CN109092554B - Cross-flow type sand-mud washing and separating method and device - Google Patents
Cross-flow type sand-mud washing and separating method and device Download PDFInfo
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- CN109092554B CN109092554B CN201810599887.9A CN201810599887A CN109092554B CN 109092554 B CN109092554 B CN 109092554B CN 201810599887 A CN201810599887 A CN 201810599887A CN 109092554 B CN109092554 B CN 109092554B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
- B03B—SEPARATING SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS
- B03B9/00—General arrangement of separating plant, e.g. flow sheets
- B03B9/02—General arrangement of separating plant, e.g. flow sheets specially adapted for oil-sand, oil-chalk, oil-shales, ozokerite, bitumen, or the like
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Abstract
The invention relates to a sand and mud in a soil-sand mixed solution, which is washed by rising cleaning water to obtain clean sand meeting the requirement, in particular to a method for separating the sand from the sludge by leading in the rising cleaning water by utilizing the properties of different settling speeds of the sludge and the sand in the sand-mud mixed solution in water to achieve the purpose of washing and selecting high-quality sand.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of sand washing, and particularly relates to a cross-flow sand-mud washing and separating method and device.
Background
The sand washing operation machine tool of the sand washing field on the market at present is shown in fig. 18, the finished product of the sand washing machine has over-high mud content and poor quality, and the finished product sand 5 of the sand washing machine contains a large amount of sludge, which is divided into sand adhesion mud, surface sediment mud and gap mud, and the causes of the sand adhesion mud, the surface sediment mud and the gap mud are as follows:
the raw material sand is changed into a fluid state along with the washing of water flow so as to uniformly distribute the sand mud in the water body, the sludge in the sand gaps is separated, but the sludge still adheres to the sand grains due to the irregularity of the grains on the surfaces of the sand grains, and the sludge grains are precipitated along with the sand grains.
The gap mud is that after the fluid mixed quicksand 43 flows into the sedimentation separation tank 55, the fluid is in a turbulent flow state and the mud is uniformly distributed in the fluid due to the stirring of the rotating wheel 47, after the sand is gradually precipitated, the sand gradually replaces the fluid interface to ascend layer by layer, but due to the porosity of the sand gap, the mud water containing the mud particles is gradually coated in the sand layer in the precipitation process, so that the mud contained in the sand layer is formed, and the mud is also carried by the sand to be precipitated due to the dragging force on the surface of the sand in the precipitation process, so that the gap mud is formed.
Surface sludge deposition, after the scraping blade 4 scrapes the bottom sand 46 into the fluid, the fluid filled with the sludge can quickly fill the gaps around the colloidal sand 45, the sludge-containing fluid is carried upwards while the scraping blade 4 leaves the sand settling separation cylinder 55, then the fluid penetrates through the sand layer and is discharged from the screen, and the sludge particles in the fluid are trapped and deposited on the surface of the colloidal sand 45.
Based on the current situation that the finished sand produced by the existing sand washer has too high mud content and poor quality, a new technical scheme is urgently needed in the prior art to solve the problems.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a cross-flow type sand-mud washing and separating method and device, which solve the problems of over high mud content and poor quality of finished sand produced by a sand washer in the prior art.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a cross-flow type sand-mud washing and separating method is characterized in that: the method comprises
A sand-mud separation step, wherein fluid raw material sand continuously flows into an energy dissipation chamber, the impact force of fluid is buffered and eliminated by the volume contained in the energy dissipation chamber, the energy-dissipating fluid then flows into a sand guide buffer chamber, mud-water mixed liquid in the sand guide buffer chamber flows upwards into a rectification chamber, sand grains sink into a sand washing chamber and the wall of a sand guide cone cylinder by virtue of self weight, the sand grains which sink to the wall of the sand guide cone cylinder slide into the sand washing chamber by virtue of self weight, the mud-water mixed liquid which flows upwards into the rectification chamber is rectified by rectifying blades radially arranged in the rectification chamber to remove rotation vectors, the volume provided by the rectification chamber enables the circulating mud-water mixed liquid to be in a steady flow state, and finally the circulating mud-water mixed liquid uniformly flows into a water collecting outer cylinder through an overflow weir above the;
and a sand washing step, wherein the settled sand sunk into the sand washing chamber continuously moves downwards and moves in a staggered manner with the upward cleaning water injected by the sand washing pipe, so that the sludge particles mixed with and adsorbed by the sand are washed by the upward cleaning water, move into the sand guide buffer chamber along with the water flow, flow into the rectification chamber along with the sand-removed mud-water mixed solution, deposit the sand passing through the sand washing chamber in the sand collection chamber, wash out the sand by the downward cleaning water injected by the sand washing pipe, and adjust the flow of the finished sand flow discharged from the sand collection chamber by the sand discharge valve.
Furthermore, after the sand-mud mixed liquid is pressurized, the sand-mud mixed liquid is injected into the liquid rotator at a high speed and then is forcedly separated into the rotary thick liquid containing sand and the rotary thin liquid containing mud by virtue of centrifugal force generated by high-speed rotation, the flow rate of the rotary thin liquid is far greater than that of the rotary thick liquid, and at the moment, the rotary thick liquid containing high-concentration sand-mud is introduced into the sand-mud separating cylinder for sand washing operation.
