CN109496758B - Repairing and nursing method for disease inoculation tobacco field - Google Patents
Repairing and nursing method for disease inoculation tobacco field Download PDFInfo
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- CN109496758B CN109496758B CN201811208970.5A CN201811208970A CN109496758B CN 109496758 B CN109496758 B CN 109496758B CN 201811208970 A CN201811208970 A CN 201811208970A CN 109496758 B CN109496758 B CN 109496758B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/45—Tobacco
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for repairing and maintaining a disease inoculated tobacco field, which comprises the following steps: 1) leveling the land and cleaning the sick and disabled; 2) killing harmful pathogenic bacteria: A. keeping water in the tobacco field; B. spreading an alkaline bactericide; C. flooding; D. drying and freezing upturned soil; 3) soil remediation: A. selecting and preparing soil beneficial microorganisms; B. raking up upturned soil to be fine and flat; C. irrigating; 4) health-care cultivation; 5) and (5) circulating treatment. The invention firstly eliminates hosts by land leveling, disease residue cleaning and the like, then carries out flooding and deep ploughing, fully utilizes strong ultraviolet rays in the daytime and low temperature at night to alternately 'sun and freeze upturned soil' to kill harmful pathogenic bacteria to the maximum extent, then inoculates beneficial soil microorganism bacteria, recovers soil health, finally carries out health care cultivation, and realizes soil conservation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco field restoration, and particularly relates to a method for restoring and nursing a disease inoculated tobacco field.
Background
The disease inoculation tobacco field is a tobacco planting test field for carrying out inoculation tests of harmful pathogenic microorganisms such as black shank, brown spot and the like for a long time, most of the disease inoculation tobacco fields are smooth in land and convenient to drain and irrigate, but the disease inoculation tobacco fields are used as the disease inoculation tests for a long time and have been continuously cultivated for more than 10 years. Therefore, most of the soil in the disease test field is acidified and has a compact structure, the tobacco plants are weak in growth, and the diseases such as black shank and red star are serious, particularly the death rate of the tobacco plants is high due to the black shank and the black root rot during transplanting to the root period, and serious influence is caused on the continuous development of tobacco field tests.
And a large amount of disease inoculation tobacco fields for long-term continuous cropping cannot be put into normal agriculture due to serious diseases and other problems, and simultaneously, land resources are wasted. At present, no relevant report aiming at disease inoculation tobacco field restoration and conservation exists.
In view of the above situation, it is very necessary to invent a method for repairing and maintaining a disease-inoculated tobacco field.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for repairing and nursing a disease inoculated tobacco field.
The object of the invention is achieved by the following steps:
1) leveling land and cleaning disease residues: inoculating the disease to be treated into a tobacco field to eliminate hosts, wherein the treatment comprises soil preparation treatment and/or tobacco plant removal treatment;
2) killing harmful pathogenic bacteria:
A. water retention of tobacco fields: carrying out water retention measures before flooding on the tobacco fields to be treated which grow the tobacco for a long time or can leak water, namely, under the condition of shallow water with the water depth of 1.5-2.5 cm away from the ground surface, finely grinding the soil into slurry; if the field ridge is not hardened by cement, a plastic mulching film with the thickness of more than 0.01mm is flatly paved on one surface of the inner side of the field ridge for water retention;
B. spreading an alkaline bactericide: after soil is ground into slurry under the condition of shallow water, uniformly spreading an alkaline bactericide on the surface of the soil of the tobacco field to be treated, and keeping for 0-5 days;
C. flooding: introducing a water source meeting the irrigation water standard into a test field in the middle and last ten days of 9-10 months to reach the water depth of 5-10 cm, and keeping the water depth for more than 3 months; meanwhile, in the late 11-12 months, deeply ploughing the soil of the test field in the open water state to the depth of 30-35 cm;
D. drying and freezing upturned soil: after the flooding is finished, draining the excess accumulated water in the field, completely exposing the soil/upturned soil in the air, and alternately drying and freezing the upturned soil by ultraviolet rays in the daytime and low temperature at night for more than 1 month;
3) soil remediation: inoculating beneficial soil microorganisms to the tobacco field treated by the method from the bottom of 1 month to the beginning of 3 months in the next year, wherein the specific operation steps are as follows:
A. selecting and preparing soil beneficial microorganisms: 50-100 kg of microbial organic fertilizer and/or bacterial fertilizer and 500-1000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure or humus soil are added into each mu of land according to the proportion of 1: 5-8 of mixing; or 1-5 kg of beneficial strains and 1000-1500 kg of decomposed farmyard manure or humus soil are added per mu, wherein the weight ratio of the beneficial strains to the decomposed farmyard manure or humus soil is 1: mixing at a ratio of 200-1000; selecting one of the above mixtures, and uniformly scattering the mixture into the soil surface layer;
B. raking upturned soil to be fine and flat: smashing upturned soil, raking to be fine, raking to be flat to the upturned soil with the diameter of 2cm, and fully mixing the microbial organic fertilizer with the soil;
