CN109594564A - 一种地铁深基坑明挖防坍塌施工方法 - Google Patents
一种地铁深基坑明挖防坍塌施工方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN109594564A CN109594564A CN201910059276.XA CN201910059276A CN109594564A CN 109594564 A CN109594564 A CN 109594564A CN 201910059276 A CN201910059276 A CN 201910059276A CN 109594564 A CN109594564 A CN 109594564A
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- Prior art keywords
- foundation pit
- casing
- construction
- concrete
- well
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- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium carbonate Substances 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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
- E02D17/02—Foundation pits
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
- E02D17/02—Foundation pits
- E02D17/04—Bordering surfacing or stiffening the sides of foundation pits
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D19/00—Keeping dry foundation sites or other areas in the ground
- E02D19/06—Restraining of underground water
- E02D19/10—Restraining of underground water by lowering level of ground water
Abstract
本发明公开了一种地铁深基坑明挖防坍塌施工方法，包括以下步骤，S1：采用井点降水方法，在基坑周边布设降水井，形成降水帷幕，进行基坑周围的降水；S2：旋挖钻钻孔桩，埋设护筒，注浆做围护桩；S3：施做冠梁砼支撑，挖开基坑的表层至冠梁砼支撑顶标高位置，在冠梁砼支撑的位置挖槽至所需的深度，在槽内浇筑钢筋混凝土，施做冠梁砼支撑；S4：深基坑挖土，施做马道，架设钢支撑；S5：修理边坡，土钉钻孔，安置土钉，土钉注浆，喷墙底层混凝土，挂钢筋网，安土钉承压板，喷墙面层混凝土，桩间挂网喷射混凝土；S6：重复步骤S4～S5直到施工至需求的基坑深度。本发明有效的解决地铁深基坑施工所存在的坍塌问题，保证地铁施工的安全，提高施工的效率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及地铁建设施工领域，具体涉及一种地铁深基坑明挖防坍塌施工方法。
背景技术
随着经济生活水平的提高以及技术水平的不断发展，推动城市的建设进入快速的发展阶段，城市的发展离不开地铁的建设，在地铁的施工过程中首先需要开挖基坑，由于基坑在一般都位于地下水位线以下，特别是一些深基坑，基坑的底部深度远远的超过地下水位线，同时，因每个城市的地层情况不尽相同，特别是一些砂砾地层，在基坑开挖时，容易造成基坑壁体的坍塌，从而影响施工的进度，同时也会给施工带来很大的隐患，因此，需要发明一种地铁基坑，特别是深基坑的防坍塌的施工方法，保证地铁基坑施工的正常进行，提高了地铁施工的效率，保证施工的安全，消除基坑坍塌的隐患。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是：提供一种地铁深基坑施工的方法，解决地铁深基坑施工所存在的坍塌问题，保证地铁施工的安全，提高施工的效率。