The utility model provides a cross flow type sand and mud washing separator which characterized in that: the sand washing separating cylinder of the device is a thin-walled cylinder with an appearance of a straight ring and a lower pointed cone, and the interior of the thin-walled cylinder is divided into a plurality of specific functional areas which comprise:
the inner space of the energy dissipation cylinder, the axial leads of the energy dissipation cylinder and the sand washing separation cylinder are coincided, the axial direction of the energy dissipation cylinder and the sand washing separation cylinder is equal to the height of the sand washing separation cylinder, the outer periphery of the energy dissipation cylinder is sleeved with the sand washing outer cylinder, the energy dissipation cylinder and the sand washing outer cylinder are fixedly connected through a rectifying blade, and the impact force of fluid raw material sand flowing into the sand washing separation cylinder is buffered through the energy dissipation chamber;
the rectifying chamber is an area formed between the sand washing outer cylinder and the energy dissipation cylinder, the rectifying blades divide the area below the rectifying chamber into a plurality of independent spaces, the rotating vectors of the flowing fluid are eliminated by the rectifying blades, the rectifying chamber is used for adjusting the fluid to be in a steady flow state, and the fluid in the steady flow state finally uniformly passes through the overflow weir and is discharged into the water collection outer cylinder;
the water collecting outer cylinder is sleeved at the axial top end of the sand washing outer cylinder in a sleeving manner and used for collecting the sand-removing mud-water mixed liquid overflowing from the overflow weir, and a mud discharging pipe is arranged in the water collecting outer cylinder and used for discharging the mud-water mixed liquid out of the sand washing separating cylinder;
the sand guide buffer chamber is an internal space of the sand guide cone cylinder, is connected below the sand washing outer cylinder, the inclination angle of the wall of the sand guide cone cylinder is larger than the static angle of downward sliding of sand grains, the fluid raw material sand is separated from sand and mud in the sand guide buffer chamber, the mud-water mixed solution moves upwards, and the sand grains move downwards;
the sand washing chamber is an annular space between the sand washing conical cylinder and the sand washing pipe, settled sand is washed away by washing water through the space, and the sand collecting chamber is connected below the sand washing chamber to store and retain washed settled sand;
a sand washing pipe is arranged at the center of the sand washing separating cylinder, and the axial leads of the sand washing pipe and the sand washing separating cylinder are superposed; the sand washing pipe extends upwards to form an energy dissipation cylinder, is downwards inserted into a sand washing chamber in the sand washing conical cylinder, guides sand washing clear water into the sand washing chamber through the sand washing pipe to be washed by sand sedimentation, and is connected with the energy dissipation cylinder into a whole through a sand washing pipe positioning plate;
and the sand discharge valve is arranged on the axial conical top of the sand washing conical cylinder and used for guiding the finished sand in the sand collection chamber out of the sand washing separation cylinder and adjusting the discharge amount and the water content of the finished sand.
The utility model provides a cross flow type sand and mud washing separator's mud scraping unit, is applied to a cross flow type sand and mud washing separator, its characterized in that: this mud scraper group includes:
the transmission main machine is fixed on the sand washing separation cylinder and used for driving the sand scraping arm to rotate;
the central rotating shaft is provided with a hollow pipe, the axial top end of the hollow pipe of the central rotating shaft is welded with a transmission shaft and connected with a transmission main machine, the axial bottom end of the hollow pipe of the central rotating shaft is provided with an opening, a water guide ring is sleeved on the upper part of the central rotating shaft, water stop shaft seals are sleeved on the two axial ends of the water guide ring, so that the water guide ring and the central rotating shaft form a movable closed space, holes are arranged on the central rotating shaft at equal intervals in the radial position of the closed space, the central rotating shaft is used for transmitting the operation;
the water guide ring is used for filling water-stopping shaft seals at two axial ends of the hollow pipe fitting, the water-stopping shaft seals are tightly connected with the central rotating shaft, the radial position of the water guide ring is inserted into the sand washing pipe and used for guiding sand washing clean water to be injected into the central rotating shaft, and then the sand washing clean water is injected into the sand washing chamber along the central rotating shaft to wash settled sand;
the sand scraping arms cross the sand guide conical cylinder in pairs, are connected to the wing plates of the central rotating shaft in a pin mode and are used for transmitting the rotating force of the central rotating shaft;
and the scraping plate is assembled below the scraping arm, is configured at a specific angle with the scraping arm, is attached to the wall of the sand guide cone in pair, rotates synchronously with the scraping arm, and is used for continuously scraping accumulated sand above the wall of the sand guide cone into the sand washing chamber for washing the sand so as to obtain clean finished sand.
A multi-segment cross-flow sand-mud washing and separating method features that several independent cross-flow sand-mud washing and separating devices are serially connected by sand discharge pipes, and the raw material sand containing mud is washed in multiple segments to obtain the finished sand with lowest mud content.
Furthermore, the number of the cross flow type sand washers connected in series is not fixed, and the cross flow type sand washers are arranged in an increasing and decreasing mode according to the elasticity of the washing object.
Furthermore, the flow speed of the primary finished sand and the intermediate finished sand flowing in the primary sand discharge pipe and the intermediate sand discharge pipe is greater than the sedimentation speed of sand grains in the primary sand discharge pipe and the intermediate sand discharge pipe, and the flow speed of the primary finished sand and the intermediate finished sand can be adjusted to the most appropriate flow speed by adjusting the opening degrees of the primary throttle valve and the intermediate throttle valve on the primary sand discharge pipe and the intermediate sand discharge pipe.
The invention adopting the technical scheme can bring the following beneficial effects:
the mud content of the produced finished sand is effectively reduced, and the quality is better than that of the traditional sand washer.
And secondly, the sand leakage amount is low, namely after the fluid raw material sand enters the sand washing separation cylinder, the fluid impact force is eliminated by the energy dissipation cylinder, the rotation force is eliminated by the rectifying blades on the rectifying chamber, the rising flow speed of the mud-water mixed liquid in the rectifying chamber is lower than the sedimentation speed of the sand grains, the mud-water mixed liquid has no short flow phenomenon as a stable rising water flow, only can wash away the sludge and cannot wash away the sand grains, and therefore the sand leakage amount is effectively reduced.
The invention has less movable elements, low relative friction speed of elements contacted with sand grains, suspension of the sand grains in liquid and non-forced contact, thus having less abrasion and high integral machine part loss and high yield.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic external view of a cross-flow type sand-mud washing, washing and separating device of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of section line 1-1 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of section line 2-2 of FIG. 1.
Fig. 4 is a front view of the combination of the energy dissipation cylinder and the sand washing pipe of the cross-flow type sand-mud washing and separating device.
FIG. 5 is a right side view of the combination of the energy dissipation cylinder and the sand washing pipe of the cross-flow type sand-mud washing and separating device of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a front view of a sand discharge valve of the cross-flow type sand-mud washing and separating device of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a right side view of a sand discharge valve of the cross-flow type sand-mud washing and separating device of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a flow chart of the cross-flow sand-mud washing and separating device of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of the cross-flow sand-mud washing and separating device with a mud scraper set.
Fig. 10 is an enlarged VIEW of VIEW: a in fig. 9.
Fig. 11 is an enlarged VIEW of VIEW B in fig. 9.