C. irrigation: irrigating the soil in the middle and last ten days of 2 months to 3 months to ensure that the soil moisture reaches 15-30%, and keeping the soil in the state for more than 15 days;
4) and (3) health-care cultivation:
A. 1-5 days before transplanting, ridging and pool digging are carried out according to a conventional method;
B. during transplanting, transplanting is carried out by adopting tobacco-planting live soil, and the weight of the soil is 450-550 kg per mu;
C. and the other cultivation and management methods are carried out according to a local conventional method, and the fertilizer application amount needs to be reduced by 20-40% compared with the local conventional amount.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention firstly eliminates hosts by land leveling, disease residue cleaning and the like, then carries out disinfection, flooding and deep ploughing, fully utilizes strong ultraviolet rays in the daytime and low temperature alternative 'drying and upturned soil' at night to kill harmful pathogenic bacteria to the maximum extent, then inoculates beneficial soil microorganism bacteria, recovers soil health, finally carries out health-care cultivation and realizes soil conservation.
2. The method provided by the invention has the advantages that measures of repairing and conserving are carried out simultaneously, the soil of the test field is thoroughly improved, the requirements of various inoculation tests of tobacco can be met, and the reconstruction and the recovery of healthy soil ecology are realized by removing pathogenic bacteria and inoculating beneficial bacteria. The specific repair and conservation process is divided into four stages: the first stage, cleaning up the disease residues such as tobacco plant root systems in the field and the like to eliminate hosts; in the second stage, harmful microorganism strains mainly including tobacco black shank and tobacco brown spot are killed; in the third stage, beneficial soil microorganisms are inoculated; and a fourth stage, health-care cultivation and soil conservation.
3. The soil improved by the method has a good effect of relieving the continuous cropping obstacle of the flue-cured tobacco, and the flue-cured tobacco can be planted every year.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting in any way, and any modifications or alterations based on the teachings of the present invention are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention.
The invention relates to a method for repairing and protecting a disease inoculated tobacco field, which comprises the following steps:
1) leveling land and cleaning disease residues: inoculating the disease to be treated into a tobacco field to eliminate hosts, wherein the treatment comprises soil preparation treatment and/or tobacco plant removal treatment;
2) killing harmful pathogenic bacteria:
A. water retention of tobacco fields: carrying out water retention measures before flooding on the tobacco fields to be treated which grow the tobacco for a long time or can leak water, namely, under the condition of shallow water with the water depth of 1.5-2.5 cm away from the ground surface, finely grinding the soil into slurry; if the field ridge is not hardened by cement, a plastic mulching film with the thickness of more than 0.01mm is flatly paved on one surface of the inner side of the field ridge for water retention;
B. spreading an alkaline bactericide: after soil is ground into slurry under the condition of shallow water, uniformly spreading an alkaline bactericide on the surface of the soil of the tobacco field to be treated, and keeping for 0-5 days;
C. flooding: introducing a water source meeting the irrigation water standard into a test field in the middle and last ten days of 9-10 months to reach the water depth of 5-10 cm, and keeping the water depth for more than 3 months; meanwhile, in the late 11-12 months, deeply ploughing the soil of the test field in the open water state to the depth of 30-35 cm;
D. drying and freezing upturned soil: after the flooding is finished, draining the excess accumulated water in the field, completely exposing the soil/upturned soil in the air, and alternately drying and freezing the upturned soil by ultraviolet rays in the daytime and low temperature at night for more than 1 month;
3) soil remediation: inoculating beneficial soil microorganisms to the tobacco field treated by the method from the bottom of 1 month to the beginning of 3 months in the next year, wherein the specific operation steps are as follows:
A. selecting and preparing soil beneficial microorganisms: 50-100 kg of microbial organic fertilizer and/or bacterial fertilizer and 500-1000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure or humus soil are added into each mu of land according to the proportion of 1: 5-8 of mixing; or 1-5 kg of beneficial strains and 1000-1500 kg of decomposed farmyard manure or humus soil are added per mu, wherein the weight ratio of the beneficial strains to the decomposed farmyard manure or humus soil is 1: mixing at a ratio of 200-1000; selecting one of the above mixtures, and uniformly scattering the mixture into the soil surface layer;
B. raking upturned soil to be fine and flat: smashing upturned soil, raking to be fine, raking to be flat to the upturned soil with the diameter of 2cm, and fully mixing the microbial organic fertilizer with the soil;
C. irrigation: irrigating the soil in the middle and last ten days of 2 months to 3 months to ensure that the soil moisture reaches 15-30%, and keeping the soil in the state for more than 15 days;
4) and (3) health-care cultivation:
A. 1-5 days before transplanting, ridging and pool digging are carried out according to a conventional method;
B. during transplanting, transplanting is carried out by adopting tobacco-planting live soil, and the weight of the soil is 450-550 kg per mu;
C. and the other cultivation and management methods are carried out according to a local conventional method, and the fertilizer application amount needs to be reduced by 20-40% compared with the local conventional amount.
