CN109142536A - High-precision rock interior damages real-time locating and detecting device - Google Patents
High-precision rock interior damages real-time locating and detecting device Download PDFInfo
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- CN109142536A CN109142536A CN201811211412.4A CN201811211412A CN109142536A CN 109142536 A CN109142536 A CN 109142536A CN 201811211412 A CN201811211412 A CN 201811211412A CN 109142536 A CN109142536 A CN 109142536A
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- acoustic emission
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- detecting
- rock
- cylinder
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- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000004826 seaming Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000011257 shell materials Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 210000001847 Jaw Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 data:image/svg+xml;base64,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 [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- 239000007787 solids Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 238000000034 methods Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001808 coupling Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005859 coupling reactions Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 materials Substances 0.000 description 3
- 206010011376 Crepitations Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010022114 Injuries Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000591 gum Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000010720 hydraulic oils Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixtures Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006011 modification reactions Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 206010061245 Internal injury Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000014961 Protein Precursors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010078762 Protein Precursors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000002390 adhesive tape Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007822 coupling agents Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagrams Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003989 dielectric materials Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000686 essences Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004807 localization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metals Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastics Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastics Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursors Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/14—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object using acoustic emission techniques
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
- G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
- G01N29/223—Supports, positioning or alignment in fixed situation
Abstract
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to fragile material fracture damage analysis technical field, in particular to high-precision rock interior damage is real-time Locating and detecting device.
Background technique
A kind of engineering dielectric material of the rock material as complexity, can undergo complexity in all kinds of practical underground rock engineerings Stress add uninstall process, it is internal to generate local elastic plastics characteristic concentration phenomenon, when load reaches a certain level, in rock Portion can generate micro-crack.Generation, the extension of rock interior micro-crack are the direct factor for causing rock rupture unstability, many rocks Engineering structure is destroyed associated.
The referred to as sound emission of the phenomenon that rock material quick release of energy generation Elastic wave (AcousticEmission, Abbreviation AE), otherwise referred to as stress wave emits.The acoustic emission monitor(ing) of rock under pressure be rock interior stress distribution and Failure mechanism research provides very important information.Rock mechanics testing system is combined with acoustic emission system can be real-time The development process for detecting rock crackle in compression process, what the acoustic emission sensor by being arranged in different location was collected into Ultrasonic signal, position occurs for the crackle that can be finally inversed by rock sample, and then obtains damage of rock evolutionary process.Acoustie emission event Accurate positioning be the basis for analyzing rock interior micro rupture temporal-spatial evolution and its rupture nucleation and unstable precursors.How sound is improved Emit positioning accuracy, reduces leakage positioning and pseudo- positioning to the maximum extent, there is important practical guided significance in engineering.
Conventional rock triaxial test is the test method for studying rock mechanics under multiaxial stress state, world today's ratio More advanced and most widely used conventional rock triaxial test machine be by MTS815 servo test system produced in USA, still, There are still some shortcomings in terms of the damage of rock detection and localization of normal triaxial and uniaxial compression, obtained acoustic emission signal and fixed Position effect is still not fully up to expectations, is mainly manifested in as follows:
In Rock Under Uniaxial Compression compression acoustic emission monitor(ing) test, usually smeared in acoustic emission sensor front end potsherd contact surface Couplant is directly contacted with rock sample, and acoustic emission sensor is directly anchored to rock sample surface by adhesive tape or rubber band.Due to sound Emission sensor end potsherd contact surface is that the cylindrical outer surface contact area of plane and rock sample is smaller, is often sent out in experiment The phenomenon that raw acoustic emission sensor and rock sample are detached from.