FIG. 12 is a schematic view of section line 1-1 of FIG. 9.
FIG. 13 is a schematic view taken along line 2-2 of FIG. 9.
Figure 14 is a schematic view of section line 3-3 of figure 9.
FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of the sand washing operation of the cross-flow sand-mud washing and separating device with a mud scraper set.
Fig. 16 is an enlarged VIEW of VIEW: a in fig. 15.
Fig. 17 is an enlarged schematic VIEW of VIEW B in fig. 15.
Fig. 18 is an external view of a conventional horizontal flow type sand washer.
FIG. 19 is a front view of a hydrocyclone of the cross-flow sand-mud washing and separating device of the present invention.
FIG. 20 is a top view of a hydrocyclone of the cross-flow sand-mud wash separation device of the present invention.
FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram of the operation of the hydrocyclone of the cross-flow type sand-mud washing and separating device of the present invention.
FIG. 22 is a sand washing flow chart of the forced centrifugal cross-flow sand-mud washing and separating device of the present invention.
FIG. 23 is a sand washing flow chart of the multistage cross-flow sand-mud washing and separating device of the present invention.
In the figure, 1-sand washing separation cylinder, 2-sand washing outer cylinder, 3-energy dissipation cylinder, 4-sand guide conical cylinder,
A sand washing cone cylinder, 6-a sand washing pipe, 7-an overflow weir, 8-a sand discharging port, 9-a sand guiding cone, 10-a sand guiding cone ring pipe, 11-a sand guiding cone adjusting screw, 12-a sand guiding cone fixing seat, 13-a rectifying blade, 14-a mud discharging pipe, 15-a sand washing pipe positioning plate, 16-a foot seat, 17-a sand discharging ring port, 18-fluid raw material sand, 19-washing waste liquid, 20-washing clear water, 21-finished sand, 22-an energy dissipation chamber, 23-a rectifying chamber, 24-a sand guiding buffer chamber, 25-a sand washing chamber, 26-a sand collection chamber, 27-a sand guiding chamber, 28-a central rotating shaft, 29-a sand scraping arm, 30-a sand scraping plate, 31-a water guide ring, 32-a water stopping shaft seal, 33-a tension rod, 34-a tension arm, 31-a tension arm, 35-central rotating shaft wing plate, 36-scraping arm wing plate, 37-pulling arm wing plate, 38-clear water ring chamber, 39-cleaning water flow, 40-finished sand flow, 41-upward cleaning water flow, 42-downward flushing water flow, 43-mixed quicksand, 44-scraping blade, 45-colloidal sand, 46-bottom sand, 47-rotating wheel, 48-filtrate, 49-waste washing liquid, 50-sand-mud mixed liquid, 51-horizontal flow, 52-vibrating screen, 53-fluid sand, 54-finished sand, 55-separating cylinder, 56-scraping arm rotation, 57-sand discharge valve, 58-outer washing cylinder, 59-transmission main machine, 60-vortex tube, 61-rotation guide tube, 62-acceleration cone tube, 63-dilution liquid, 64-main vortex rotation guide tube, 65-internal vortex, 66-cyclone thick liquid, 67-pressurizing pipe, 68-guide pipe, 69-pressurizing sand-mud mixed liquid, 70-hydraulic cyclone, 71-primary cross flow sand washer, 72-intermediate cross flow sand washer, 73-final cross flow sand washer, 74-primary sand discharge pipe, 75-intermediate sand discharge pipe, 76-primary finished sand, 77-intermediate finished sand, 78-final finished sand, 79-primary throttle valve and 80-final throttle valve.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further explained with reference to the drawings and the detailed description;
as shown in fig. 1, 2 and 3, the cross-flow sand-mud washing and separating device comprises a straight circular lower sharp cone, a groove body with a top open bottom sharp cone and a sand discharge valve 57 mounted at the bottom sharp cone, and the sand-washing separating cylinder 1 is internally divided into an energy dissipation chamber 22, a sand guide buffer chamber 24, a rectification chamber 23, a sand collection chamber 25, a sand guide chamber 26 and the like. The energy dissipation chamber 22 is arranged in the inner space of the energy dissipation cylinder 3, the energy dissipation cylinder 3 is arranged on the axis edge of the sand washing separation cylinder 1, the axial leads of the energy dissipation cylinder 3 and the sand washing separation cylinder 1 are arranged in a superposition mode, the axial top end of the energy dissipation cylinder 3 is flush with the top end of the sand washing separation cylinder 1, the energy dissipation cylinder 3 is a hollow thin-walled cylinder, the outer periphery of the hollow thin-walled cylinder is annularly sleeved with a sand washing outer cylinder 58, the axial leads of the energy dissipation cylinder 3 and the sand washing outer cylinder 58 are also arranged in a superposition mode; the annular space between the sand washing outer cylinder 58 and the energy dissipation cylinder 3 is a rectification chamber 23, the rectification blades 13 divide the lower part of the rectification chamber 23 into a plurality of independent spaces, the axial direction of the rectification blades 13 is parallel to the axial direction of the sand washing outer cylinder 58, so that the rectification of the rectification blades 13 eliminates the rotation vector penetrating through the rectification chamber 23, the fluid penetrating through the rectification chamber 23 becomes a fluid which flows upwards and stably, the overflow weir 7 is annularly arranged on the upper edge of the axial direction of the sand washing outer cylinder 58, and the stable water flow penetrating through the rectification chamber 23 uniformly flows into the water collection outer cylinder 2; the water collecting outer cylinder 2 is sleeved at the axial top end of the sand washing outer cylinder 58 and used for collecting the desanding mud water overflowing from the overflow weir 7, the water collecting outer cylinder 2 is arranged to be superposed with the axial lead of the sand washing separating cylinder 1, and a mud discharging pipe 14 is arranged in the water collecting outer cylinder 2 and used for discharging the sand washing wastewater 19 out of the sand washing separating cylinder 1; the sand guide buffer chamber 24 is connected with the rectifying chamber 23 and the energy dissipation chamber 22, the inner space of the sand guide cone cylinder 4 is connected below the sand washing outer cylinder 58, a hollow cone sheet component is arranged, the inclination angle of the wall of the sand guide cone cylinder 4 is larger than the minimum static angle of sand sliding downwards (the static angle is defined as the angle when an object is placed on an inclined plane and the inclined plane inclines to the object to slide downwards), the axial lead of the sand guide cone cylinder 4 is also superposed with the axial lead of the sand washing separation cylinder 1, the fluid raw material sand 18 moving downwards from the energy dissipation chamber 22 is reversed into upward displacement in the chamber due to the retardation of the inner fluid, the sand in the fluid raw material sand 18 in the space is continuously displaced downwards due to the self weight, and the water flow containing mud flows upwards into the rectifying chamber 23; the sand washing chamber 25 and the sand collecting chamber 26 are connected below the sand guide buffer chamber 24, the inner spaces of the sand washing chamber 24 and the sand collecting chamber 26 are sand washing conical cylinders 5, the sand washing conical cylinder 5 is also a thin-walled hollow conical