Further, the method also comprises a step 5 of circulating treatment: and (4) circulating the steps from 1 to 4, and continuously developing for 3 years or more than 3 years to realize soil remediation and conservation.
Further, the soil preparation treatment in the step (1) is to level and rake the target test field to within 10cm of the size of upturned soil; the treatment of removing the tobacco plants is to thoroughly remove the residual leaves, tobacco stems and root systems of the tobacco plants in the target test field.
Further, the alkaline bactericide in the step (2) is any one or more of quicklime, lime sulfur, caustic soda, potassium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite; the spreading amount of the alkaline bactericide is 80-120 kg/mu in the first year, 40-80 kg/mu in the second year and 20-60 kg/mu in the third year and above.
Further, the pH value of the microbial organic fertilizer in the step (3) is 6.9-7.2, the total nutrient content of NPK is more than or equal to 5%, and N is P2O5:K2O =1.5~2: 1-1.5: 2.5-4, wherein the organic matter is more than or equal to 70%, the humic acid in the organic matter is more than or equal to 5.0%, the free humic acid in the humic acid accounts for more than 80%, and the biological beneficial microorganisms are more than or equal to 40 hundred million/g; the beneficial microorganisms comprise one or more of azotobacter, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, potassium solubilizing bacteria, bacillus, pseudomonas and actinomuconase; the bacillus comprises three or more of bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus mucilaginosus and bacillus megaterium.
Furthermore, the organic matter of the bacterial fertilizer in the step (3) is more than or equal to 70 percent, the nitrogen is more than or equal to 1 percent, the phosphorus pentoxide is more than or equal to 1 percent, the potassium oxide is more than or equal to 1 percent, the beneficial bacteria (a, bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus mucilaginosus and bacillus megaterium; b, combined rhizosphere azotobacter, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria) are more than or equal to 0.2 hundred million/g, and the water content is 15-30 percent. The beneficial bacteria comprise bacillus, combined rhizosphere azotobacter, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria; the bacillus comprises bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus mucilaginosus and bacillus megatherium.
Further, the beneficial bacteria in the step (3) are any three or more of azotobacter, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, potassium-solubilizing bacteria, bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus mucilaginosus + bacillus megaterium, pseudomonas, actinomucose elegans, Holdebarkella, trichoderma harzianum, photosynthetic bacteria group, lactic acid bacteria group, anaerobic filamentous bacteria group, aerobic gram-positive actinomycete group and yeast bacteria group.
Further, the tobacco planting live soil in the step (4) comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 80-100 parts of alien soil, 80-100 parts of bio-organic fertilizer, 20-30 parts of water-retaining material, 300-400 parts of decomposed farmyard manure or humus soil and 0-10 parts of nutrient elements.
Further, the alien soil comprises more than 50% of rice soil and one or more of healthy purple soil, red soil and yellow soil without insects; the biological organic fertilizer is one or more of 'Jinantai' solid biological organic fertilizer, 'Kunyujian' solid biological organic fertilizer and 'Yisheng' compound microbial fertilizer; the water retention material has a pore structure TP of more than or equal to 80 percent, a water retention capacity WFP of more than 70 percent and water absorption capacity of 5-8 times of the self weight; the farmyard manure is disinfected decomposed farmyard manure and/or humus; the nutrient elements comprise nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer comprises ammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate, and the ratio of three elements is 1:2: 1; the nutrient elements also comprise supplementary fertilizers, and the supplementary fertilizers are fertilizers which need to supplement corresponding elements after being evaluated according to the abundance condition of the nutrient elements in the soil, and specifically are one or more of magnesium, silicon, sulfur, boron, zinc, molybdenum and selenium.