In rock normal triaxial acoustic emission monitor(ing) test, common practice is that acoustic emission probe is arranged in testing machine pressure Except room, this arrangement has been artificially induced environmental noise, and the electromagnetic interference being subject to outside pressure chamber is more, connects directly contributing The distorted signals of receipts.Secondly, the gum sleeve of rock package not only makes rock sample and acoustic emission probe can not in three-axis force test It directly contacts, can also generate screen effect to acoustic emission signal.Further, since acoustic emission signal is needed through pressure chamber, hydraulic Oil and rubber sleeve cause signal propagation distance to increase, the pulse energy in rock failure process possibly can not pass through hydraulic oil and Signal decaying is caused even to be lost.Currently, those skilled in the art have found, under same test conditions, sensor is placed in triaxial chamber The maximum value of sound emission Ring-down count and energy when interior respectively than being placed in outdoor when high 27% and 32%.However, current sound Transmitting location algorithm mainly has simplex algorithm and Geiger algorithm, this two kinds of algorithms are all based on the reception of different location sensor To time difference of acoustic emission signal calculate, the decaying or distortion of acoustic emission signal will have a direct impact on the accurate of positioning result Property.As it can be seen that can be effectively reduced signal if can firmly be built in acoustic emission sensor within triaxial cell and decline Subtract and distortion phenomenon, to greatly improve the accuracy of rock interior damage reason location monitoring.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is to provide one kind, and signal decaying is effectively reduced, improves acquisition acoustic emission signal essence The high-precision rock interior of degree damages real-time locating and detecting device.
In order to solve the above-mentioned technical problem, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows:
High-precision rock interior damages real-time locating and detecting device, including three axocoels, for installing the metal of rock sample Cylinder, seaming chuck, the push-down head of built-in acoustic emission sensor, acoustic emission probe, fastening module；
Rock sample is placed in the inner cavity of the metallic cylinder, and the lower end of the rock sample is connect with push-down head upper surface； The upper end of the rock sample is connect with seaming chuck lower end surface, and the device for exerting of the upper end of the seaming chuck and three axocoel upper ends connects It connects, the bottom end of the push-down head is placed on the pedestal of three axocoels；
At least one installation counterbore is set on the metallic cylinder side wall, and the acoustic emission probe is embedded in installation counterbore Interior, the fixed module is out of, acoustic emission probe is fixed on metallic cylinder by outside translation pressure installation counterbore；The sound hair Probe is penetrated to be connected by acoustic emission signal line with the signal amplifier of the MTS815 servo test system outside three axocoels.
Preferably, the fixed module is detachably connected with metallic cylinder.
Preferably, the fixed module includes cylinder housing open at one end, hard spring, screw, flat thin magnet；
One end of the hard spring is fixedly connected by screw with cylinder housing intracavity bottom, the flat thin magnet and circle The end at cylinder shell nozzle end connects；
The other end of the hard spring of the fixed module is connect with acoustic emission probe end face；The cylinder housing opening The end face at end is connect with metallic cylinder side wall；Cable-through hole, the sound emission letter is arranged in the end of the cylinder housing open end Number line is connect with acoustic emission probe.
Preferably, the metallic cylinder is perpendicular to being uniformly arranged 8 installation counterbores on axial circumference.
Preferably, 4 installation counterbores of spaced set on the longitudinal direction of the side wall of the metallic cylinder.
Preferably, the potsherd contact jaw of the acoustic emission probe is connect with the bottom of installation counterbore.
Preferably, the bottom of the metallic cylinder is connect with the trapezoid support of 4 spaced sets respectively.
Preferably, the metallic cylinder and trapezoid support are integrally formed.
By adopting the above technical scheme, due to having used three axocoels, for installing the metallic cylinder of rock sample, built-in sound hair Penetrate seaming chuck, the push-down head of sensor, acoustic emission probe, the technical characteristics such as fastening module.By being set on metallic cylinder side wall Installation counterbore is set, acoustic emission probe is mounted in installation counterbore, fixation is realized by fastening module, and by seaming chuck, push-down head Be mounted in metallic cylinder with rock sample, metallic cylinder be mounted in three axocoels so that the present invention to rock sample into When row internal injury is tested, acoustic emission probe can be effectively reduced signal decaying, improve acquisition acoustic emission signal precision, realize to rock The real-time accurate positionin of stone sample injury experiment detects.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is main view schematic cross-sectional view of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is metallic cylinder main view schematic cross-sectional view of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is metallic cylinder schematic top plan view of the present invention；
Fig. 4 is fixed module main view schematic cross-sectional view of the present invention；
Fig. 5 is acoustic emission probe assembling schematic diagram of the present invention.
Figure label explanation:
1, piston；2, three axocoel；3, seaming chuck；4, push-down head；5, rock sample；6, fastening module；7, metallic cylinder；8, Acoustic emission probe；9, counterbore is installed；10, trapezoid support；11, acoustic emission signal line；12, cylinder housing；13, screw；14, hard Matter spring；15, flat thin magnet.