cylinder, the cone angle of the cylinder wall of the sand washing conical cylinder is also larger than the inclination angle of the sand guide conical cylinder 4, the axial lead of the sand washing conical cylinder 5 is also superposed with the axial lead of the sand washing separating cylinder 1, wherein the sand washing chamber 25 is an annular space formed between the sand washing conical cylinder 5 and the sand washing pipe 6, the flow path area of the annular space is narrow at the bottom and wide at the top, so that upward washing water 41 injected by the sand washing pipe 6 is gradually reduced in flow speed through the space, sand grains settled into the sand washing chamber 25 are washed by the gradually-increased washing water flow to achieve the purposes of sand setting and mud washing, and sand settled in the sand collecting chamber 26 below the sand washing conical cylinder 5 through the sand washing chamber 25; the sand washing pipe 6 is arranged at the center of the sand washing separating cylinder 1, the axial leads of the sand washing pipe 6 and the sand washing separating cylinder coincide, the sand washing pipe 6 extends upwards to form an energy dissipation cylinder 3 and is downwards inserted into a sand washing chamber 25 in the sand washing conical cylinder 5, sand washing clear water 20 is guided into the sand washing chamber 25 by the sand washing pipe 6 to be washed and settled, and the sand washing pipe 6 is connected with the energy dissipation cylinder 3 by a sand washing pipe positioning plate 15 and is positioned on the energy dissipation cylinder; the axial cone bottom of the sand washing cone cylinder 5 is connected with a sand discharge valve 57, the washed finished sand 21 in the sand collection chamber 26 is guided out of the sand washing separation cylinder 1 by the sand discharge valve 57, the opening degree of the sand discharge valve 57 is adjusted to adjust the flow rate and the water content of the finished sand 21 flowing out of the sand collection chamber 26, and the fluid finished sand 21 is further dewatered by a further dewatering facility to facilitate the use of the final application.
As shown in fig. 6 and 7, the sand discharge valve 57 is provided with a sealing plate at one axial side of a hollow sand guide cone ring pipe 10, the center of the sealing plate is provided with a sand discharge port 8, a sand guide cone 9 is concentrically arranged in the sand guide cone ring pipe 10, the cone tip of the sand guide cone 9 extends into the sand discharge port 8, the bottom of the sand guide cone 9 is concentrically provided with a sand guide cone adjusting screw 11, the adjusting screw 11 is superposed with a screw hole at the center of a sand guide cone fixing seat 12, the sand guide cone fixing seat 12 is a flat plate fixed at the other axial end of the sand guide cone ring pipe 10, and the disc surface of the sand guide cone fixing seat 12 is provided with a plurality of sand discharge ring ports 17 at equal intervals; a sand guide chamber 27 is formed between the sand guide cone ring pipe 10, the sand guide cone 9 and the sand guide cone fixing seat 12, and is used for collecting and discharging the finished product sand flow 40 in the sand collection chamber 26 out of the sand washing separation barrel 1, the axial displacement of the sand guide cone 9 on the sand discharge valve 57 is guided by rotating the sand guide cone adjusting screw 11 so as to change the distance between the sand guide cone 9 and the sand discharge opening 8, the sand guide cone 9 is inserted into the sand discharge opening 8, the flow path area between the sand guide cone 9 and the sand discharge opening 8 is changed, the flow rate of the finished product sand flow 40 is adjusted, and the water content of the finished product sand 21 is further controlled.
As shown in fig. 8, in the cross-flow type sand-mud washing and separating method, the fluid material sand 18 with sand-mud uniformly distributed in the fluid flows into the energy dissipation cylinder 3 in a pressure flow manner (such as pumping or liquid level difference), the impulse force of the fluid is eliminated by the volume provided by the energy dissipation cylinder 3 to tend to a stable state, the fluid material sand 18 presents a downward moving vector through the energy dissipation cylinder 3, but the reverse direction is changed into an upward displacement vector due to the retarding force of the fluid in the sand guide buffer chamber 24, the swimming potential mutual repulsion force generated by the surface charges of the sludge particles contained in the fluid material sand 18 causes the sludge particles to be pushed away from each other due to the mutual repulsion force and uniformly distributed in the fluid, and the settling velocity of the sludge particles is lower than the upward displacement fluid velocity flowing into the rectification chamber 23, so the sludge particles are synchronized into the rectification chamber 23, and the flow velocity of the sand particles in the fluid material sand 18 is higher than the fluid rising velocity, therefore, the fluid does not flow into the rectifying chamber 23 along with the fluid, so that the fluid flowing into the rectifying chamber 23 becomes desanded mud-water mixed liquid, the mud-water mixed liquid eliminates the rotating force around the axial lead of the sand washing separation cylinder 1 by means of the rectifying blades 13 radially arranged in the rectifying chamber 23, the fluid passing through the rectifying chamber 23 becomes a steady flow state, and the moved up mud-water mixed liquid finally uniformly flows into the water collecting outer cylinder 2 to be collected and then flows out of the sand washing separation cylinder 1 along the sludge discharge pipe 14 on the water collecting outer cylinder; the sand grains in the fluid raw material sand 18 continuously move downwards in the sand guide buffer chamber 24 by means of self weight, then sink into the sand washing chamber 25 and the wall of the sand guide cone barrel 4, and slide downwards into the sand washing chamber 25 because the inclination angle of the wall of the sand guide cone barrel 4 is larger than the mirror stop angle of the sand grains sliding downwards; the sand surface sliding down into the sand washing chamber 25 still adsorbs and adheres the sludge particles because of the porosity, at the moment, the sand washing clean water 20 injected into the sand washing pipe 6 at the center of the sand washing chamber 25 makes the fluid in the sand washing chamber 25 be in an upward displacement state, the upward displacement clean water 41 is used for washing the sludge particles attached to the surface of the settled sand, the faster the water flow speed of the clean water flowing towards the sand collecting chamber 26 is, the sand content flowing into the sand collecting chamber 26 is ensured to be reduced to the minimum, and the sludge water containing the sludge in the sand guide buffer chamber 24 is prevented from flowing into the sand collecting chamber 26 by the rising clean water flow 41; the sand washing clean water 20 injected by the sand washing pipe 6 is divided into upward washing water 41 and downward washing water 42 in the sand collection chamber 26, wherein the upward washing water 41 is used for washing sludge particles attached to settled sand in the sand washing chamber 25, and the downward washing water 42 is used for driving the settled finished sand 21 