Further, the decomposed farmyard manure is prepared by directly stacking and covering one or more of weed straws, rice straws, corn straws, rape straws, sugarcane straws and wheat straws, or stacking and covering manure mixed with the straws and human and animal manure for high-temperature fermentation; the preparation method of the humus soil comprises the step of uniformly mixing rotten leaves and branches on the surface layer of the forest with 0-2cm of soil on the surface layer of the forest.
Example 1
A method for repairing and protecting a disease inoculated tobacco field comprises the following steps:
1) leveling land and cleaning disease residues: inoculating the disease to be treated into a tobacco field to eliminate hosts, wherein the treatment comprises soil preparation treatment and tobacco plant removal treatment; the soil preparation treatment comprises the steps of leveling a target test field, and raking the target test field until the size and the diameter of upturned soil are within 10 cm; the tobacco plant removing treatment is to completely remove the residual leaves, tobacco stems and root systems of the tobacco plants in the target test field out of the field;
2) killing harmful pathogenic bacteria:
A. water retention of tobacco fields: for tobacco fields to be treated which grow tobacco for a long time or can leak water, carrying out water retention measures before flooding, namely under the condition of shallow water with the water depth being 2cm away from the ground surface, finely grinding soil into slurry; if the field ridge is not hardened by cement, a plastic mulching film with the thickness of more than 0.01mm is flatly paved on one surface of the inner side of the field ridge for water retention;
B. spreading an alkaline bactericide: after soil is thinned into slurry under the condition of shallow water, uniformly spreading caustic lime serving as an alkaline bactericide on the surface of the soil of the tobacco field to be treated for 2 days; the spreading amount of the quicklime is 100 kg/mu in the first year, 60 kg/mu in the second year and 40 kg/mu in the third year and above;
C. flooding: introducing a water source meeting the irrigation water standard into the test field in the middle and last ten days of 10 months to reach the water depth of 8cm, and keeping the water depth for more than 3 months; meanwhile, in the late 12 th month, deeply ploughing the soil of the test field in the open water state to the depth of 30-35 cm;
D. drying and freezing upturned soil: after the flooding is finished, draining the excess accumulated water in the field, completely exposing the soil/upturned soil in the air, and alternately drying and freezing the upturned soil by ultraviolet rays in the daytime and low temperature at night for more than 1 month;
3) soil remediation: inoculating the beneficial microorganisms in the soil of the tobacco field treated by the method in early 3 months, and specifically comprising the following operation steps:
A. selecting and preparing soil beneficial microorganisms: 100kg of microbial organic fertilizer and 500kg of decomposed farmyard manure are added into each mu of land, and the weight ratio of the microbial organic fertilizer to the decomposed farmyard manure is 1:5, mixing;
the microbial organic fertilizer has a pH of 7.0, the NPK total nutrient content is more than or equal to 5 percent, and N is P2O5:K2O = 1.5: 1: 2.5 percent of organic matter, more than or equal to 70 percent of humic acid in the organic matter, more than or equal to 5.0 percent of free humic acid in the humic acid, more than or equal to 40 hundred million parts of free humic acid in the humic acid, andgram of viable beneficial microorganisms; the beneficial microorganisms comprise azotobacter, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, potassium solubilizing bacteria, bacillus, pseudomonas and actinomuconase; the bacillus comprises bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus mucilaginosus and bacillus megatherium.
B. Raking upturned soil to be fine and flat: smashing upturned soil, raking to be fine, raking to be flat to the upturned soil with the diameter of 2cm, and fully mixing the microbial organic fertilizer with the soil;
C. irrigation: irrigating the soil in the middle and last ten days of 3 months to ensure that the soil moisture reaches 20%, and keeping the soil in the state for more than 15 days;
4) and (3) health-care cultivation:
A. ridging and digging a pond according to a conventional method 2 days before transplanting;
B. during transplanting, the tobacco-planting live soil is adopted for transplanting, and 500kg of the soil is planted per mu;
the tobacco planting live soil comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 90 parts of soil for planting, 90 parts of bio-organic fertilizer, 25 parts of water-retaining material, 350 parts of decomposed farmyard manure or humus and 5 parts of nutrient elements. The soil dressing comprises more than 50% of rice soil, healthy and insect-free purple soil, red soil and yellow soil; the biological organic fertilizer is ' Ji Natai ' solid biological organic fertilizer, ' Kun Yi Jian ' solid biological organic fertilizer ' and ' Yi phyta ' compound microbial fertilizer; the water-retaining material is coconut coir with a pore structure TP of more than or equal to 80 percent, a water-retaining capacity WFP of more than 70 percent and water absorption capacity of 5-8 times of the weight of the coconut coir; the farmyard manure is disinfected decomposed farmyard manure and humus; the nutrient elements comprise nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer comprises ammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate, and the ratio of three elements is 1:2: 1; the nutrient elements also comprise supplementary fertilizers, and the supplementary fertilizers are fertilizers which need to supplement corresponding elements after evaluation according to the abundance condition of the nutrient elements in the soil, and specifically comprise magnesium, silicon, sulfur, boron, zinc, molybdenum and selenium.