为实现上述目的，本发明采用的技术方案如下：
一种地铁深基坑明挖防坍塌施工方法，包括以下步骤，
S1：采用井点降水方法，在基坑周边布设降水井，形成降水帷幕，进行基坑周围的降水；
S2：旋挖钻钻孔桩，做围护桩，通过钻机底部带有活门的桶式钻头旋切破碎岩石泥土，并直接将其装入钻斗内，然后再由钻机提升装置和伸缩钻杆将钻斗提出孔外卸土，这样循环往复，不断地取土卸土，直至钻至设计深度，再进行护筒埋设，并在护筒内注入混凝土形成围护桩；
S3：施做冠梁砼支撑，挖开基坑的表层至冠梁砼支撑顶标高位置，在冠梁砼支撑的位置挖槽至所需的深度，在槽内浇筑钢筋混凝土，施做冠梁砼支撑；
S4：深基坑挖土，架设钢支撑，采用机械设备进行基坑的挖土作业，在基坑挖至设计的深度时，架设钢支撑，用于支撑基坑壁体；
S5：修理边坡，土钉钻孔，安置土钉，土钉注浆，喷墙底层混凝土，挂钢筋网，安土钉承压板，喷墙面层混凝土，桩间挂网喷射混凝土；
S6：重复步骤S4～S5直到施工至需求的基坑深度。
进一步地，步骤S1中，所述降水井的布设，当采用冲击式钻机用泥浆护壁时，井中心距基坑的距离为0.5～1.5m；当采用套管法时，井中心距基坑的距离不小于3m，管井间距为10～15m；
进行钻孔成孔时，钻孔直径比井管外径大150～250mm，向孔内投放泥浆，护住井壁，并下入井管，井管由实管、过滤管、沉砂管组成，井管嵌入基坑底不小于8.5m，其中沉砂管长2.5m，过滤管7.5m～12.5m；实管与井壁间填充粘土，井管与土壁之间采用3～15mm的砾石填充作为过滤层，地面下0.5m以内用粘土填充夯实，过虑管包缠2层60目尼龙网，井管下沉前先进行清孔并保持滤网畅通；
钻孔成孔后，在降水井内装入吸水管，吸水管采用50～100mm的胶皮管或钢管，其下端沉入管井抽吸时的最低水位线以下，并装逆止阀，吸水管上端装设带法兰盘的短钢管一节，吸水管上端出口与50～100mm管径的离心泵相连。
进一步地，步骤S2中，在进行旋挖钻钻孔桩时，首先要根据施工设计图纸，结合现场测量桩点，用全站仪准确的定测出每根桩的桩位；其次，测量班放出桩位后，采用木桩钉钉进行护桩，土质松软地段用水泥包桩，每次钻机就位开钻前和钢筋笼吊放前，进行复测，测量无误后才可进行下步工序施工；钻进开始前在护筒上作好标高控制点，计算实际钻进深度，并用测绳量测实际深度，离桩底设计标高小于3m时加密量测次数，以确保不超钻或欠钻；
埋设的护筒采用壁厚8mm钢护筒，由单节长度4m的护筒组成，护筒间由平头螺栓连接，护筒内径大于钻头直径20cm，护筒顶面高出施工水位2m，护筒泥浆溢出口底边高出地下水位1.5m以上，高出施工地面0.3～0.5m，护筒的埋置深度不小于2米；
旋挖钻机护筒与钻机的动力头驱动连接器连接在一起，钻机操作手利用导墙将第一节钢护筒准确定位，再通过大扭矩钻机动力头将钢护筒旋转压入设计标高，护筒压入前和压入后，均通过靠在护筒上的水平仪调整护筒的垂直位置，护筒顶面中心与设计桩位偏差不得大于5cm，倾斜度不得大于1％。
进一步地，步骤S4和步骤S5中，采取竖向分层，横向分块，拉槽开挖、留土护壁的方式开挖，及时架设钢支撑，减少基坑无支撑区域及暴露时间，采用放坡拉槽开挖时，纵向坡度不小于1:7，两侧拉槽坡度1：0.5；
分层开挖时，每层开挖深度不超过3m，每块的长度不超过12m，单块开挖时间在13～15h，每开挖到钢支撑标高以下0.5m时架设钢支撑，单块开挖卸载后无支撑暴露时间不超过24h；
基坑底部留50cm的深度，护坡桩侧和设计边坡开挖面留30cm的宽度，采用小挖机配合人工清底，防止超挖破坏原状土，确保地基承载力，开挖坡度小于1:0.2。
进一步地，在进行基坑施工时，先在基坑正中位置施工马道，先挖中间土方，基坑两侧保留至少2m宽的侧压土，侧压土坡度为1:0.5，马道净高4m，同时侧压土作为钢支撑的架设平台，待钢支撑架设完成后，再继续向下开挖，如此循环，直至基坑挖至设计的深度。