in the sand collection chamber 26, so that the condition that sand bridging blockage occurs due to the insufficient fluidity caused by too low water content of the finished sand 21 in the sand collection chamber 26 is avoided; when the sand washing separation cylinder 1 is used for sand washing operation, the sand content in the fluid raw material sand 18 in unit time tends to be constant, the flow rate of the finished product sand 21 discharged out of the sand washing separation cylinder 1 is controlled by the sand discharge valve 57, when the distance between the sand guide cone 9 of the sand discharge valve 57 and the sand discharge port 8 is increased, the flow path area is increased, under the condition that the liquid level in the sand washing separation cylinder 1 is equal to the height, the flow rate of the finished product sand flow 40 discharged out of the sand washing separation cylinder 1 is increased, the water content of the finished product sand flow 40 is higher due to the fact that the sand setting amount in unit time is increased by the constant flow rate, the load of a dewatering facility at the rear end is heavier when the water content of the finished product sand 21 is higher, and the opening degree of the sand discharge valve 57 is adjusted to enable the water content of the finished product sand flow 40 to be effectively reduced without.
As shown in fig. 8, the cross-flow sand-mud washing and separating method of the present invention includes sand-mud separation and sand washing steps. The sand-mud separation step comprises that fluid raw material sand 18 continuously flows into an energy dissipation chamber 22, the impulse force of fluid is buffered and eliminated by the volume contained in the energy dissipation chamber 22, the energy-dissipated fluid then flows into a sand guide buffer chamber 24, muddy water mixed liquor flows upwards into a rectification chamber 8, sand grains sink into a sand washing chamber 25 and the wall of a sand guide conical cylinder 4 by virtue of self weight, the sand grains settled on the wall of the sand guide conical cylinder 4 slide into the sand washing chamber 23 by virtue of self weight, the muddy water mixed liquor flowing upwards into the rectification chamber 23 is rectified by rectification blades 13 radially arranged in the rectification chamber 23 to remove rotation vectors, the volume provided by the rectification chamber 23 enables the circulating muddy water mixed liquor to be in a steady flow state, and finally the muddy water mixed liquor uniformly flows into a water collecting outer cylinder 2 through an overflow weir 7 above the rectification chamber 23 and flows out of the sand washing separation cylinder 1 through a mud discharge pipe 14. The sand washing step is that the sand setting sunk into the sand washing chamber 25 continuously moves downwards and moves alternatively with the upward washing water 41 injected by the sand washing pipe 6, so that the sand particles and the adsorbed sludge particles are washed by the upward washing water 41, and move into the sand guiding buffer chamber 24 along with the water flow, then flow into the rectifying chamber 23 along with the sand-removed mud-water mixed liquid, the sand particles passing through the sand washing chamber 25 are deposited in the sand collecting chamber 26, the sand setting is washed out by the downward washing water 42 injected by the sand washing pipe 6, and the flow of the finished sand flow 40 discharged out of the sand collecting chamber 26 is adjusted by the sand discharge valve 57.
If the height of the sand washing separation cylinder 1 is limited, the heights of the sand guiding cone cylinder 4 and the sand washing cone cylinder 5 need to be greatly reduced. The height of the sand guiding cone cylinder 4 is reduced to ensure that the inclination angle of the wall of the sand guiding cone cylinder 4 is smaller than the static angle, so that sand particles settled on the wall of the sand guiding cone cylinder 4 cannot slide into the sand collecting chamber 25 by means of self weight, and at the moment, the sand particles settled on the sand guiding cone cylinder 4 are forcibly scraped into the sand washing chamber 25 by means of mechanical force. As shown in fig. 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13, a scraper set is installed at the center of the sand washing separation cylinder 1 to scrape the settled sand into the sand washing chamber, and the scraper set is composed of a transmission main machine 59, a central rotating shaft 28, a water guide ring 31, a sand washing pipe 6, a sand scraping arm 29 and a sand scraping plate 30. The power source of the mud scraper set of the transmission main machine 59 is used for driving the central rotating shaft 28 to synchronously rotate and is positioned on the sand washing separating cylinder 1; a hollow tube of the central rotating shaft 28 is welded with a transmission shaft at the axial top end thereof and is connected with a transmission main machine 59, a water guide ring 31 is sleeved on the upper part of the central rotating shaft 28, a water seal shaft seal is sleeved at the two axial ends of the water guide ring 31, so that the water guide ring 31 and the central rotating shaft 28 form a movable closed space, holes are arranged on the radial position of the closed space at equal intervals on the central rotating shaft 28, a sand washing pipe 6 is inserted into the radial position of the water guide ring 31, for guiding the sand washing clean water 20 to be injected into the central rotating shaft 28, and then injected into the sand washing chamber 25 along with the central rotating shaft 28 to wash settled sand, an opening is arranged below the central rotating shaft 28, and welding a pair of central rotating shaft wing plate 35 and a pulling arm 34, welding a pulling arm wing plate 37 on the pulling arm 29, welding a scraping arm wing plate 36 on the scraping arm 29, connecting and tensioning the pulling arm wing plate 37 and the scraping arm wing plate 36 by a pulling rod 33, and mutually pulling the pulling rods 33 to bear the scraping resistance of the scraping plate 30; the scraping arms 29 are integrally connected with a central rotating shaft wing plate 35 below the central rotating shaft 28 in a pin mode, and the scraping arms 29 are arranged across the sand guide conical barrel 4 in pairs and used for transmitting a rotating vector of the central rotating shaft 28 to enable the scraping arms 29 to rotate synchronously; the sand scraping plate 30 is arranged below the sand scraping arm 29, the sand scraping plate 30 and the sand scraping arm 30 are assembled at a proper included angle, the sand scraping plate 30 rotates synchronously with the sand scraping arm 29, the sand scraping plate 30 pushes the sand sediment on the sand guiding conical cylinder 4 to make the sand guiding conical cylinder rotate, an axial pushing force is generated due to the non-parallel arrangement of the sand scraping plate 30 and the sand scraping arm 29, the sand sediment is pushed to the axis of the sand washing separation cylinder 1 to make the sand sediment be pushed into the sand washing chamber 25, the mud scraping plate 30 continuously rotates and moves to make the sand sediment on the wall of the sand guiding conical cylinder 4 continuously scraped into the sand washing chamber 25, and the sand washing operation of the sand washing separation cylinder 1 can be continuously carried out.