C. The other cultivation and management methods are carried out according to the local conventional method, and the fertilizer application amount needs to be reduced by 30 percent compared with the local conventional use amount;
5) and (3) circulating treatment: and (4) circulating the steps from 1 to 4, and continuously carrying out the steps for 3 years, so that the soil remediation and the conservation can be realized.
The decomposed farmyard manure is prepared by directly stacking and covering weed straws, rice straws, corn straws, rape straws, sugarcane straws and wheat straws and fermenting the straws at a high temperature; the preparation method of the humus soil comprises the step of uniformly mixing rotten leaves and branches on the surface layer of the forest with soil on the surface layer of the forest.
The comparative data before and after this example are shown in tables 1 and 2 below:
TABLE 1 comparison table of soil sample parameters of plough layer (0-30 cm) before, during and after improvement
TABLE 2 comparison of tobacco plant growth parameters before, during and after modification
As shown in tables 1 and 2, the improved soil acidification is effectively inhibited, the volume weight of the soil, organic matters, the carbon-nitrogen ratio and actinomycetes (beneficial microbial population in the soil) are obviously increased, the growth vigor is obviously enhanced, the incidence rate of black shank is obviously reduced, and the requirement of normal growth and development of flue-cured tobacco is met.
Example 2
A method for repairing and protecting a disease inoculated tobacco field comprises the following steps:
1) leveling land and cleaning disease residues: inoculating the disease to be treated into a tobacco field to eliminate hosts, wherein the treatment comprises soil preparation treatment; the soil preparation treatment comprises the steps of leveling a target test field, and raking the target test field until the size and the diameter of upturned soil are within 9 cm;
2) killing harmful pathogenic bacteria:
A. water retention of tobacco fields: for the tobacco fields to be treated which grow the tobacco for a long time or can leak water, carrying out water retention measures before flooding, namely, under the condition of shallow water with the water depth being 1.5cm away from the ground surface, soil is thinned into slurry; if the field ridge is not hardened by cement, a plastic mulching film with the thickness of more than 0.015mm is flatly paved on one surface of the inner side of the field ridge for water retention;
B. spreading an alkaline bactericide: after soil is thinned into slurry under the condition of shallow water, uniformly spreading a mixture of quicklime, lime-sulfur mixture and caustic soda on the soil surface of the tobacco field to be treated, and keeping for 0 day; the spreading amount is 80 kg/mu in the first year, 40 kg/mu in the second year and 20 kg/mu in the third year and above;
C. flooding: introducing a water source meeting the irrigation water standard into the test field in the middle and last ten days of 9 months to reach the water depth of 5cm, and keeping the water depth for more than 3 months; meanwhile, in late 11 months, in the open water state, deeply ploughing the soil of the test field to a depth of 30 cm;
D. drying and freezing upturned soil: after the flooding is finished, draining the excess accumulated water in the field, completely exposing the soil/upturned soil in the air, and alternately drying and freezing the upturned soil by ultraviolet rays in the daytime and low temperature at night for more than 1 month;
3) soil remediation: inoculating beneficial soil microorganisms to the tobacco field treated by the method at the end of 1 month in the next year, wherein the specific operation steps are as follows:
A. selecting and preparing soil beneficial microorganisms: 65kg of bacterial manure and 520kg of decomposed farmyard manure or humus soil are added into each mu of the fertilizer according to the proportion of 1: 8, uniformly scattering the mixture into the soil surface layer;
the organic matter of the bacterial fertilizer is more than or equal to 70 percent, the nitrogen is more than or equal to 1 percent, the phosphorus pentoxide is more than or equal to 1 percent, the potassium oxide is more than or equal to 1 percent, the beneficial bacteria (a, bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus mucilaginosus and bacillus megaterium, b, the combined rhizosphere azotobacter, phosphorus bacteria and potassium bacteria) are more than or equal to 0.2 hundred million/g, and the water content is 15-30 percent.