进一步地，在深基坑开挖前15天进行降水井降水，使地下水位标高低于基坑开挖面标高1m，开挖至基底后使地下水位位于基底以下2m；
深基坑开挖期间及时对基坑内壁进行挂网喷射混凝土施工，当发现基坑内有渗漏情况发生及时进行围护桩背后注双液浆。
进一步地，在降水井降水工作期间，严禁停降水井的离心水泵直至结构施工完成；抽水期间进行含砂率试验，含砂率控制在1/100000以内。
进一步地，在砂类土、碎石土或黏土夹层中钻孔，采用膨润土泥浆护壁，护壁泥浆采用膨润土、碳酸钠、中性羟基纤维素CMC配制而成。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下有益效果：
(1)本发明首先通过在基坑周边布置降水井，在基坑施工前，提前采用降水井降地下水位，并在整个施工过程中，保持降水井的抽水离心泵不间断的抽水，始终保持地下水位在施工面以下，有效阻止地下水进入基坑，防止基坑壁体的坍塌，同时，在基坑四周钻设桩孔，下入钢筋笼，并注入泥浆，在基坑的四周形成围护桩，进一步地防止基坑壁体的坍塌，有效的保证了基坑施工的作业安全和施工质量。
(2)本发明采用竖向分层、横向分块开挖、随挖随撑随喷锚、支撑与开挖结合的方式，有效的保证了基坑在施工过程中，四周壁体均有支撑进行支撑防护，有效的防止了基坑施工过程中，壁体出现坍塌的隐患，更进一步地保证了施工的质量。
附图说明
图1为本发明施工流程框图。
图2为本发明施工时基坑俯视示意图。
图3为本发明基坑开挖施工时基坑横断面示意图。
其中，附图标记对应的名称为：
1-降水井，2-冠梁砼支撑，3-钢支撑，4-围护桩，5-岩土层，6-马道。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图说明和实施例对本发明作进一步说明，本发明的方式包括但不仅限于以下实施例。
如图1～3所示：一种地铁深基坑明挖防坍塌施工方法，包括以下步骤，
S1：采用井点降水方法，在基坑周边布设降水井1，形成降水帷幕，进行基坑周围的降水；所述降水井1的布设，当采用冲击式钻机用泥浆护壁时，井中心距基坑的距离为0.5～1.5m；当采用套管法时，井中心距基坑的距离不小于3m，管井间距为10～15m；
在进行钻孔成孔时，钻孔直径比井管外径大150～250mm，向孔内投放泥浆，护住井壁，并下入井管，井管由实管、过滤管、沉砂管组成，井管嵌入基坑底不小于8.5m，其中沉砂管长2.5m，过滤管7.5m～12.5m；实管与井壁间填充粘土，井管与土壁之间采用3～15mm的砾石填充作为过滤层，地面下0.5m以内用粘土填充夯实，过虑管包缠2层60目尼龙网，井管下沉前先进行清孔并保持滤网畅通。
在钻孔成孔后，在降水井内装入吸水管，吸水管采用50～100mm的胶皮管或钢管，其下端沉入管井抽吸时在最低水位线以下，并装逆止阀，吸水管上端装设带法兰盘的短钢管一节，吸水管上端出口与50～100mm管径的离心泵相连，离心泵功率不低于5.5KW，局部区域降水水泵功率根据水量适当调整。
S2：旋挖钻钻孔桩，做围护桩4，通过钻机底部带有活门的桶式钻头旋切破碎岩石泥土，并直接将其装入钻斗内，然后再由钻机提升装置和伸缩钻杆将钻斗提出孔外卸土，这样循环往复，不断地取土卸土，直至钻至设计深度，再进行护筒埋设，并在护筒内注入混凝土形成围护桩4。
在进行旋挖钻钻孔桩时，首先要根据施工设计图纸，结合现场测量桩点，用全站仪准确的定测出每根桩的桩位；其次，测量班放出桩位后，采用木桩钉钉进行护桩，土质松软地段用水泥包桩，每次钻机就位好开钻前和钢筋笼吊放前，进行复测，测量无误后才可进行下步工序施工；钻进开始前在护筒上作好标高控制点，计算实际钻进深度，并用测绳量测实际深度，桩底设计标高小于3m时加密量测次数，以确保不超钻或欠钻。
埋设的护筒采用壁厚8mm钢护筒，由单节长度4m的护筒组成，护筒间由平头螺栓连接，护筒内径大于钻头直径20cm，护筒顶面高出施工水位2m，护筒泥浆溢出口底边高出地下水位1.5m以上，高出施工地面0.3～0.5m，护筒的埋置深度不小于2m。
旋挖钻机护筒与钻机的动力头驱动连接器连接在一起，钻机操作手利用导墙将第一节钢护筒准确定位，再通过大扭矩钻机动力头将钢护筒旋转压入设计标高，护筒压入前和压入后，均通过靠在护筒上的水平仪调整护筒的垂直位置，护筒顶面中心与设计桩位偏差不得大于5cm，倾斜度不得大于1％。