If the sludge concentration of the sand-mud mixture is too high, the viscosity of the fluid is too high, so that sand cannot be easily precipitated and separated by gravity, unless the sand-mud mixture is diluted by a large amount of clear water to reduce the viscosity of the fluid and facilitate the separation of the sand and the mud, but the volume of the sand-washing separation cylinder 1 is increased along with the large increase of the water amount, and the function of the sand-washing separation cylinder is slightly insufficient and not proper for high-concentration materials, as shown in fig. 20, a pressurizing pump can be used for pressurizing the sand-mud mixture to a high-speed injection hydrocyclone (cyclic) and the pressurized sand-mud mixture 69 is injected into the hydrocyclone 70 and then is separated into a CYCLONE containing sand (66) and a CYCLONE containing mud 65 by the centrifugal force generated by high-speed rotation, wherein the flow rate of the CYCLONE 65 is far greater than that of the CYCLONE 65, and the CYCLONE 65 containing high-concentration mud is then introduced into the sand-washing separation cylinder 1 for sand-washing operation, because the flow rate is greatly reduced compared with the original sand-mud mixed liquid before the forced centrifugal separation, under the condition of the same sand washing clear water, the sludge concentration is greatly reduced and the viscosity of the sand-mud mixed liquid is reduced, so that the sand-mud separation can be easily carried out by only gravity, the optimal separation effect is achieved, and the cleaning water quantity and the occupied space do not need to be improved.
As shown in fig. 19, 20 and 21, the sand-mud mixture is pressurized by a pressurizing pump and introduced into a liquid rotator 70 along a pressurizing pipe 67, the sand-mud mixture is introduced along an archimedean vortex-shaped vortex tube 60, guided by the pipe to rotate downward at a high speed in a guide vortex tube 61 with a asymptotic vortex streamline, a downward main vortex 63 of the downward vortex increases its flow resistance due to the pipe diameter reduction of an acceleration cone 62 during the downward rotation, when the downward flow resistance of the main vortex 63 is equal to the internal pressure of the sand-mud mixture, the downward flow velocity of the main vortex 63 is equal to zero, an upward internal vortex 64 is generated in a guide pipe 68 belonging to a low pressure side to discharge the liquid rotator 70, suspended sludge particles with larger specific gravity and particle size in the sand-mud mixture are influenced by the centrifugal force during the rotation of the main vortex 63 and the internal vortex 64 to rotate downward toward the pipe wall of the acceleration cone 62, and the tiny suspended sludge particles are still suspended in the downward vortex 63 because the rotating centrifugal force is lower than the electrostatic repulsion force between the sludge particles, when the main vortex 63 reaches the position where the downward flow velocity is equal to zero, the sludge particles with higher specific gravity or particle size rotating close to the pipe wall still rotate close to the inner wall of the acceleration cone 60 and do not rotate upwards along with the inner vortex 64 in the center of the main vortex 63, and the suspended particles with smaller particle size suspended in the main vortex 63 by the internal pressure of the acceleration cone 62 and the self-weight downward rotation discharge cyclone are discharged upwards out of the cyclone 70 along with the inner vortex 64, so that the sand-mud mixed liquid is screened into the cyclone 66 and cyclone 65 with different particle sizes, wherein the particle size of the cyclone 66 is higher than that of the cyclone 65, but the sludge concentration contained between the cyclone 66 and the cyclone is similar. The hydrocyclone 70 generates centrifugal force by the high-speed rotation of the fluid to screen and divide the mixed liquid into hydrocyclone 66 and hydrocyclone 61, wherein the hydrocyclone 61 flows into the sand-mud separating cylinder 1 by gravity, and the hydrocyclone rich in sludge and sand is discharged to a rear-end water treatment device. Some fluid raw material sands 18 have dense embedded sludge particles and sand grains, and the mud content of the obtained finished product sands 21 is still too high only by the single-section cross-flow type sand washing separation operation of a single sand-mud separation cylinder 1, and at the moment, a multi-section cross-flow sand washing separation operation procedure can be adopted. As shown in fig. 21, a sand washing flow chart of a multi-stage cross-flow sand washing apparatus is provided with 3 cross-flow sand washing machines 71, 72, 73, each of the cross-flow sand washing machines 71, 72, 73 has a liquid level difference, the liquid level elevation of each cross-flow sand washing machine is reduced cylinder by cylinder according to the flow direction of the finished sand 21, the liquid level difference between each pair of cross-flow sand washing machines is the same, when the cross-flow sand washing operation is performed, the fluid raw material sand 18 is introduced into the first-stage sand washing separation cylinder 71 to perform the sand-mud separation operation to obtain the mud-containing first-stage finished sand 21, the mud-containing first-stage finished sand 76 is forced to flow into the middle-stage sand washing separation cylinder 72 along the first-stage sand discharge pipe 74 by the gravity of the higher liquid level difference than the middle-stage sand washing separation cylinder 72 to perform the second cross-flow sand washing separation procedure, so that the mud content of the obtained first-stage finished sand 76 is further reduced, and the mud content of the middle-stage finished sand 77 obtained, and then the middle-section finished sand 77 is forced to flow into the end-section cross flow sand washer 73 along the middle-section sand discharge pipe 75 by virtue of the gravity potential energy generated by the liquid level difference between the two 72 and 73, the final cross flow sand washing operation is carried out, the middle-section finished sand 77 is washed into final finished sand 78 with the mud content meeting the requirement, and then the final finished sand 78 is discharged to a use point from the end-section cross flow sand washer 73. The number of the cross-flow sand washers in the series can be determined according to the property of the fluid material sand 18 to be washed, and when the fluid material sand 18 is more difficult to wash, the number of the cross-flow sand washers in the series is more, and the cross-flow sand washers can be flexibly configured to achieve the best treatment effect.