B. Raking upturned soil to be fine and flat: smashing upturned soil, raking to be thin and flat until the size of the upturned soil is less than 1.5cm, and fully and uniformly mixing the microbial organic fertilizer with the soil;
C. irrigation: irrigating the soil at the bottom of 2 months to ensure that the soil moisture reaches 15%, and keeping the soil in the state for more than 18 days;
4) and (3) health-care cultivation:
A. 1 day before transplanting, ridging and digging a pond according to a conventional method;
B. during transplanting, the tobacco-planting live soil is adopted for transplanting, and the weight of the soil is 450kg per mu;
C. the other cultivation and management methods are carried out according to the local conventional method, and the fertilizer application amount needs to be reduced by 20 percent compared with the local conventional use amount; the tobacco planting live soil comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 80 parts of soil for external use, 80 parts of bio-organic fertilizer, 20 parts of water-retaining material and 300 parts of decomposed farmyard manure or humus. The alien soil comprises more than 50% of rice soil and healthy purple soil without insects; the biological organic fertilizer is a solid biological organic fertilizer of 'Ji Na Tai'; the water retention material has a pore structure TP of more than or equal to 80 percent, a water retention capacity WFP of more than 70 percent and water absorption capacity of 5-8 times of the self weight; the farmyard manure is disinfected decomposed farmyard manure.
5) And (3) circulating treatment: and (4) circulating the steps from 1 to 4, and continuously developing for more than 3 years to realize soil remediation and conservation.
The decomposed farmyard manure is prepared by mixing weed straws, rice straws, corn straws, rape straws, sugarcane straws, wheat straws and human and animal manure and carrying out stacking and high-temperature fermentation on animal manure; the preparation method of the humus soil comprises the step of uniformly mixing rotten leaves and branches on the surface layer of the forest with 1cm of soil on the surface layer of the forest.
The comparative data before and after this example are shown in tables 3 and 4 below:
TABLE 3 comparison table of soil sample parameters of plough layer (0-30 cm) before, during and after improvement
TABLE 4 comparison of tobacco plant growth parameters before, during and after modification
As shown in tables 3 and 4, the improved soil acidification is effectively inhibited, the volume weight of the soil, organic matters, the carbon-nitrogen ratio and actinomycetes (beneficial microbial population in the soil) are obviously increased, the growth vigor is obviously enhanced, the incidence rate of black shank is obviously reduced, and the requirement of normal growth and development of flue-cured tobacco is met.
Example 3
A method for repairing and protecting a disease inoculated tobacco field comprises the following steps:
1) leveling land and cleaning disease residues: inoculating the disease to be treated into a tobacco field to eliminate hosts, wherein the treatment comprises tobacco plant removing treatment; the tobacco plant removing treatment is to completely remove the residual leaves, tobacco stems and root systems of the tobacco plants in the target test field out of the field;
2) killing harmful pathogenic bacteria:
A. water retention of tobacco fields: for the tobacco fields to be treated which grow the tobacco for a long time or can leak water, carrying out water retention measures before flooding, namely under the condition of shallow water with the water depth being 2.5cm away from the ground surface, finely grinding the soil into slurry; if the field ridge is not hardened by cement, a plastic mulching film with the thickness of 0.02mm is flatly paved on one surface of the inner side of the field ridge for water retention;
B. spreading an alkaline bactericide: after soil is thinned into slurry under the condition of shallow water, uniformly spreading a mixture of quicklime, lime-sulfur mixture, caustic soda, potassium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite on the soil surface of the tobacco field to be treated, and keeping for 5 days; the spreading amount is 120 kg/mu in the first year, 80 kg/mu in the second year and 60 kg/mu in the third year and above;
C. flooding: introducing a water source meeting the irrigation water standard into the test field in the middle and last ten days of 10 months to reach the water depth of 10cm, and keeping the water depth for more than 3 months; meanwhile, in the late 12 th month, under the open water state, deeply ploughing the soil of the test field to the depth of 35 cm;
D. drying and freezing upturned soil: after the flooding is finished, draining the excess accumulated water in the field, completely exposing the soil/upturned soil in the air, and alternately drying and freezing the upturned soil by ultraviolet rays in the daytime and low temperature at night for more than 1 month;
3) soil remediation: inoculating beneficial soil microorganisms to the tobacco field treated by the method at the beginning of 3 months in the next year, wherein the specific operation steps are as follows:
A. selecting and preparing soil beneficial microorganisms: 5kg of beneficial strains and 1000kg of humus soil are added per mu, and the ratio of the beneficial strains to the humus soil is 1:200, and uniformly scattering the mixture into the soil surface layer;
the beneficial bacteria are azotobacter, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, potassium solubilizing bacteria, bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus mucilaginosus and bacillus megaterium (mixture of the two), pseudomonas, actinomucolipase, Holdebarkella, trichoderma harzianum, photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, anaerobic filamentous bacteria, aerobic gram-positive actinomycete groups and yeast bacteria groups.
