CN109081444B - Method for biologically treating agricultural non-point source pollution - Google Patents

Method for biologically treating agricultural non-point source pollution Download PDF

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CN109081444B
CN109081444B CN201810807586.0A CN201810807586A CN109081444B CN 109081444 B CN109081444 B CN 109081444B CN 201810807586 A CN201810807586 A CN 201810807586A CN 109081444 B CN109081444 B CN 109081444B
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water
area
point
agricultural non
pond
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CN109081444A (en
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马丰丰
田育新
宋庆安
徐佳娈
牛艳东
邓楠
曾掌权
杨蕊
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Hunan Academy of Forestry
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/32—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae
    • C02F3/327—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the animals or plants used, e.g. algae characterised by animals and plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
    • A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G20/00—Cultivation of turf, lawn or the like; Apparatus or methods therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/40—Protecting water resources
    • Y02A20/402—River restoration
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion

Abstract

A method for biologically treating agricultural non-point source pollution comprises the following steps: (1) determining a point selection area; (2) calculating the sewage amount; (3) calculating the minimum back-ploughing wetland area; (4) determining the scale of returning back to wet of the back plowing; (5) biological treatment; (6) and (5) selecting point area later management and protection. By using the invention, the nutrient substances in the agricultural non-point source sewage can be fully utilized on the basis of keeping the original cultivated land attribute, the growth of green plants in wetlands or forest lands is facilitated, and the reclamation, harmlessness and stabilization of the sewage are realized; the later maintenance operation is simple, the cost is low, the efficiency is high, the economic benefit of a point selection area can be driven, and the sustainable development concept is met.

Description

Method for biologically treating agricultural non-point source pollution
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of ecological and environmental protection, in particular to a method for biologically treating agricultural non-point source pollution.
Background
With the increasing population, the development of agricultural land resources in China is close to overload utilization, and in agricultural production activities, chemical fertilizers and pesticides are often applied with high strength, and then a large amount of residual nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, pesticides and other organic or inorganic pollutants are obtained, so that agricultural non-point source pollution brought to local ecological environment through surface runoff and farmland leakage of farmlands comprises chemical fertilizer pollution, pesticide pollution and intensive farm pollution. The main pollutants of agricultural non-point source pollution comprise heavy metal, nitrate and NH4 +Organophosphorus, hexachloro cyclohexane, COD, DDT, viruses, pathogenic microorganisms, parasites and plastic plasticizers. Agricultural non-point source pollution becomes the main cause of nitrogen and phosphorus eutrophication of water bodies in China, so that effective treatment of agricultural non-point source pollution is the key of sustainable development of local agriculture and regional socioeconomic performance.
CN 102863127B discloses an ecological restoration method for an agricultural non-point source polluted river channel, the method is that an agricultural non-point source polluted river channel is divided into a water purification membrane filtration section, a biological grid filtration section and a wetland arrangement section, 3 continuous different sections are used as sewage treatment units, sewage firstly enters the water purification membrane filtration section, flows to the biological grid filtration section automatically, then flows to the wetland arrangement section, and then flows according to the proportion of 0.01kg/m2The density of the feed is 0.3 per meter2Giant oysters are put in the density of the polluted river reach to implement benthonic animal control and breeding on the whole agricultural non-point source polluted river reach; the method uses a water purification film, which is easy to cause secondary pollution, and has overhigh cost and difficult later maintenance.
CN 107487854A discloses a method and a system for treating agricultural non-point source pollutants in hilly areas by using a multi-stage wetland, comprising the following steps: A. designing and constructing a flow distribution facility and a multi-stage wetland (comprising a grit chamber and a drop sill); B. plant configuration of the ecological wetland; C. breeding fishes in the wetland; D. and (3) managing and maintaining the ecological wetland: 1) cutting and utilizing wetland plants; 2) dredging; 3) harvesting the fishes. The flow dividing facility is connected with a grit chamber through a flow guiding blind groove/pipe, the grit chamber is respectively connected with the flow guiding blind groove/pipe and a first-stage wetland, a third-stage wetland is respectively connected with a second-stage wetland and a fourth-stage wetland through an overflow groove, a total wetland water outlet is respectively connected with the fourth-stage wetland and a drainage ditch, and the wetlands are connected with each other through the overflow groove and a drop sill; the method has high engineering cost, large workload, high later maintenance cost and high later management difficulty.