As shown in fig. 23, when the multi-stage cross-flow sand washing and separating operation is performed, the flow velocity of the sand flow in the initial sand discharge pipe 74 and the middle sand discharge pipe 75 needs to be greater than the settling velocity of the sand, so that the fluid initial sand 76 and the fluid middle sand 77 will not be blocked by the sand flow that is greater than the rising flow velocity of the initial sand discharge pipe 74, the middle sand discharge pipe 75, the initial sand 76 and the middle sand 77. The flow velocity of the sand flow in the sand discharge pipes 74 and 75 is equal to the flow velocity generated by the mutual liquid level difference between the cross flow sand washers 71, 72 and 73 due to the gravity potential energy pressurization, the sand flow velocity can be controlled by adjusting the primary section throttle valve 79 and the middle section throttle valve 80 on the primary section sand discharge pipe 74 and the middle section sand discharge pipe 75, when the primary section throttle valve 79 and the middle section throttle valve 80 are closed, the sand flow is reduced, the flow velocity of the primary section finished sand 76 and the middle section finished sand 77 in the primary section sand discharge pipe 74 and the middle section sand discharge pipe 75 is reduced, and the sand flow velocity is adjusted to an optimal range, so that the abrasion of the sand flow on the primary section sand discharge pipe 74 and the middle section sand discharge pipe 75 can be effectively reduced, and the service life of the primary section sand discharge pipe 74 and the middle section sand discharge pipe 75 is prolonged.
Claims (7)
1. The utility model provides a cross flow type sand and mud washing separator which characterized in that: the sand washing separation cylinder (1) of the device is a thin-walled cylinder with an appearance of a straight ring and a lower pointed cone, and the interior of the thin-walled cylinder is divided into a plurality of specific functional areas which comprise:
the energy dissipation chamber (22) is arranged in the inner space of the energy dissipation cylinder (3), the axial lines of the energy dissipation cylinder (3) and the sand washing separation cylinder (1) are superposed, the axial direction of the energy dissipation cylinder is equal to the height of the sand washing separation cylinder (1), the sand washing outer cylinder (58) is sleeved on the periphery of the energy dissipation cylinder, the energy dissipation cylinder (3) and the sand washing outer cylinder (58) are fixedly connected through a rectifying blade (13), and the energy dissipation chamber (22) buffers the impact force of the fluid raw material sand (18) flowing into the sand washing separation cylinder (1);
a rectifying chamber (23) which is a region formed between the sand washing outer cylinder (58) and the energy dissipation cylinder (3), wherein a plurality of independent spaces are formed below the rectifying chamber (23) by the rectifying blades (13), the rotating vector of the circulating fluid is eliminated by the rectifying blades (13), the fluid is regulated into a steady flow state by the rectifying chamber (23), and the fluid in the steady flow state finally and uniformly passes through the overflow weir (7) and is discharged into the water collection outer cylinder (2);
the water collecting outer cylinder (2) is sleeved at the axial top end of the sand washing outer cylinder (58) in a sleeving manner and is used for collecting the sand-removing mud-water mixed liquid overflowing from the overflow weir (7), and a mud discharging pipe (14) is arranged in the water collecting outer cylinder and is used for discharging the mud-water mixed liquid out of the sand washing separation cylinder (1);
the sand guide buffer chamber (24) is an internal space of the sand guide conical cylinder (4) and is connected below the sand washing outer cylinder (58), the inclination angle of the wall of the sand guide conical cylinder (4) is larger than the static angle of downward sliding of sand grains, the fluid raw material sand (18) is separated from sand and mud in the sand guide buffer chamber (24), the mud-water mixed liquid moves upwards, and the sand grains move downwards;
the sand washing chamber is characterized by comprising a sand washing chamber, a sand collecting chamber and a sand washing conical cylinder (5) inner space, wherein the sand washing conical cylinder (5) is a thin-wall hollow conical pipe, the inclination angle of the conical pipe is larger than that of the sand guiding conical cylinder (4), the sand washing conical cylinder (5) is connected below the sand guiding conical cylinder (4), the axes of the sand washing conical cylinder and the sand guiding conical cylinder coincide, the sand washing chamber (25) is an annular space between the sand washing conical cylinder (5) and the sand washing pipe (6), settled sand is washed away by washing water through the annular space, and the sand collecting chamber (26) is connected below the sand washing chamber (25) to store and retain washed settled sand;
a sand washing pipe (6) is arranged at the center of the sand washing separating cylinder (1), and the axial leads of the sand washing pipe and the sand washing separating cylinder are superposed; the sand washing pipe (6) extends upwards to form an energy dissipation cylinder (3), is downwards inserted into a sand washing chamber (25) in the sand washing conical cylinder (5), guides sand washing clear water (20) into the sand washing chamber (25) through the sand washing pipe (6) to be washed by sand sedimentation, and is integrally connected with the energy dissipation cylinder (3) through a sand washing pipe positioning plate (15);
and the sand discharge valve (57) is arranged on the axial conical top of the sand washing conical cylinder (5) and used for guiding the finished product sand (21) in the sand collection chamber (26) out of the sand washing separation cylinder (1) through the sand discharge valve (57) and adjusting the discharge amount and the water content of the finished product sand (21) accordingly.