B. Raking upturned soil to be fine and flat: smashing upturned soil, raking to fine degree, raking to upturned soil with the diameter of 1cm, and fully mixing the microbial organic fertilizer with the soil;
C. irrigation: irrigating the soil in the middle and last ten days of 3 months to ensure that the soil moisture reaches 30%, and keeping the soil in the state for more than 20 days;
4) and (3) health-care cultivation:
A. ridging and digging a pond according to a conventional method 5 days before transplanting;
B. during transplanting, transplanting is carried out by adopting tobacco-planting live soil, and the weight of the soil is 550kg per mu;
C. the other cultivation and management methods are carried out according to the local conventional method, and the fertilizer application amount needs to be reduced by 40 percent compared with the local conventional use amount; the tobacco planting live soil comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 100 parts of soil for planting, 100 parts of bio-organic fertilizer, 30 parts of water-retaining material, 400 parts of decomposed farmyard manure or humus and 10 parts of nutrient elements. The soil dressing comprises more than 50% of rice soil, healthy red soil and yellow soil without insects; the biological organic fertilizer is a Kun Yijian solid biological organic fertilizer and a Yiphytan compound microbial fertilizer; the water retention material has a pore structure TP of more than or equal to 80 percent, water retention capacity WFP of more than 70 percent and water absorption capacity of 8 times of the self weight; the farmyard manure is the sterilized humus soil; the nutrient elements comprise nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer comprises ammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate, and the ratio of three elements is 1:2: 1.
5) and (3) circulating treatment: and (4) circulating the steps from 1 to 4, and continuously carrying out the steps for 3 years, so that the soil remediation and the conservation can be realized.
The decomposed farmyard manure is prepared by directly stacking and covering weed straws and rice straws and fermenting the weed straws and the rice straws at a high temperature; the preparation method of the humus soil comprises the step of uniformly mixing rotten leaves and branches on the surface layer of the forest with 2cm soil on the surface layer of the forest.
After the tobacco leaf roasting fertilizer is improved by the embodiment, soil acidification is effectively inhibited, the volume weight of soil, organic matters, the carbon-nitrogen ratio and actinomycetes (beneficial microbial population in soil) are obviously increased, the growth potential is obviously enhanced, the incidence rate of black shank is obviously reduced, and the requirement of normal growth and development of flue-cured tobacco is met.
Claims (6)
1. A method for repairing and protecting a disease inoculated tobacco field is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) leveling land and cleaning disease residues: inoculating the disease to be treated into a tobacco field to eliminate hosts, wherein the treatment comprises soil preparation treatment and/or tobacco plant removal treatment;
2) killing harmful pathogenic bacteria:
A. water retention of tobacco fields: carrying out water retention measures before flooding on the tobacco fields to be treated which grow the tobacco for a long time or can leak water, namely, under the condition of shallow water with the water depth of 1.5-2.5 cm away from the ground surface, finely grinding the soil into slurry; if the field ridge is not hardened by cement, a plastic mulching film with the thickness of more than 0.01mm is flatly paved on one surface of the inner side of the field ridge for water retention;
B. spreading an alkaline bactericide: after soil is ground into slurry under the condition of shallow water, uniformly spreading an alkaline bactericide on the surface of the soil of the tobacco field to be treated, and keeping for 0-5 days; the alkaline bactericide is any one or more of quicklime, lime sulfur, caustic soda, potassium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite, and the spreading amount of the alkaline bactericide is 80-120 kg/mu in the first year, 40-80 kg/mu in the second year and 20-60 kg/mu above the third year;
C. flooding: introducing a water source meeting the irrigation water standard into a test field in the middle and last ten days of 9-10 months to reach the water depth of 5-10 cm, and keeping the water depth for more than 3 months; meanwhile, in the late 11-12 months, deeply ploughing the soil of the test field in the open water state to the depth of 30-35 cm;
D. drying and freezing upturned soil: after flooding is finished, draining excessive accumulated water in the field, completely exposing the soil in the air, and alternately drying and freezing the upturned soil by ultraviolet rays in the daytime and low temperature at night for more than 1 month;
3) soil remediation: inoculating beneficial soil microorganisms to the tobacco field treated by the method from the bottom of 1 month to the beginning of 3 months in the next year, wherein the specific operation steps are as follows:
