CN109898691A - A kind of damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality damping wall - Google Patents

A kind of damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality damping wall Download PDF

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CN109898691A
CN109898691A CN201910145026.8A CN201910145026A CN109898691A CN 109898691 A CN109898691 A CN 109898691A CN 201910145026 A CN201910145026 A CN 201910145026A CN 109898691 A CN109898691 A CN 109898691A
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wall
precast concrete
damping
concrete wall
connecting node
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CN109898691B (en
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陈鑫
刘涛
孙勇
唐柏鉴
李爱群
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Suzhou University of Science and Technology
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Suzhou University of Science and Technology
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Abstract

The present invention is a kind of damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality damping wall, including structural beams, structural column, precast concrete wall, upper connecting node, horizontal spring, distribution sliding support, wall splicing node and bottom connecting node, multiple structural beams and multiple structural columns form main structure, it is connect respectively by bottom connecting node with ground by upper connecting node, horizontal spring and distribution sliding support connection, the precast concrete wall between the main structure and precast concrete wall.The present invention damps wall in disaster caused by a windstorm, coming earthquake; frequency modulation resonance occurs with main structure; the energy of dissipation main structure; to protect main structure, and good damping result, story drift are more evenly distributed, improve good structural damage mode, corrosion-resistant and fire resistance, simple structure, assembling degree height.

Description

A kind of damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality damping wall
Technical field
The present invention relates to civil engineering Aseismic Structure System technical fields, and in particular to a kind of damping earthing type assembled steel Reinforced concrete tuning quality damps wall.
Background technique
Earthquake is one of destructive strongest disaster, and the macroseism occurred in recent years all causes huge personal casualty loss and wealth Produce loss.And China is one of the area that earthquake disaster takes place frequently in the world, and 5 grades or more earthquakes just only have occurred in China in 2017 19 times.How actively to be promoted engineering structure Seismic Resistance And Disaster Reduction ability for assuring the safety for life and property of the people, stable society and economy Development has great importance.As engineering structure is taken precautions against natural calamities the continuous development of damping theory and technology, design concept from antidetonation by The new concepts such as damping, shock insulation are gradually developed to, there has also been large developments for corresponding all kinds of devices, such as fluid linking damper, rubber vibration isolation Support waves wall etc..
Dynamic vibration absorber is a kind of minor structure being additional in main structure, generally includes three quality, rigidity and damping masters Element is wanted, is had a wide range of applications in fields such as aerospace, machinery, civil engineerings.Currently in field of civil engineering, such dress It sets more for the high-rise, wind shake of tall and slender structure and earthquake control, referred to as tuned mass damper (Tuned Mass Damper, TMD).Published some devices, such as magneto suspension horizontal tuned mass damper (CN204098268U), pendulum Formula eddy current tuned mass damper device (CN103132628A) etc. belongs to such.The characteristics of this kind of device be by steel, Spring unit and damping unit is arranged as mass unit in the solids such as lead between solid masses and main structure, forms oscillator System, absorbs and the vibrational energy in the main structure that dissipates.
Due to setting dynamic vibration absorber usually require to occupy certain space, using the original component of structure theory by It gradually generates, such as integrated form tuning quality damping wall (CN105672516B) that applicant is authorized.However these tuned mass dampings The damping unit of wall is still to be connected between mass unit and main structure, is still a kind of dynamic absorber dress from theory nature It sets.And the powered shock absorption device of another kind of damping earthing type is in the current still less report in civil engineering structure field.
Therefore, the present invention using damping earthing type dynamic absorber theory, in conjunction with current building industrialization develop trend, And the intrinsic wall of building is made full use of, a kind of novel fabricated armored concrete tuning quality damping wall is designed, so that the wall Damping unit be connected with ground, so that the Aseismatic Design for engineering structure provides new device.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to overcome the problems of the prior art, and it is assembled steel reinforced mixed to provide a kind of damping earthing type Solidifying soil tuning quality damps wall, can be used for the seismic hardening of the shock absorption system and existing building of new building in multilayered structure, both The damping effect of general tuned mass damper can sufficiently be improved using earthing type damping, while utilize the thought of prefabrication and assembly construction The construction of reinforced concrete wall is designed, realizes industrialized construction way, is changed for new building antidetonation system and existing building reinforcing It makes and a kind of novel tuning quality damping wall construction is provided.