2. A cross-flow type sand-mud washing and separating method using the cross-flow type sand-mud washing and separating device according to claim 1, characterized in that: the method comprises
A sand-mud separation step, wherein the fluid raw material sand (18) continuously flows into the energy dissipation chamber (22), the energy dissipation chamber (22) is internally provided with a volume to buffer and eliminate the impact force of fluid, the energy dissipation fluid flows into the sand guide buffer chamber (24), muddy water mixed liquid in the energy dissipation chamber flows upwards into the rectification chamber (23), sand grains sink into the sand washing chamber (25) and the wall of the sand guide conical barrel (4) by virtue of self weight, the sand grains settled on the wall of the sand guide conical barrel (4) slide into the sand washing chamber (25) by virtue of self weight, the muddy water mixed liquid flowing upwards into the rectification chamber (23) is rectified and removed of a rotation vector by the rectification blades (13) radially arranged in the rectification chamber (23), the volume provided by the rectification chamber (23) enables the circulating muddy water mixed liquid to be in a steady flow state, and finally the muddy water mixed liquid uniformly flows into the water collecting outer barrel (2) through an overflow weir (7) above the rectification chamber (23) and then flows out of the sand washing separation barrel (1) by virtue of the mud discharge;
and a sand washing step, wherein the settled sand sinking into the sand washing chamber (25) continuously moves downwards and moves in a staggered manner with the upward cleaning water (41) injected by the sand washing pipe (6), so that the sand particles mixed with the sand and adsorbed sludge particles are washed by the upward cleaning water (41), move into the sand guide buffer chamber (24) along with the water flow, then flow into the rectification chamber (23) along with the sand-removed sludge-water mixed liquid, deposit the sand particles passing through the sand washing chamber (25) in the sand collection chamber (26), wash out the sand particles by the downward cleaning water flow (42) injected by the sand washing pipe (6), and adjust the flow of the finished sand flow (40) discharged out of the sand collection chamber (26) by a sand discharge valve (57).
3. The cross-flow sand-mud washing separation method according to claim 2, characterized in that: after being pressurized, the sand-mud mixed solution is injected into the liquid rotator (70) at a high speed and then is forcedly separated into a cyclone thick liquid (66) containing sand and a cyclone thin liquid (65) containing mud by virtue of centrifugal force generated by high-speed rotation, the flow rate of the cyclone thin liquid (65) is far greater than that of the cyclone thick liquid (66), and at the moment, the cyclone thick liquid (66) containing high-concentration sand is introduced into the sand separation cylinder (1) to carry out sand washing operation.
4. A mud scraper set of a cross-flow type sand-mud washing and separating device, which is applied to the cross-flow type sand-mud washing and separating device as claimed in claim 1, and is characterized in that: this mud scraper group includes:
a transmission main machine (59) fixed on the sand washing separation cylinder (1) and used for driving the sand scraping arm (29) to rotate;
the central rotating shaft (28) is a hollow pipe, a transmission shaft is welded at the axial top end of the central rotating shaft (28) and connected with a transmission main machine (59), an opening is formed at the axial bottom end of the central rotating shaft, a water guide ring (31) is sleeved on the upper portion of the central rotating shaft (28), a water stop shaft seal is sleeved at the two axial ends of the water guide ring (31), so that the water guide ring (31) and the central rotating shaft (28) form a movable closed space, holes are formed in the radial position of the closed space at equal intervals by the central rotating shaft (28), the central rotating shaft (28) is used for transmitting the operation force of the transmission main machine (59) and guiding cleaning water into a sand washing chamber;
the water guide ring (31) is used for filling water-stopping shaft seals (32) at two axial ends of the hollow pipe fitting, the water-stopping shaft seals (32) are tightly connected with the central rotating shaft (28), the radial position of the water guide ring (31) is inserted into the sand washing pipe (6) and used for guiding sand washing clean water (20) to be injected into the central rotating shaft (28), and then the sand washing clean water is injected into the sand washing chamber (25) along the central rotating shaft (28) to wash settled sand;
the sand scraping arms (29) are arranged on the sand guide conical cylinder (4) in pairs in a crossing mode, and are in pin joint with the central rotating shaft wing plates (35) to transmit the rotating force of the central rotating shaft (28);
and the sand scraping plate (30) is assembled below the sand scraping arm (29), is configured at a specific angle with the sand scraping arm (29), is attached to the wall of the sand guide cone cylinder (4) in pair, and synchronously rotates with the sand scraping arm (29) to continuously scrape accumulated sand above the wall of the sand guide cone cylinder (4) into the sand washing chamber (25) for sand washing so as to obtain clean finished sand (21).
5. A multistage cross-flow sand-mud washing and separating method, wherein a plurality of mutually independent cross-flow sand-mud washing and separating devices as claimed in claim 1 are connected in series by sand discharge pipes, raw sand containing mud is subjected to multistage cleaning to obtain finished sand with the lowest mud content, the method is characterized in that: the fluid raw material sand (18) flows into a primary section cross flow sand washer (71) and is subjected to a washing procedure to obtain primary section finished product sand (76) which is settled at the bottom of the pool, the primary section finished product sand (77) which is settled at the bottom of the pool and has reduced mud content is obtained by flowing into a middle section cross flow sand washer (72) through a washing procedure by virtue of a liquid level difference along a primary section sand discharge pipe (74), and then the middle section finished product sand (77) flows into a final section cross flow sand washer (73) by virtue of a liquid level difference along a middle section sand discharge pipe (75) to carry out final mud and sand washing operation, so that the mud content of the final finished product sand (78) which is settled in the final section cross flow sand washer (73) meets.
6. The multi-stage cross-flow sand-mud washing and separating method according to claim 5, characterized in that: the quantity of the cross flow type sand washers connected in series is not fixed, and the cross flow type sand washers are arranged in an increasing and decreasing mode according to the elasticity of a washing object.
7. The multi-stage cross-flow sand-mud washing and separating method according to claim 5, characterized in that: the flow velocity of the primary finished sand (76) and the intermediate finished sand (77) flowing in the primary sand discharge pipe (74) and the intermediate sand discharge pipe (75) is greater than the sedimentation velocity of the sand grains in the primary sand discharge pipe and the intermediate sand discharge pipe, and the flow velocity of the primary finished sand (76) and the intermediate finished sand (77) can be adjusted to the most appropriate flow velocity by adjusting the opening degrees of the primary throttle valve (79) and the intermediate throttle valve (80) on the primary sand discharge pipe (74) and the intermediate sand discharge pipe (75).
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| CN201810599887.9A CN109092554B (en) | 2018-06-12 | 2018-06-12 | Cross-flow type sand-mud washing and separating method and device |
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