At present, the tail end treatment of a polluted water body is mainly used, and the source of the pollutant is not effectively controlled. The treatment mode mainly based on engineering measures leads to high treatment cost, and the treatment of the environment has little economic benefit, thus leading to higher difficulty of later maintenance of the treatment project.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of overcoming the defects in the prior art and providing a method for biologically treating agricultural non-point source pollution.
The technical scheme adopted for solving the technical problems is that the method for biologically treating agricultural non-point source pollution comprises the following steps:
(1) determining a point selection area: selecting between a water system main flow and a farmland radiated by a primary branch water area in an agricultural non-point source pollution area;
(2) and (3) calculating the sewage amount: determining the water flow direction and the drainage unit of the selected point region by surveying the water inlet and the water outlet of the selected point region, and calculating the total annual sewage amount of the selected point region according to the annual average rainfall capacity, the average runoff coefficient and the catchment area of the selected point region;
(3) calculating the minimum back-ploughing wetland area: calculating the minimum wetland area required by the point selection area according to the hydraulic load standard and the annual sewage total amount of the agricultural non-point source polluted water treated by the wetland after the cultivation;
(4) determining the returning and wetting scale of the back plowing: determining the scale of returning back to tillage and wetting according to the minimum wetland area required by the selected point area on the premise of meeting the load capacity of purifying agricultural non-point source polluted water in the selected point area;
(5) biological treatment: determining treatment measures according to the current land utilization situation and the current water environment pollution situation of the selected point area and combining social and economic conditions of the selected point area: adjusting a water system, returning to a forest after tillage, returning to a wet state after tillage, restoring the ecology of a pond water area, constructing an aquatic animal purification system and restoring the ecology of a river shoreline;
(6) and (3) point selection area later-stage management and protection: detecting the water quality at fixed points until the water quality discharged from the selected point area reaches more than III types of surface water; for aquatic animals in a selected area, strictly forbidding to put in fertilizers for cultivation; and (4) timely collecting, harvesting and recycling the aquatic plants in the selected point area.
Further, in the step (1), the point selection area selects a junction of the branch flow and the main flow.
Further, in the step (3), the hydraulic load standard is determined according to the inflow water quality of the selected point region, and if the inflow water quality of the selected point region is the national surface water standard IV-type water quality, the hydraulic load value is 0.2-0.3 m3/m2D; if the water quality of the inlet water in the selected point area is the national surface water standard V-type water quality, the hydraulic load value is 0.1-0.2 m3/m2•d。
Further, in the step (4), the scale of the back-cultivation and moisture-returning is 1.1-1.5 times of the minimum back-cultivation wet land area.
Further, in the step (5), the water system is adjusted according to the landform and the current situation of the water system in the selected point area, the existing water system is adjusted according to the sewage purifying capacity of each processing unit, the sewage is introduced into the back-ploughing and wet selecting point area, the water quantity is regulated and controlled mainly by engineering measures of building a water guide pipeline, a water retaining bank, a water inlet, a road culvert pipe grid water control weir, a water control gate, heightening and banking ridges, a pond dike and the like, the water storage capacity is increased, and the sewage retention time is prolonged.
Further, in the step (5), the returning to farmland means that water-wet-resistant arbor species having an adsorption capacity of pollution are planted on a farmland to which sewage cannot be introduced even after the selected point area is adjusted by a water system.
Further, the water-resistant and moisture-resistant arbor species with the pollution adsorption capacity are metasequoia, pond fir, green tangerine orange peel bamboo and/or the like.
Further, in the step (5), the returning to cultivation and wetting refers to that the sewage is introduced into the cultivated land after the water system of the selected point area is adjusted, and then ecological-economic, ecological-landscape or ecological-economic-landscape wetland aquatic plants with the functions of intercepting, absorbing and degrading agricultural non-point source pollutants, such as lotus roots, wild rice shoots, water chestnuts, floral leaf arundo donax linn, canna aquatica, thaliana irica and the like, are selected and planted.
