-arm crane, keeping the stability of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1), sequentially separating fishing equipment, anchors, anchor chains and a boat body outside the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) by adopting a high-pressure water jet method, finally separating propellers in the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) from a shaft system, then hanging the separated fishing equipment, anchors, anchor chains and propellers onto a flat car, binding and fixing, then conveying to a storage yard for storage, and then executing a fourth step;
fourthly, correspondingly adopting preset different hanging ring installation operations according to the length of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1), installing the hanging rings on the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1), and then executing the fifth step;
fifthly, correspondingly adopting preset different hanging ring installation operations according to the number of deck layers of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1), installing hanging rings on the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1), and then executing the sixth step;
sixthly, if other waste ships are being disassembled in the indoor disassembling area, transporting the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) to the area to be disassembled for temporary storage, and if the indoor disassembling area is vacant and can receive the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1), executing a seventh step;
seventhly, conveying the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) to an indoor dismantling area, enabling a second slide way (32) at the top of the flat car (4) to abut against a slipway (6) installed in the indoor dismantling area, fixing a lifting ring (13) to a tire lifting hook (7) through a steel cable (70), pre-tensioning the tire lifting hook (7), ensuring that the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) cannot generate large swing during lifting, and executing an eighth step;
eighthly, hoisting the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) by the tire hanging hook (7), dragging the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) by a second winch (52), dragging the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) to the top of the slipway (6) by means of a second slide way (32), then loosening the tire hanging hook (7), loosening other steel cables except the lifting ring at the top of the deckhouse, and then executing the ninth step;
ninth, cleaning the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) according to the position of the harmful substances in the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) obtained in the second step and the condition that the gel coat is attached to marine organisms, and executing the tenth step after the harmful substances and the marine organisms in the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) are removed;
step ten, pre-tensioning a tire hanging hook (7), cutting a joint of an upper building (12) and a main deck (11) in the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) at a constant speed according to a preset track by adopting high-pressure water jet, separating the upper building (12) from the main deck (11), and hanging the dismantled upper building (12) in a secondary dismantling area;
the tenth step, executing the secondary disassembling step: cutting and dismantling the glass steel plate at the top of a deck room of an superstructure (12) of a waste glass steel fishing boat (1) at a constant speed according to a preset track by adopting high-pressure water jet, hoisting the dismantled glass steel plate at the top of the deck room out by a single-arm crane, dismantling and hoisting out instrument equipment in the deck room, piling the instrument equipment in a temporary piling area or a flat car, and then executing the twelfth step;
a twelfth step of symmetrically cutting the surrounding plates on the transverse periphery of the superstructure (12) from top to bottom by continuously adopting high-pressure water jet, then hanging the cut waste glass fiber reinforced plastics plates to a temporary stacking area or a flat car, and continuously executing the thirteenth step;
the thirteenth step, executing the main disassembling step: the tire hanging hook (7) is connected with a hanging ring at the stern deck of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) through a steel cable (70), and the stern deck is pre-tensioned and dismantled; similarly, sequentially connecting a lifting ring at the position of a bow deck and a lifting ring at the position of a middle deck of the ship, and removing the bow deck and the middle deck of the ship;
fourteenth, judging whether the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) has a two-layer deck or not, if so, executing the fifteenth step, otherwise, executing the sixteenth step;
fifteenth, dismantling equipment on the second deck, hanging out by a single-arm crane, fixing a hanging ring on the second deck, dismantling the second deck in batches according to the sequence of the stern, the bow and the midship, and continuously executing the sixteenth step;
sixthly, connecting a shipboard lifting ring of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) with a tire crane, pre-tensioning the tire crane, successively dismantling a fixed structure of power equipment comprising a main machine and a tail shaft, separating the power equipment from a boat body, lifting the power equipment out by a single-arm crane, and leaving only a port and starboard outer plate on the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) after completion; if the ship length is less than or greater than thirty meters, entering a seventeenth step;
seventeenth step, dismantling the side outer plates in batches: the tyre hanging hooks (7) are used for fixing the hanging rings at the positions of the side planks, high-pressure water jet is adopted, uniform cutting is carried out at the positions of two sides in the ship, according to the number of the hanging rings at the positions of the side planks at the fourth step, if the number of the side planks is four, the side planks of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) are divided into a bow section and a stern section, otherwise, the side planks of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) are divided into the bow section, the midship section and the stern section, then the sections are respectively cut along the longitudinal direction, and the eighteenth step is executed after the cutting is finished;
eighteen, after dismantling, transporting the dismantled waste glass fiber reinforced plastic plates to a waste glass fiber reinforced plastic area of a storage yard for treatment, and transporting the dismantled equipment to an open area or an indoor area of the storage yard for storage respectively according to the quality and the value of the equipment functions, thereby completing the dismantling operation of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1).