Specific embodiment
Specific embodiments of the present invention will be further explained with reference to the accompanying drawing.It should be noted that for The explanation of these embodiments is used to help understand the present invention, but and does not constitute a limitation of the invention.In addition, disclosed below The each embodiment of the present invention involved in technical characteristic can be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
As shown in attached drawing 1, attached drawing 2 and attached drawing 3, high-precision rock interior damages real-time locating and detecting device, including three axis Chamber 2, for installing the metallic cylinder 7 of rock sample, seaming chuck 3, the push-down head 4 of built-in acoustic emission sensor, acoustic emission probe 8, fastening module 6.Rock sample 5 is placed in the inner cavity of metallic cylinder 7, and by the lower end of rock sample 5 and 4 upper surface of push-down head Connection；The upper end of rock sample 5 is connect with 3 lower end surface of seaming chuck, by the pressure of the upper end of seaming chuck 3 and three axocoels, 2 upper end Device connection, the present invention it is specific in real time in device for exerting use piston 1.The bottom end of push-down head 4 is placed on to the bottom of three axocoels 2 On seat.It is specific in real time in for convenience of installing, 7 intracavity diameter of metallic cylinder is greater than the outer diameter of rock sample 5.In 7 side of metallic cylinder At least one installation counterbore 9 is set on wall, acoustic emission probe 8 is embedded in installation counterbore 9, fixed module 6 is put down from outside Acoustic emission probe 8 is fixed in the installation counterbore 9 of metallic cylinder 7 by dynamic pressure；And fixed module 6 and metallic cylinder 7 are detachable Connection；Acoustic emission probe 8 is amplified by the signal of the MTS815 servo test system outside acoustic emission signal line 11 and three axocoels 2 Device is connected.
Above-mentioned technical proposal is mounted in the cavity of three axocoels 2 due to metallic cylinder 7, by rock sample 5 and upper pressure First 3 and push-down head 4 be mounted on the inner cavity of metallic cylinder 7, and the setting installation counterbore 9 on the side wall of metallic cylinder 7, by sound emission Probe 8 is fixed on setting installation counterbore 9 on the side wall of metallic cylinder 7 by dismountable fixed module 6, will effectively prevent When carrying out interior injury experiment to rock sample 5, the decaying of signal produced by acoustic emission probe 8, and by extraneous bad border sound Interference, while also effectively prevent acoustic emission probe 8 contacted with metallic cylinder 7 it is bad caused by the acquisition skills such as information inaccuracy The generation of art problem.
Fixed module 6 includes cylinder housing 12 open at one end, hard spring 14, screw 13, flat thin magnet 15.By hard One end of spring 14 is fixedly connected by screw 13 with 12 intracavity bottom of cylinder housing, by flat thin magnet 15 and cylinder housing 12 The end of open end connects.The other end of the hard spring 14 of fixed module 6 is connect with 8 end face of acoustic emission probe；By cylindrical body The end face of 12 open end of shell is connect with 7 side wall of metallic cylinder；Cable-through hole is arranged in the end of 12 open end of cylinder housing, and Acoustic emission signal line 11 is connect with acoustic emission probe 8.
In order to further increase the precision and accuracy of detection, laid on circumference of the metallic cylinder 7 perpendicular to axial direction Set 8 installation counterbores 9.4 installation counterbores 9 of spaced set on the longitudinal direction of the side wall of metallic cylinder 7.By acoustic emission probe 8 Potsherd contact jaw with installation counterbore 9 bottom connect.By the bottom of metallic cylinder 7 ladder with 4 spaced sets respectively Shape bracket 10 connects；Metallic cylinder 7 and trapezoid support 10 are integrally formed.
In specific implementation, first the sensitivity of acoustic emission probe 8 is detected, starting acoustic emission signal receives system, The end face of 8 protective shell of acoustic emission probe breaks the propelling pencil of 0.5mm, and all kinds of letters of the signal will be recorded in system at this time Breath shows that the probe is quick on the draw to sound source, sensor coupling mass is higher, meets examination if the amplitude of this signal is greater than 90dB Test requirement；If the signal amplitude collected is less than 90dB, need to reexamine the welding situation of probe, the coupling matter of sensor Amount, is tested again, until the sensitivity Pass Test requirement of probe.