S3：施做冠梁砼支撑2，挖开基坑的表层至冠梁砼支撑4顶标高位置，在冠梁砼支撑4的位置挖槽至所需的深度，在槽内浇筑钢筋混凝土，施做冠梁砼支撑4。
深基坑开挖前15天进行降水井降水，使地下水位标高低于基坑开挖面标高1m，开挖至基底后使地下水位位于基底以下2m；在降水井降水工作期间，严禁停降水井的离心水泵直至结构施工完成；抽水期间进行含砂率试验，含砂率控制在1/100000以内。
深基坑开挖期间及时对基坑内壁进行挂网喷射混凝土施工，并且确保混凝土喷射质量；当发现基坑内有渗漏情况发生及时进行围护桩背后注双液浆。
S4：深基坑挖土，架设钢支撑3，在基坑开挖至设计的深度时，及时架设钢支撑，用于支撑基坑壁体；
基坑开挖采取竖向分层，横向分块，拉槽开挖、留土护壁的方式开挖，及时架设钢支撑，减少基坑无支撑区域及暴露时间，采用放坡拉槽开挖时，纵向坡度不小于1:7，两侧拉槽坡度1：0.5。
分层开挖时，每层开挖深度不超过3m，每块的长度不超过12m，单块开挖时间在13～15h，每开挖到钢支撑标高以下0.5m时架设钢支撑，单块开挖卸载后无支撑暴露时间不超过24h。
基坑开挖应采用放坡开挖，在开挖时及时在基坑内施做临时排水沟，排水沟离围护桩保持1.0m以上的距离，防止积水浸泡桩脚影响围护桩的稳定性，并在坑底施做临时集水井，集水井离坡脚保持2.0m以上的距离，严防集水井内的积水浸泡坡脚，基坑内散水通过排水沟汇入集水井，及时用水泵将集水井内积水抽出，排入基坑外排水沟汇入沉淀池。
基坑底部留50cm的深度，护坡桩侧和设计边坡开挖面留30cm的宽度，采用小挖机配合人工清底，防止超挖破坏原状土，确保地基承载力，开挖坡度小于1:0.2。
S5：修理边坡，土钉钻孔，安置土钉，土钉注浆，喷墙底层混凝土，挂钢筋网，安土钉承压板，喷墙面层混凝土，桩间挂网喷射混凝土；在砂类土、碎石土或黏土夹层中钻孔，采用膨润土泥浆护壁，护壁泥浆采用膨润土、碳酸钠、中性羟基纤维素CMC配制而成。
S6：重复步骤S4～S5直到施工至需求的基坑深度；在进行基坑施工时，先在基坑正中位置施工马道，先挖中间土方，基坑两侧保留至少2m宽的侧压土，侧压土坡度为1:0.5，马道净高4m，同时侧压土作为钢支撑的架设平台，待钢支撑架设完成后，再继续向下开挖，如此循环，直至基坑挖至设计的深度。
上述实施例仅为本发明的优选实施方式之一，不应当用于限制本发明的保护范围，但凡在本发明的主体设计思想和精神上作出的毫无实质意义的改动或润色，其所解决的技术问题仍然与本发明一致的，均应当包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种地铁深基坑明挖防坍塌施工方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤，
S1：采用井点降水方法，在基坑周边布设降水井，形成降水帷幕，进行基坑周围的降水；
S2：旋挖钻钻孔桩，做围护桩，通过钻机底部带有活门的桶式钻头旋切破碎岩石泥土，并直接将其装入钻斗内，然后再由钻机提升装置和伸缩钻杆将钻斗提出孔外卸土，这样循环往复，不断地取土卸土，直至钻至设计深度，再进行护筒埋设，并在护筒内注入混凝土形成围护桩；
S3：施做冠梁砼支撑，挖开基坑的表层至冠梁砼支撑顶标高位置，在冠梁砼支撑的位置挖槽至所需的深度，在槽内浇筑钢筋混凝土，施做冠梁砼支撑；
S4：深基坑挖土，架设钢支撑，采用机械设备进行基坑的挖土作业，在基坑挖至设计的深度时，架设钢支撑，用于支撑基坑壁体；
S5：修理边坡，土钉钻孔，安置土钉，土钉注浆，喷墙底层混凝土，挂钢筋网，安土钉承压板，喷墙面层混凝土，桩间挂网喷射混凝土；
S6：重复步骤S4～S5直到施工至需求的基坑深度。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种地铁深基坑明挖防坍塌施工方法，其特征在于，步骤S1中，所述降水井的布设，当采用冲击式钻机用泥浆护壁时，井中心距基坑的距离为0.5～1.5m；当采用套管法时，井中心距基坑的距离不小于3m，管井间距为10～15m；