To realize above-mentioned technical purpose and the technique effect, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
A kind of damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality damping wall, including structural beams, structural column, precast concrete Wall, upper connecting node, horizontal spring, distribution sliding support, wall splicing node and bottom connecting node, multiple structures Beam connect composition main structure with multiple structural columns, passes through upper connection between the main structure and precast concrete wall respectively Node, horizontal spring and distribution sliding support connection, the precast concrete wall are connect by bottom connecting node with ground.
Further, the precast concrete wall is by genesis analysis muscle, cross direction profiles muscle and coagulation local soil type at described vertical It is equally spaced respectively along precast concrete wall length and short transverse to distributing reinforcement and cross direction profiles muscle, and according to prefabricated mixed Solidifying cob wall body thickness arranges two or more layers, concrete is equipped between each layer there, along the precast concrete wall length direction Several holes are offered, filler body adjusting precast concrete wall weight, the precast concrete in described hole are passed through Node connection is spliced by wall between wall.
Further, the wall splicing node is made of pre- doweling, grout hole and insertion wall, the insertion wall For the convex portion of precast concrete wall, for being embedded in the respective slot part of top precast concrete wall, the grouting Hole is set in precast concrete wall, and the pre- doweling lower half portion prefabrication cast-in-place is in precast concrete wall, upper half In the grout hole of partial insertion top precast concrete wall, and mortar is injected by grout hole.
Further, the grout hole is in inverted L-shaped, and for being inserted into pre- doweling, horizontal component is used for vertical portion The strength mortars such as perfusion.
Further, the upper connecting node is by top cross-bar, suspention track, suspension pulley, top wheel shaft, suspention outsourcing Concrete and suspention pre-embedded steel slab composition, the top cross-bar both ends and main body structure are affixed, and the suspention track welding is in top Crossbeam lower flange, the suspention pre-embedded steel slab lower half portion are embedded in precast concrete wall in advance, and top half is outer using suspention Packet concrete package, the suspension pulley is connect by top wheel shaft with suspention pre-embedded steel slab, for undertaking pre-cast concrete walling A part of gravity of body, and rolled along suspention track.
Further, the top cross-bar is welded H section steel or I-shaped cross-section, and is provided with floor of accordingly putting more energy into, institute The top for stating suspention lower end of track and precast concrete wall keeps small gap.
Further, the horizontal spring is made of spring and sleeve, the sleeve both ends respectively with pre-cast concrete walling Body is connected with main structure, and the spring is set on the outside of sleeve, for limiting camber of spring direction, is avoided out-of-plane excessively careless Outer shaking.
Further, the distribution sliding support is made of upper sliding support, lower slider support and sliding layer, the upper cunning Dynamic support is connected in precast concrete wall, and the lower slider support is connected in main structure, and the sliding layer is slidably set It sets between upper sliding support and lower slider support, the sliding layer is smooth sliding layer or the sliding layer with certain frictional force.
Further, bottom connecting node by cock wheel wall, space limiting side plate, bottom pulley, bottom wheel shaft, damper and is consolidated Determine node composition, the cock wheel wall splices node by wall and connect with precast concrete wall, and the bottom wheel shaft is embedded in In cock wheel wall bottom groove, the bottom pulley is rotatably mounted on the wheel shaft of bottom, and the lower edge of bottom pulley with Ground face contact, for undertaking partial precast concrete walls body weight and in ground surface, the damper both ends are respectively and solid Determine node and cock wheel wall is hinged, the stationary nodes are fixed in ground, and the space limiting side plate, which is fixed on ground and is set to, to be connect Take turns wall outer side.