Further, in the step (5), the ecological restoration of the pond water area means that wetland restoration is performed on the pond water area in the selected area, so that the ecological function is improved, and ecological-economic, ecological-landscape or ecological-economic-landscape wetland aquatic plants capable of intercepting, absorbing and degrading agricultural non-point source polluted water are selected and planted.
Furthermore, arbor species with landscape effect and water-moisture resistance, such as weeping willow, metasequoia and the like, are planted on the pond dike; herbaceous plants such as bermuda grass are planted on the slope surface of the pond embankment, and the effects of slope protection and greening are achieved; according to the water depth of the pond water surface, emergent aquatic plants such as lotus root and cattail, floating plants such as algae, floating leaf plants such as water lily, submerged plants such as bitter grass and water caltrop can be selectively planted.
Further, in the step (5), the constructing of the aquatic animal purification system is that the aquatic animal purification system is configured in a wet area and a pond water area of the selected point area, the purification capacity of the wetland ecosystem is further improved by adjusting different combinations of fishes and benthonic animals, and bighead carp, silver carp, plagiognathops microlepis, loach, crucian carp, bullfrog, sargassum horneri, hemifusus marsupium, viviparidae and rana nigromaculata are mainly selected as species of the aquatic animal purification system.
Further, silver carp, bighead carp, plagiognathops microlepis, bullfight fish and copper rust treponema cristatum are configured in the pond water area, and the average per m30.05 silver carp, 0.1 bighead carp, 0.1 plagiognathops microlepis, 0.1 bullfrog, 1 bullnose and 1 copper rust peripheria snail are prepared in a wet areaCrucian carp, loach, Chinese river snail and black frog in average per m30.1 tail of crucian, 0.1 tail of loach, 0.5 tail of river snail and 0.01 black frog are prepared.
Further, in the step (5), the ecological restoration of the river shoreline means that a bank protection forest is built on the river bank in the site selection area to control the collapse and the slope of the river bank in the site selection area; the revetment forest tree species is selected for planting water-resistant tree species such as Japanese Yew, pond fir, Suzuki, weeping willow, and herbaceous plants such as Bermuda grass.
The invention relates to a method for biologically treating agricultural non-point source pollution, which mainly selects an area between a central and downstream drainage basin of a Yangtze river such as Hunan, Yuan, four-water main flows, a primary branch water area and a farmland, preferentially selects a junction of a branch flow and the main flow, aims to treat the agricultural non-point source pollution, creates a wetland, plants a 'green zone', recovers and rebuilds a forest-wetland composite ecological system combining manpower and nature through a series of measures such as water system adjustment, returning ploughing and returning to wet, aquatic animal purification system construction and the like; the land returning and wetting can reappear various functions of the wetland in the aspects of providing water resources, regulating climate, conserving water sources, homogenizing flood, promoting silt and making land, protecting biological diversity and providing production and living resources for human beings, particularly can intercept, absorb and degrade agricultural non-point source pollution, carries out deep treatment and re-purification on the non-point source pollutant, carries out water quality positioning monitoring through the multi-stage treatment and the decentralized multi-path treatment layer by layer, gradually enables the water quality discharged from the land returning and wetting selection point area to reach more than III types of surface water, carries out biological treatment on an agricultural ecological system on the basis, realizes the improvement of the self-repairing function of the agricultural ecological system and the steady state conversion of the system, and finally achieves the aims of purifying the water quality of a drainage basin, realizing agricultural environment protection, agricultural sustainable economic development and harmonious development of rural human living environment.