Detection installation places the upper pressure of interior acoustic emission sensor first by the both ends daubing coupling agent of rock sample 5 respectively First 3 and push-down head 4, blend rubber casing three is tightly fixed, the rock sample 5 and seaming chuck that will be fixed by gum sleeve 3 and push-down head 4 be placed on MTS815 testing machine test platform.The top of metallic cylinder 7 from seaming chuck 3 is slowly downward Set, until the stabilization of trapezoid support 10 is placed on station pedestal.Coupling is smeared in the end face that will pass through the acoustic emission probe 8 tested Acoustic emission probe 8 is installed on 7 side wall of metallic cylinder by mixture with guaranteeing that acoustic emission sensor is contacted with the good of wire chamber Installation counterbore 9 in, by fixed module 6 by acoustic emission probe 8 be fixed to 7 side wall of metallic cylinder on installation counterbore 9 in.
In conjunction with attached drawing, the embodiments of the present invention are described in detail above, but the present invention is not limited to described implementations Mode.For a person skilled in the art, in the case where not departing from the principle of the invention and spirit, to these embodiments A variety of change, modification, replacement and modification are carried out, are still fallen in protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811211412.4A CN109142536B (en) | 2018-10-17 | High-precision real-time positioning detection device for internal damage of rock |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811211412.4A CN109142536B (en) | 2018-10-17 | High-precision real-time positioning detection device for internal damage of rock |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN109142536A true CN109142536A (en) | 2019-01-04 |
| CN109142536B CN109142536B (en) | 2020-06-30 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103048187A (en) * | 2012-12-21 | 2013-04-17 | 中国矿业大学 | Fixing device for acoustic emission sensor used in rock triaxial test under confining pressure condition |
| CN103149081A (en) * | 2013-02-01 | 2013-06-12 | 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 | Squeeze head used for rock conventional triaxial test acoustic emission test |
| CN203259508U (en) * | 2013-06-01 | 2013-10-30 | 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 | Coupling device capable of collecting acoustic emission signals in tri-axial pressure chamber |
| CN204086217U (en) * | 2014-04-25 | 2015-01-07 | 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 | The device of a kind of acoustic wave of rock, acoustic emission synchro measure |
| CN204269607U (en) * | 2014-12-05 | 2015-04-15 | 中国石油集团工程设计有限责任公司华北分公司 | The wired voice sending sensor device of three axles and adopt the triaxial test system of this device |
| CN104764810A (en) * | 2015-02-09 | 2015-07-08 | 四川大学 | Assembled acoustic emission testing sensor positioning device used for rock damage test |
| CN204649538U (en) * | 2015-04-03 | 2015-09-16 | 湖北工业大学 | Rock three axle acoustic emission experiment device under a kind of confined pressure, hole press strip part |
| CN105136912A (en) * | 2015-08-24 | 2015-12-09 | 中国石油天然气集团公司 | Sound emission detection sensor fixing device |
| CN205643255U (en) * | 2016-03-22 | 2016-10-12 | 中国石油大学(华东) | General fixing device suitable for acoustic emission detector ware probe |
| CN207440019U (en) * | 2017-12-04 | 2018-06-01 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | A kind of New Rock three-axis tester sound emission pressure head |
Patent Citations (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103048187A (en) * | 2012-12-21 | 2013-04-17 | 中国矿业大学 | Fixing device for acoustic emission sensor used in rock triaxial test under confining pressure condition |
| CN103149081A (en) * | 2013-02-01 | 2013-06-12 | 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 | Squeeze head used for rock conventional triaxial test acoustic emission test |
| CN203259508U (en) * | 2013-06-01 | 2013-10-30 | 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 | Coupling device capable of collecting acoustic emission signals in tri-axial pressure chamber |
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| CN104764810A (en) * | 2015-02-09 | 2015-07-08 | 四川大学 | Assembled acoustic emission testing sensor positioning device used for rock damage test |
| CN204649538U (en) * | 2015-04-03 | 2015-09-16 | 湖北工业大学 | Rock three axle acoustic emission experiment device under a kind of confined pressure, hole press strip part |
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| CN205643255U (en) * | 2016-03-22 | 2016-10-12 | 中国石油大学(华东) | General fixing device suitable for acoustic emission detector ware probe |
| CN207440019U (en) * | 2017-12-04 | 2018-06-01 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | A kind of New Rock three-axis tester sound emission pressure head |
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