Further, the precast concrete wall passes through upper connecting node, distribution sliding support and bottom connecting node Setting free to slide, and mass unit is provided, the horizontal spring provides rigidity, and the damper provides ground connection damping, described The quality of upper connecting node, distribution sliding support and bottom connecting node shared precast concrete wall forms damping and connects The bump leveller of ground type, dissipation inputting seismic energy.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are:
Damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality damping wall of the invention is in disaster caused by a windstorm, coming earthquake, with main knot Frequency modulation resonance occurs for structure, and the energy of dynamic disaster input main structure is passed to tuning damping wall, the reciprocal fortune of tuning damping wall It is dynamic to cause the deformation of damper hysteresis, dissipation energy, to protect main structure.Compare conventional tuned damper, one side earthing type Damping unit make damper have better effectiveness in vibration suppression, on the other hand can make to lead along the wall quality block of structure height The story drift of structure is more evenly distributed.Precast concrete wall makes the install convenient, quickly of device, and concrete surface So that the corrosion-resistant and fire resistance of wall will be got well both relative to steel construction wall.The device has simple structure, cushioning ability By force, improve structural damage mode, the advantages that assembling degree is high.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is whole schematic view of facade structure of the invention;
Fig. 2 is the 1-1 sectional view in Fig. 1 of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is upper connecting node organigram of the invention;
Fig. 4 is wall splicing joint structure schematic diagram of the invention;
Fig. 5 is bottom connecting node organigram of the invention;
Fig. 6 is precast concrete wall and main structure connection structure diagram of the invention;
Fig. 7 is organigram when precast concrete wall of the invention opens up hole.
Figure label explanation: structural beams 1;Structural column 2;Precast concrete wall 3;Upper connecting node 4;Horizontal spring 5;Point Cloth sliding support 6;Wall splices node 7;Bottom connecting node 8;Genesis analysis muscle 31;Cross direction profiles muscle 32;Concrete 33;Top Portion's crossbeam 41;Suspend track 42 in midair;Suspension pulley 43;Top wheel shaft 44;Suspend external wrapping concrete 45 in midair;Suspend pre-embedded steel slab 46 in midair;Bullet Spring 51;Sleeve 52;Upper sliding support 61;Lower slider support 62;Sliding layer 63;Pre- doweling 71;Grout hole 72;It is embedded in wall 73;Cock wheel wall 81;Space limiting side plate 82;Bottom pulley 83;Bottom wheel shaft 84;Damper 85;Stationary nodes 86.
Specific embodiment
It is below with reference to the accompanying drawings and in conjunction with the embodiments, next that the present invention will be described in detail.
As depicted in figs. 1 and 2, a kind of damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality damps wall, including structure Beam 1, structural column 2, precast concrete wall 3, upper connecting node 4, horizontal spring 5, distribution sliding support 6, wall splice node 7 With bottom connecting node 8, multiple structural beams 1 connect composition main structure with multiple structural columns 2, and main structure is frame knot Structure is also possible to other common structure types, is saved respectively by upper connection between the main structure and precast concrete wall 3 6 connection of point 4, horizontal spring 5 and distribution sliding support, the precast concrete wall 3 are connected by bottom connecting node 7 and ground It connects.
As shown in Figures 3 to 5, the precast concrete wall 3 is by genesis analysis muscle 31, cross direction profiles muscle 32 and concrete 33 compositions, genesis analysis muscle 31 and cross direction profiles muscle 32 are using the reinforcing bar of standard specification, and label and size are according to the conventional choosing of design With the genesis analysis muscle 31 and cross direction profiles muscle 32 are respectively along 3 length of precast concrete wall and the equidistant cloth of short transverse Set, and two or more layers arranged according to 3 thickness of precast concrete wall, and meet the requirement of concrete cover, every layer it Between be equipped with concrete 33 and according to weight requirements offer several holes along 3 length direction of precast concrete wall, design For hollow wall form, pass through filler body adjusting 3 weight of precast concrete wall, the precast concrete in described hole Splice node 7 by wall between wall 3 to connect.
As shown in figure 4, the wall splicing node is made of pre- doweling 71, grout hole 72 and insertion wall 73, it is described It is embedded in the convex portion that wall 73 is precast concrete wall 3, for being embedded in the respective slot portion of top precast concrete wall 3 Point, the grout hole 72 is set in precast concrete wall 3, and the pre- 71 lower half portion prefabrication cast-in-place of doweling is in prefabricated mixed In solidifying cob wall body 3, top half is inserted into the grout hole 72 of top precast concrete wall 3, and injects sand by grout hole 72 Slurry.