By using the invention, nutrient substances in agricultural non-point source sewage are fully utilized on the basis of keeping the original cultivated land property, and the ecological system of the wetland or the forest land is recovered by means of natural water level gradient without additional power, so that the method is beneficial to the growth of green plants in the wetland or the forest land and realizes the reclamation, harmlessness and stabilization of sewage; the later maintenance operation is simple, the cost is low, the efficiency is high, the economic development of a point selection area can be driven, and the sustainable development concept is met.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a view showing a paddy field condition in a trial area before bioremediation is performed in example 1;
FIG. 2 is a view showing the conditions of paddy fields in a trial area after biological treatment is carried out in example 1;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of the dry land condition of the test point area before the construction of the back-cultivation and return-wetting project in example 1;
FIG. 4 is a test point area dry land condition diagram after the construction of the back-plowing and wetting project in embodiment 1;
fig. 5 is a diagram of a test point area before construction of a pond wetland restoration project in embodiment 1;
fig. 6 is a diagram of a test point area situation after construction of a pond wetland restoration project in embodiment 1;
FIG. 7 is a view showing the paddy field condition in the test site area before biological treatment in example 2;
FIG. 8 is a view showing the paddy field condition in the test site area before biological treatment in example 2;
FIG. 9 is a diagram of pond conditions in a test area prior to bioremediation;
FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the conditions of the river in the test site area before bioremediation is performed in example 2;
FIG. 11 is a diagram of a pond situation in which Hunan lotus was grown in a test spot area after biological treatment is performed in example 2;
FIG. 12 is a view showing the conditions of a paddy field in which zizania latifolia is planted in a test area after biological treatment is carried out in example 2;
FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a situation of a pond in which lotus roots are planted in a test point area after biological treatment is performed in example 2;
FIG. 14 is a diagram of river conditions for planting reeds in a pilot plant area after biological treatment is performed in example 2;
FIG. 15 is a graph showing the effect of increasing the biodiversity in a test area after bioremediation is performed in example 2.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples and figures.
Example 1
(1) Determining a point selection area: 20Selecting a test point area for returning to the wet state after no tillage in 17 years and 3 months at the edge of Qiyang county, showjia Chongjiang Doujiang Doujin in Yongzhou City of Hunan Yangjiang river basin, Hunan province, wherein the planned area is 29.53hm2Wherein cultivated land is 17.22 hm2；
(2) And (3) calculating the sewage amount: determining the water flow direction and the drainage unit of the selected point area by surveying the water inlet and the water outlet of the selected point area, and calculating the total annual sewage amount of the selected point area to be 1798.10 ten thousand meters according to the annual average rainfall, the average runoff coefficient of 0.6 and the catchment area of the selected point area3；
(3) Calculating the minimum back-ploughing wetland area: according to the condition that the quality of inlet water is national surface water standard IV type water quality, the hydraulic load value is 0.21 m3/m2D and the minimum wetland area required by the annual sewage total amount calculation point selection area is 23.46hm2；
(4) Determining the returning and wetting scale of the back plowing: on the premise of meeting the load capacity of purifying the agricultural non-point source polluted water in the selected point region, the returning and wetting scale of the back-cultivation is 1.26 times of the minimum back-cultivation wetland area, and the implementation area is 29.53hm2；
(5) Biological treatment: the method for reasonably laying treatment measures according to the current land utilization situation and the current water environment pollution situation of the point selection area and by combining social and economic conditions of the point selection area comprises the following steps:
water system adjustment: according to the landform and the current situation of a water system of a point selection area, the existing water system is adjusted according to the sewage purification capacity of each treatment unit, and mainly by building a PVC water guide pipe, a water retaining ridge, a water inlet, a heightened ridge and a pond dike;
returning to farming and forestation: aiming at the farmland in which sewage can not be introduced after the water system adjustment of the point selection area, the farmland is returned to the forest, and the metasequoia, the crabapple, the golden willow, the grapefruit, the plum blossom and the cherry blossom are planted, and the implementation area is 7.8558 hm214163 strains in total, wherein the area of the metasequoia afforestation is 0.5315 hm21283 plants; chinese flowering crabapple 1.0580 hm22644 strain; gold willow 1.3094 hm23273 strain; fragrant shaddock 3.5983 hm23996 strain; plum blossom 0.3702 hm21850 strains; cherry flower 1.0064 hm21117 strain;