A. selecting and preparing soil beneficial microorganisms: mixing 50 kg-100 kg of microbial organic fertilizer and 500 kg-1000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure or humus per mu according to the ratio of 1: 5-8; or 1-5 kg of beneficial strains and 1000-1500 kg of decomposed farmyard manure or humus soil are mixed per mu according to the ratio of 1: 200-1000; selecting one of the above mixtures, and uniformly scattering the mixture into the soil surface layer; the pH value of the microbial organic fertilizer is 6.9-7.2, the total nutrient content of NPK is more than or equal to 5%, and the ratio of N to P is P2O5:K2O = 1.5-2: 1-1.5: 2.5-4, organic matter is more than or equal to 70%, humic acid in the organic matter is more than or equal to 5.0%, free humic acid in the humic acid accounts for more than 80%, the biological beneficial microorganism also contains more than or equal to 40 hundred million/g, the beneficial microorganism comprises one or more of azotobacter, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, potassium solubilizing bacteria, bacillus, pseudomonas and actinomucor elegans, and the bacillus in the beneficial microorganism comprises three of bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus mucilaginosus and bacillus megaterium; the beneficial strains are any three of azotobacter, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, potassium solubilizing bacteria, bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, bacillus mucilaginosus + bacillus megaterium, pseudomonas, actinomucor elegans, Holdebark bacteria, trichoderma harzianum, photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, anaerobic filamentous bacteria, aerobic gram-positive actinomycete groups and yeast bacteria groups;
B. raking upturned soil to be fine and flat: smashing upturned soil, raking to be fine, raking to be flat to the upturned soil with the diameter of 2cm, and fully mixing the microbial organic fertilizer with the soil;
C. irrigation: irrigating the soil from the bottom of 2 months to the middle and last ten days of 3 months to enable the soil moisture to reach 15-30%, and keeping the soil moisture for more than 15 days in the state;
4) and (3) health-care cultivation:
A. 1-5 days before transplanting, ridging and pool digging are carried out according to a conventional method;
B. during transplanting, transplanting is carried out by adopting tobacco-planting live soil, and the weight of the soil is 450-550 kg per mu;
C. and the other cultivation and management methods are carried out according to a local conventional method, and the fertilizer application amount needs to be reduced by 20-40% compared with the local conventional amount.
2. The repair and care method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of 5) a cyclic process of: and (3) circulating the steps 1) to 4), and continuously developing for more than 3 years to realize soil remediation and conservation.
3. The repairing and nursing method according to claim 1, wherein the soil preparation treatment in step 1) is to level and rake the target test field to within 10cm of the size of upturned soil; the treatment of removing the tobacco plants is to thoroughly remove the residual leaves, tobacco stems and root systems of the tobacco plants in the target test field.
4. The repairing and nursing method according to claim 1, wherein the soil for plant cultivation in step 4) comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 80-100 parts of alien soil, 80-100 parts of bio-organic fertilizer, 20-30 parts of water-retaining material, 300-400 parts of decomposed farmyard manure or humus soil and 0-10 parts of nutrient elements.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the soil dressing comprises more than 50% of rice soil, and one or more of healthy purple soil, red soil and yellow soil; the biological organic fertilizer is one or more of 'Ji Natai' solid biological organic fertilizer, 'Kun Yi Jian' solid biological organic fertilizer and 'Yi Pan Sheng' compound microbial fertilizer; the water retention material has a pore structure TP of more than or equal to 80 percent, a water retention capacity WFP of more than 70 percent and water absorption capacity of 5-8 times of the self weight; the nutrient elements comprise nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers; the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer comprises ammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate, and the ratio of the three elements is 1:2: 1; the nutrient elements also comprise a supplementary fertilizer, wherein the supplementary fertilizer is a fertilizer which needs to be supplemented with corresponding elements after the evaluation of the abundance condition of the nutrient elements in the soil, and specifically comprises one or more of magnesium, silicon, sulfur, boron, zinc, molybdenum and selenium.
6. The repairing and nursing method of claim 1, wherein said composted farmyard manure is prepared by directly stacking and covering one or more of weed straw, rice straw, corn straw, rape straw, sugar cane straw, wheat straw, or by stacking and covering manure mixed with human and animal manure; the preparation method of the humus soil comprises the step of uniformly mixing rotten leaves and branches on the surface layer of the forest with 0-2cm of soil on the surface layer of the forest.
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