As shown in figure 5, the grout hole 72 is in inverted L-shaped, vertical portion is for being inserted into pre- doweling 71, horizontal component For strength mortars such as perfusions.
As shown in figure 3, the upper connecting node 4 is by top cross-bar 41, suspention track 42, suspension pulley 43, top wheel shaft 44, it suspends external wrapping concrete 45 in midair and suspention pre-embedded steel slab 46 forms, 41 both ends of top cross-bar and main body structure are affixed, described outstanding Hanger rail road 42 is welded in 41 lower flange of top cross-bar, and 46 lower half portion of suspention pre-embedded steel slab is embedded in precast concrete wall in advance In 3, top half is wrapped up using suspention external wrapping concrete 45, and the suspension pulley 43 passes through top wheel shaft 44 and suspention pre-buried steel Plate 46 connects, and rolls for undertaking a part of gravity of precast concrete wall 3, and along suspention track 42.
The top cross-bar 41 is welded H section steel or I-shaped cross-section, and is provided with floor of accordingly putting more energy into, the suspention rail 42 lower end of road and the top of precast concrete wall 3 keep small gap.
As shown in fig. 6, the horizontal spring 5 is made of spring 51 and sleeve 52,51 rigidity of spring and quantity can be according to tune The quality conventionally calculation of harmonics rate and pre-cast concrete walling obtain, 52 both ends of the sleeve respectively with precast concrete wall 3 and Main structure connection, the spring 51 are set to 52 outside of sleeve, for limiting 51 deformation direction of spring, avoid out-of-plane excessive It is unexpected to shake.
The distribution sliding support 6 is made of upper sliding support 61, lower slider support 62 and sliding layer 63, the upper sliding Support 61 is connected in precast concrete wall 3, and the lower slider support 62 is connected in main structure, in the present embodiment, on Sliding support 61 is bolted with precast concrete wall 3 by wall body built-in fitting at the form of falling bracket, lower slider support, and 62 It is made bracket form, has just been connect with main structure by welding or bolt, the sliding layer 63 is slidably arranged in sliding support 61 Between lower slider support 62, the sliding layer 63 is smooth sliding layer or the sliding layer with certain frictional force, so that prefabricated mixed Solidifying cob wall body 3 is kept fixed in low amplitude vibrations.
As shown in figure 5, bottom connecting node 8 by cock wheel wall 81, space limiting side plate 82, bottom pulley 83, bottom wheel shaft 84, Damper 85 and stationary nodes 86 form, and cock wheel wall 81 is similarly precast reinforced concrete structure, and the cock wheel wall 81 is logical Wall splicing node 7 to be crossed to connect with precast concrete wall 3, the bottom wheel shaft 84 is embedded in 81 bottom groove of cock wheel wall, The bottom pulley 83 is rotatably mounted on bottom wheel shaft 84, and the lower edge of bottom pulley 83 and ground face contact, is used for It undertakes 3 weight of partial precast concrete wall and in ground surface, damper 85 can use viscid according to selection is calculated Fluid damper or other types damper, 85 both ends of damper are hinged with stationary nodes 86 and cock wheel wall 81 respectively, The stationary nodes 86 are fixed in ground, and the space limiting side plate 82 is fixed on ground and is set to 81 outside of cock wheel wall.
The precast concrete wall 3 passes through upper connecting node 4, distribution sliding support 6 and 8 free skating of bottom connecting node Dynamic setting, and mass unit is provided, the horizontal spring 5 provides rigidity, and the damper 85 provides ground connection damping, the upper company The quality for connecing node 4, distribution sliding support 6 and 8 shared precast concrete wall 3 of bottom connecting node forms damping and connects The bump leveller of ground type, dissipation inputting seismic energy.