returning ploughing and wetting: aiming at point selection area waterThe cultivated land which can introduce sewage after the system is adjusted is subjected to ploughing-back and wetting, ecological-economic, ecological-landscape or ecological-economic-landscape wetland aquatic plants which can intercept, absorb and degrade agricultural non-point source polluted water are selected and planted, wherein the aquatic plants comprise taro, astragalus sinicus, lotus nut and wild rice stem, and the implementation area is 7.8533 hm2190417 dasheen plants, 2248 lotus seeds, 3062 wild rice stems and 77.12kg milk vetch are planted together;
ecological restoration of pond water areas: performing wetland restoration aiming at pond water areas in the selected point areas, improving the ecological function of the pond water areas, and selectively planting ecological-economic-landscape wetland aquatic plants with the functions of intercepting, absorbing and degrading agricultural non-point source polluted water, wherein the ecological-economic-landscape wetland aquatic plants comprise weeping willow, lotus root, oriental cattail, water lily, watermifoil and the like, and the implementation area is 10.7639 hm2And designing two recovery modes of a shallow pond and a deep pond according to the depth of the water surface of the pond. The water depth of 0-200 cm is a shallow pond planting mode area with the area of 7.9762hm2(ii) a The depth of water greater than 200cm is a deep pond planting mode area with the area of 2.7877hm2. Weeping willow is cultivated around the bank side of the pond, cattail is planted at the position of the pond with the water depth of 0-30 cm, algae is planted at the position of the pond with the water depth of 30-50 cm, water lily is planted at the position of the pond with the water depth of 50-100 cm, lotus roots are planted at the position of the pond with the water depth of 100-200 cm, and 1455 weeping willow plants, 9741 cattail plants, 73241 algae plants, 5816 water lily plants and 6671 lotus roots are needed in total. Meanwhile, in order to ensure that sewage does not overflow after entering the pond after the drainage ditch is rerouted, the design of heightening and thickening the pond dike is as follows: the height of the pond dike is increased to 75cm, the width of the top of the pond dike is increased to 60cm, and the external slope ratio is 1: 1;
ecological restoration of river shoreline: mainly aims to effectively control river bank collapse and landslide in a selected point area, a bank protection forest is built on the Hunan river bank in the selected point area, and the implementation area of the bank protection forest is 1.3611 hm2The bank protection forest belt is 3.211m long and is divided into two configuration modes: the first configuration mode is that a row of pond fir is planted on each side of the Xiangjiang road, the middle of the pond fir is provided with the Photinia fraseri, the green tangerine peel bamboo and the weeping willow are planted along the river, and the bermuda grass is arranged under the forest; the second configuration mode is that along two sides of Xiangjiang road, a row of Chinese fir is planted in the middlePreparing photinia fraseri, planting green-bark bamboo, suzuki and Chinese ash along the river respectively, planting rhododendron under the forest, and planting 973 strains of metasequoia, 632 strains of pond fir, 801 strains of green-bark bamboo, 315 strains of suzuki, 486 strains of weeping willow, 315 strains of Chinese ash, 1605 strains of photinia fraseri and 170640 strains of rhododendron;
(6) and (3) point selection area later-stage management and protection: detecting the water quality at fixed points until the water quality discharged from the selected point area reaches more than III types of surface water; and (4) timely collecting, harvesting and recycling the aquatic plants in the selected point area.
As can be seen from fig. 1 to 6, after the 2017 xiaojia rushing test point is subjected to biological treatment for 6 months, the forest scale of the area is obviously increased, the wetland scale and the pond water area are integrated, the revetment scale is effectively extended, the water and soil loss of the test point area can be controlled, the soil water storage capacity is increased, the ecological environment of the point selection area is improved, the loss of flood disasters is reduced, and after economic forests or aquatic plants enter a mature period, the generated direct economic benefit and indirect economic benefit are huge, so that a large amount of labor and employment opportunities can be provided, and the sustainable development of local economy is promoted.
In 2017, the surface water before and after the biological treatment of the Xiaojia rushing-point is detected, and as can be seen from the table 1, the ammonia nitrogen, the total phosphorus and the total nitrogen in the surface water after the test point is implemented are slightly higher than the standard limit values meeting the III-class surface water, but the ammonia nitrogen, the total phosphorus and the total nitrogen in the surface water before the test point is implemented are reduced, and other monitoring factors all meet the standards of the III-class surface water in China. The method shows that after the biological treatment is adopted, the fertilizer residues in the water system of the test point area are absorbed by the aquatic plants for reuse, and the method has good effects on the aspects of retarding the eutrophication of the water body and improving the dissolved oxygen of the water body.