2. A green dismantling method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the first step, a first winch (51) is provided on each side of said platform wagon (4).
3. A green dismantling method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that in the first step, the direction in which the first winch (51) pulls the skid plate (2) is parallel to the direction of the first ramp (31).
4. A green dismantling method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said construction information of said old and useless fishing boat of glass fiber reinforced plastics includes: the type, the length and the net tonnage of the fishing boat, the number of deck layers, the type of equipment, the installation position and the connection form of the equipment, and the structural forms of all main structures;
the ship state of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing ship comprises the following steps: the form and position of structural damage, the condition of marine organism adhesion to the gel coat, the operation condition of shipborne equipment, and the type and position of harmful substances on the ship.
5. A green dismantling method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said fourth step is specifically:
if the ship length of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1) is less than ten meters, fourteen hanging rings (13) are installed on the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing boat (1), and the hanging rings are divided into two groups on average and are symmetrically distributed in relation to the ship; wherein, the four hoisting rings are distributed at the top of the deck chamber; two lifting rings are respectively positioned at decks of the bow, the middle and the stern; the four lifting rings are positioned at the head end and the tail end of the side outer plate;
if the ship length of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing ship (1) is more than ten meters and less than thirty meters, sixteen hanging rings (13) are installed, and the hanging rings are averagely divided into two groups and are symmetrically distributed in the ship; wherein, the four hoisting rings are distributed at the top of the deck chamber; the lifting rings positioned at decks of the bow, the middle and the stern are respectively two, four and two; the four lifting rings are positioned at the head and tail sections of the side outer plate;
if the ship length of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing ship (1) is more than thirty meters, twenty hanging rings (13) are installed, and the hanging rings are averagely divided into two groups and are symmetrically distributed in the ship; wherein, the four hoisting rings are distributed at the top of the deck chamber; the lifting rings positioned at decks of the bow, the middle and the stern are respectively two, six and two; six hoisting rings are positioned at the head, middle and tail sections of the side outer plate; and when the length of the ship is increased by ten meters on the basis of thirty meters, two hanging rings which are symmetrically distributed in the middle of the ship are additionally arranged at the positions of the middle deck and the middle side outer plate of the ship on the basis of installing twenty hanging rings.
6. A green dismantling method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the fifth step, if the old glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing vessel (1) has a second deck, the same number of rings (13) as the main deck (11) should be installed at the second deck.
7. A green dismantling method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the tenth step, the junction of the superstructure and the main deck in the old and useless fishing boat (1) is a rectangular frame-shaped junction; adopting high-pressure water jet to cut the rectangular frame-shaped connecting part at a constant speed by taking a middle point E of a transverse long edge as an initial cutting point and taking a ship length direction B and a ship width direction C of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing ship (1) as cutting track directions D in sequence until the middle point F of a longitudinal wide edge, and stopping cutting;
in the tenth step, high-pressure water jet is adopted, the glass fiber reinforced plastic plate at the top of the deckhouse is cut at a constant speed by taking a middle point E of a transverse long edge as an initial cutting point and sequentially taking the ship length direction B and the ship width direction C of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic fishing ship (1) as cutting track directions D until the middle point F of a longitudinal wide edge, and cutting is stopped to realize the removal of the glass fiber reinforced plastic plate at the top of the deckhouse;
in the twelfth step, for the coamings at the transverse periphery of the deckboard chamber, the corner points G at the top of the coamings are used as initial cutting points, and high-pressure water jet is adopted to cut at a constant speed according to the cutting direction I from top to bottom until the coamings reach the corner points H at the bottom of the coamings.
8. A green dismantling method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the seventeenth step, high pressure water jets are used to symmetrically cut at a uniform speed from top to bottom at both sides of the vessel.
9. A green dismantling method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8, further comprising, after said eighteenth step, the step of:
nineteenth step, cleaning the indoor dismantling area to receive the next ship;
twentieth, according to the quality and the requirement of the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic plate, the waste glass fiber reinforced plastic plate is conveyed to a secondary disassembling area to be further disassembled into small glass fiber reinforced plastic blocks which are convenient to pack, and the disassembled glass fiber reinforced plastic waste is bagged and conveyed to a preset glass fiber reinforced plastic waste disposal mechanism to be disposed.
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CA2894584C (en) * | 2012-12-14 | 2019-11-12 | Rolls-Royce Oy Ab | Method for disassembling and/or assembling an underwater section of a retractable thruster unit |
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