进行钻孔成孔时，钻孔直径比井管外径大150～250mm，向孔内投放泥浆，护住井壁，并下入井管，井管由实管、过滤管、沉砂管组成，井管嵌入基坑底不小于8.5m，其中沉砂管长2.5m，过滤管7.5m～12.5m；实管与井壁间填充粘土，井管与土壁之间采用3～15mm的砾石填充作为过滤层，地面下0.5m以内用粘土填充夯实，过虑管包缠2层60目尼龙网，井管下沉前先进行清孔并保持滤网畅通；
钻孔成孔后，在降水井内装入吸水管，吸水管采用50～100mm的胶皮管或钢管，其下端沉入管井抽吸时的最低水位线以下，并装逆止阀，吸水管上端装设带法兰盘的短钢管一节，吸水管上端出口与50～100mm管径的离心泵相连。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种地铁深基坑明挖防坍塌施工方法，其特征在于，步骤S2中，在进行旋挖钻钻孔桩时，首先要根据施工设计图纸，结合现场测量桩点，用全站仪准确的定测出每根桩的桩位；其次，测量班放出桩位后，采用木桩钉钉进行护桩，土质松软地段用水泥包桩，每次钻机就位开钻前和钢筋笼吊放前，进行复测，测量无误后才可进行下步工序施工；钻进开始前在护筒上作好标高控制点，计算实际钻进深度，并用测绳量测实际深度，离桩底设计标高小于3m时加密量测次数，以确保不超钻或欠钻；
埋设的护筒采用壁厚8mm钢护筒，由单节长度4m的护筒组成，护筒间由平头螺栓连接，护筒内径大于钻头直径20cm，护筒顶面高出施工水位2m，护筒泥浆溢出口底边高出地下水位1.5m以上，高出施工地面0.3～0.5m，护筒的埋置深度不小于2米；
旋挖钻机护筒与钻机的动力头驱动连接器连接在一起，钻机操作手利用导墙将第一节钢护筒准确定位，再通过大扭矩钻机动力头将钢护筒旋转压入设计标高，护筒压入前和压入后，均通过靠在护筒上的水平仪调整护筒的垂直位置，护筒顶面中心与设计桩位偏差不得大于5cm，倾斜度不得大于1％。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种地铁深基坑明挖防坍塌施工方法，其特征在于，步骤S4和步骤S5中，采取竖向分层，横向分块，拉槽开挖、留土护壁的方式开挖，及时架设钢支撑，减少基坑无支撑区域及暴露时间，采用放坡拉槽开挖时，纵向坡度不小于1:7，两侧拉槽坡度1：0.5；
分层开挖时，每层开挖深度不超过3m，每块的长度不超过12m，单块开挖时间在13～15h，每开挖到钢支撑标高以下0.5m时架设钢支撑，单块开挖卸载后无支撑暴露时间不超过24h；
基坑底部留50cm的深度，护坡桩侧和设计边坡开挖面留30cm的宽度，采用小挖机配合人工清底，防止超挖破坏原状土，确保地基承载力，开挖坡度小于1:0.2。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种地铁深基坑明挖防坍塌施工方法，其特征在于，在进行基坑施工时，先在基坑正中位置施工马道，先挖中间土方，基坑两侧保留至少2m宽的侧压土，侧压土坡度为1:0.5，马道净高4m，同时侧压土作为钢支撑的架设平台，待钢支撑架设完成后，再继续向下开挖，如此循环，直至基坑挖至设计的深度。
6.根据权利要求1～5任意项所述的一种地铁深基坑明挖防坍塌施工方法，其特征在于，在深基坑开挖前15天进行降水井降水，使地下水位标高低于基坑开挖面标高1m，开挖至基底后使地下水位位于基底以下2m；
深基坑开挖期间及时对基坑内壁进行挂网喷射混凝土施工，当发现基坑内有渗漏情况发生及时进行围护桩背后注双液浆。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种地铁深基坑明挖防坍塌施工方法，其特征在于，在降水井降水工作期间，严禁停降水井的离心水泵直至结构施工完成；抽水期间进行含砂率试验，含砂率控制在1/100000以内。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种地铁深基坑明挖防坍塌施工方法，其特征在于，在砂类土、碎石土或黏土夹层中钻孔，采用膨润土泥浆护壁，护壁泥浆采用膨润土、碳酸钠、中性羟基纤维素CMC配制而成。
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