The economic benefits of crops brought by the biological treatment of the Xiaojia Chongdian test points in 2017 are evaluated, and as can be seen from tables 2-4, aquatic plants and trees which can bring economic benefits to local residents are planted, wherein the aquatic plants and trees comprise metasequoia, crabapple, willow, pomelo, plum blossom, oriental cherry, lotus, taro, london/wild rice stem, weeping willow, water lily, lotus root, cedar, green tangerine peel bamboo, salix psammophila, weeping willow and Chinese ash; after harvesting, the new yield value of 94.98 ten thousand yuan is realized in 2017 after the engineering cost is removed by combining with the local market quotation, and the yield value of 235.02 ten thousand yuan is predicted to be realized in 2018 according to the planting scale and the yield value in 2017, which shows that the method drives the local economic development while biologically treating the agricultural non-point source pollution.
TABLE 1 Table of surface water test results before and after biological treatment with Chinese zodiac Chong test points
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
Note: in the table "(L)" means not detected under the lowest detection conditions; "-" means the standard limit without such material.
TABLE 22017 SINGLE-QUALITY AGRICULTURAL PROPORT TABLE IN SHORT TEST POINT AREA OF SHORT DISEASE
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
TABLE 32017 SHOUJIHOCHONG POINT AREA economic benefits PARAMETERS TABLE
Figure 197704DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
TABLE 4 economic benefit calculation table for 2017-2018 year of Xiaojia Chong Point region
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
Example 2
(1) Determining a point selection area: selecting a Hunan river first-level branch ripple inlet and a ripple south area in Yangtze river pool Yangtze river Jiangqian town of Hunan province in 3 months in 2017, and selecting a return-to-wet trial point area of 34.7229hm2Wherein the cultivated land area is 26.6420 hm2In the region, a small river (hong Kong) is discharged into Hunan river;
(2) and (3) calculating the sewage amount: determining the water flow direction and the drainage unit of the selected point area through surveying the water inlet and the water outlet of the selected point area, and selecting the water flow direction and the drainage unit according to the water flow directionThe annual average rainfall capacity, the average runoff coefficient and the catchment area of the point region are respectively 0.6 and 0.6, and the total annual sewage amount of the point region is calculated to be 1343.93 ten thousand meters3；
(3) Calculating the minimum back-ploughing wetland area: the water quality of the inlet water is national surface water standard IV-V type water quality, and the hydraulic load value is 0.20 m3/m2D and the annual sewage total amount to calculate the minimum wetland area required by the selected point area to be 18.41hm2；
(4) Determining the returning and wetting scale of the back plowing: on the premise of meeting the load capacity of purifying the agricultural non-point source polluted water in the selected point region, the returning and wetting scale of the back-ploughing is 1.20 times of the minimum back-ploughing wetland area and is 22.0867 hm2；
(5) Biological treatment: the method for reasonably laying treatment measures according to the current land utilization situation and the current water environment pollution situation of the point selection area and by combining social and economic conditions of the point selection area comprises the following steps:
water system adjustment: according to the landform and the current situation of a water system of a point selection area, the existing water system is adjusted according to the sewage purification capacity of a point selection area treatment unit, and a PVC water guide pipe, a water retaining grid dam, a water inlet, a heightened and thickened ridge and a pond dike are built;
returning to farming and forestation: returning to the forest after returning to the farmland in which sewage cannot be introduced after the point selection area is subjected to water system adjustment, wherein the implementation area is 4.5103 hm2Planting Japanese cedar 4401, willow 1355, willow 2383, honey peach 431 and grapefruit 615;
returning ploughing and wetting: aiming at the farmland into which sewage can be introduced after the water system of the selected point area is adjusted to implement ploughing-back and wetting, the ecological-economic wetland aquatic plants with the functions of intercepting, absorbing and degrading agricultural non-point source polluted water are selected and planted in the scheme, and the implementation area is 16.4216 hm2Planting 4167 Hunan lotus, 186813 taro, 5451 Zizania latifolia, 281424 chufa and 217.90kg astragalus sinicus;