Implementation steps of the present invention when specifically installing and using are described in detail below in conjunction with above-mentioned technical proposal and attached drawing:
1) according to design and construction requirement, factory complete set up template, binding genesis analysis muscle 31, cross direction profiles muscle 32 and The processes such as stirrup, casting concrete 33, maintenance make precast concrete wall 3;Wherein, the suspention pre-buried steel of upper connecting node 4 Plate 46 is embedded in advance in the precast concrete wall 3 of top, and pours suspention external wrapping concrete 45.
2) top cross-bar 41, suspention track 42, suspension pulley 43 and the top wheel shaft 44 in upper connecting node 4 are processed, Middle suspention track 42 and top cross-bar 41 are welded;It makes 81 template of cock wheel wall of bottom node 8, assembling reinforcement, pour coagulation Soil simultaneously conserves, while bottom pulley 83 is linked to be entirety by bottom wheel shaft 84 and cock wheel wall 81.
3) space limiting side plate 82 and stationary nodes 86 are fixed in ground.
4) lower slider support 62 is first installed on structural column 2 at structure scene, 41 both ends of top cross-bar is connected to main knot Structure;The upper insertion wall 73 of lower wall body is first inserted into upper wall body, passes through grout hole 72 by assembled precast concrete wall 3 Inject mortar;Cock wheel wall 81 is connected to precast concrete wall 3 by the same method again;Upper sliding support 61 is passed through The pre-embedded bolt of wall is installed on precast concrete wall 3.
5) the upper sliding support 61 being connected with precast concrete wall 3 is held on by integral hoisting precast concrete wall 3 In lower slider support 62, sliding layer 63 is handled in a pre-installation, is appropriately arranged with falsework.
6) using installation horizontal spring 5 is bolted, top wheel shaft 44 is inserted into suspention external wrapping concrete 45 and suspention is pre- Steel plate 46 is buried, and suspension pulley 43 is installed.
7) after installing, falsework is removed.
The principle of the invention
In the present invention, mass unit is formed by precast concrete wall 3, horizontal spring 5 is rigidity unit, and damper 85 is damping Unit forms the dynamic vibration absorber of damping earthing type;When vibration, precast concrete wall 3 itself provides enough rigidity and holds Power is carried, entire wall is made to become an entirety, quality passes through distribution sliding support 6, upper connecting node 4 and bottom connecting node 8 shareds, and upper connecting node 4 and bottom connecting node 8 limit precast concrete wall 3 and topple, it can water It is smooth dynamic;It is prefabricated due to the principle of resonance tuning when building structure is by load actions such as wind, earthquakes, and lateral vibration occurs Reversal of vibrations occurs for concrete wall 3, and partial vibration energy is passed to the damper 85 in tuning quality damping wall, consumes The vibrational energy passed over, to reduce structural vibration response;Simultaneously as the rigidity of precast concrete wall 3 itself, it can To change structure story drift distribution pattern.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, is not intended to restrict the invention, for the skill of this field For art personnel, the invention may be variously modified and varied.All within the spirits and principles of the present invention, made any to repair Change, equivalent replacement, improvement etc., should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality damps wall, including it is structural beams (1), structural column (2), pre- Concrete wall (3), upper connecting node (4), horizontal spring (5), distribution sliding support (6), wall splicing node (7) and bottom processed Portion's connecting node (8), which is characterized in that multiple structural beams (1) connect composition main structure with multiple structural columns (2), It is slided respectively by upper connecting node (4), horizontal spring (5) and distribution between the main structure and precast concrete wall (3) (6) connection is supported, the precast concrete wall (3) is connect by bottom connecting node (7) with ground.
2. damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality according to claim 1 damps wall, which is characterized in that The precast concrete wall (3) is made of genesis analysis muscle (31), cross direction profiles muscle (32) and concrete (33), the longitudinal direction Distributing reinforcement (31) and cross direction profiles muscle (32) are equally spaced along precast concrete wall (3) length and short transverse respectively, and Two or more layers are arranged according to precast concrete wall (3) thickness, are equipped with concrete (33) between each layer there, along described prefabricated mixed Solidifying cob wall body (3) length direction offers several holes, passes through the filler body adjusting precast concrete wall in described hole (3) weight passes through wall splicing node (7) connection between the precast concrete wall (3).
3. damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality according to claim 1 or 2 damps wall, feature exists In the wall splicing node is made of pre- doweling (71), grout hole (72) and insertion wall (73), the insertion wall It (73) is the convex portion of precast concrete wall (3), for being embedded in the respective slot portion of top precast concrete wall (3) Point, the grout hole (72) is set in precast concrete wall (3), pre- doweling (71) the lower half portion prefabrication cast-in-place in In precast concrete wall (3), top half is inserted into the grout hole (72) of top precast concrete wall (3), and passes through filling It starches hole (72) and injects mortar.
4. damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality according to claim 3 damps wall, which is characterized in that The grout hole (72) is in inverted L-shaped, and vertical portion is for being inserted into pre- doweling (71), and horizontal component is for strong sand such as perfusions Slurry.
5. damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality according to claim 1 damps wall, which is characterized in that The upper connecting node (4) is outer by top cross-bar (41), suspention track (42), suspension pulley (43), top wheel shaft (44), suspention Packet concrete (45) and suspention pre-embedded steel slab (46) composition, top cross-bar (41) both ends and main body structure are affixed, the suspention Track (42) is welded in top cross-bar (41) lower flange, and suspention pre-embedded steel slab (46) lower half portion is embedded in precast concrete in advance In wall (3), top half passes through top wheel shaft (44) using suspention external wrapping concrete (45) package, the suspension pulley (43) It is connect with suspention pre-embedded steel slab (46), for undertaking precast concrete wall (3) a part of gravity, and along suspention track (42) It rolls.
6. damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality according to claim 5 damps wall, which is characterized in that The top cross-bar (41) is welded H section steel or I-shaped cross-section, and is provided with floor of accordingly putting more energy into, the suspention track (42) The top of lower end and precast concrete wall (3) keeps small gap.
7. damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality according to claim 1 damps wall, which is characterized in that The horizontal spring (5) is made of spring (51) and sleeve (52), sleeve (52) both ends respectively with precast concrete wall (3) it is connected with main structure, the spring (51) is set on the outside of sleeve (52), for limiting spring (51) deformation direction, avoids Out-of-plane excessive unexpected shaking.
8. damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality according to claim 1 damps wall, which is characterized in that The distribution sliding support (6) is made of upper sliding support (61), lower slider support (62) and sliding layer (63), the upper sliding Support (61) is connected on precast concrete wall (3), and the lower slider support (62) is connected in main structure, the sliding layer (63) it is slidably arranged between sliding support (61) and lower slider support (62), the sliding layer (63) is smooth sliding layer Or the sliding layer with certain frictional force.
9. damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality according to claim 1 damps wall, which is characterized in that Bottom connecting node (8) is by cock wheel wall (81), space limiting side plate (82), bottom pulley (83), bottom wheel shaft (84), damper (85) and stationary nodes (86) composition, the cock wheel wall (81) pass through wall splicing node (7) and precast concrete wall (3) Connection, in cock wheel wall (81) bottom groove, the bottom pulley (83) is rotatably mounted to the bottom wheel shaft (84) On bottom wheel shaft (84), and the lower edge of bottom pulley (83) and ground face contact, for undertaking partial precast concrete wall (3) weight and in ground surface, damper (85) both ends are cut with scissors with stationary nodes (86) and cock wheel wall (81) respectively It connects, the stationary nodes (86) are fixed in ground, and the space limiting side plate (82) is fixed on ground and is set to cock wheel wall (81) Outside.
10. damping earthing type assembled steel reinforced concrete tuning quality according to claim 1 damps wall, feature exists In the precast concrete wall (3) slidably supports (6) and bottom connecting node (8) certainly by upper connecting node (4), distribution It is arranged by sliding, and mass unit is provided, the horizontal spring (5) provides rigidity, and the damper (85) provides ground connection damping, The upper connecting node (4), distribution sliding support (6) and bottom connecting node (8) shared precast concrete wall (3) Quality forms the bump leveller of damping earthing type, dissipation inputting seismic energy.
CN201910145026.8A 2019-02-27 2019-02-27 Damping grounding type fabricated reinforced concrete tuned mass damping wall Active CN109898691B (en)

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