ecological restoration of pond water areas: the embodiment selects and plants ecological-economic wetland aquatic plants with the functions of intercepting, absorbing and degrading agricultural non-point source polluted water, and the implementation area is 4.3636 hm2. Planting salix integra 694 on the periphery of the bank of the pond, planting cattail 4988 at the position of the pond with the water depth of 0-30 cm, planting 34630 clusters of algae at the position of the pond with the water depth of 30-50 cm, planting Wu Ling 655kg at the position of the pond with the water depth of 50-100 cm, and planting 6249 lotus roots at the position of the pond with the water depth of 100-200 cm;
ecological restoration of stream ditch wetland: in order to improve the ecological function of the stream ditch wetland in the engineering area, the restoration length of the embodiment is 1.393km, and plants such as Japanese cedar 499, weeping willow 927, pond fir 83, oriental cattail 35561, reed 7350, green tangerine peel bamboo 166 and water bamboo 83 are planted;
ecological restoration of river shoreline: mainly for effectively controlling river bank collapse and landslide in a selective area, the embodiment is effective for controlling the river bank collapse and landslide in an engineering area, a bank protection forest is built on the river bank in the engineering area, the implementation length is 1.521km, the configuration mode is that the upper part of the bank is planted with metasequoia, the lower part of the bank is planted with salix chinensis, the middle part of the bank is planted with strut bamboo, and 507 strains of metasequoia, salix chinensis and strut bamboo are needed;
(6) and (3) point selection area later-stage management and protection: detecting the water quality at fixed points until the water quality discharged from the selected point area reaches more than III types of surface water; for aquatic animals in a selected area, strictly forbidding to put in fertilizers for cultivation; for the aquatic plants in the selected point area, timely collection, harvesting and resource utilization are needed.
As can be seen from FIGS. 7 to 15, firstly, the ecological environment of the Yangjiaqiaozhen test point is improved after biological treatment; secondly, optimizing the scale of the wetland in the pilot area, adjusting a water system, and basically dredging without obstacles; and finally, with the planting and harvesting of the revetment forest and the aquatic plant with economic benefits, the agricultural non-point source sewage is controlled, the test point area is clustered by the prior barren grass, the dead air sinks to become vigorous, the physical yield is rich, and the biodiversity is increased.
The surface water before and after the test point biological treatment of the Yangjiaqianjietown is detected in 2017, and as can be seen from the table 5, the total phosphorus in the surface water after the test point implementation exceeds the standard limit value of the III-class surface water, so that the situation that the use of local resident phosphate fertilizers is not standard or phosphorus-containing washing powder is used in daily life can be inferred, but the total phosphorus in the surface water is greatly reduced compared with the total phosphorus in the surface water before the implementation; the total nitrogen in the surface water after the test run was slightly higher than the standard limit for group iii surface water, but was significantly lower than the total nitrogen in the surface water before the test run. The method shows that after the biological treatment is adopted, the ammonia nitrogen, the total phosphorus and the total nitrogen in the agricultural non-point source polluted water in the water system of the test point area are absorbed by aquatic plants for reuse, and the method has good effects on the aspects of slowing down the eutrophication of the water body and improving the dissolved oxygen amount of the water body.
The economic benefits of crops brought by the test point biological treatment of the Yangjia bridge town in 2017 are evaluated, and as can be seen from tables 6-8, after the biological treatment, a large number of aquatic plants and trees which can bring economic benefits to local residents are harvested, and combined with local market conditions, the new production value of 115.68 ten thousand yuan is realized in 2017 all the year after the engineering cost is removed, the production value of 238.93 ten thousand yuan is predicted to be realized in 2018 according to the planting scale and the production value in 2017, and the economic development is effectively driven while the agricultural area source pollution is biologically treated.
TABLE 5 Table of surface water test results before and after test point biological treatment of Yangjiaqian town
Figure 583686DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
Note: in the table "(L)" means not detected under the lowest detection conditions; "-" means the standard limit without such material.
TABLE 62017 price chart of single season agricultural products for Yanjiaqianjian test point
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
TABLE 7 economic benefits parameter table for biological treatment measures
Figure 81533DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
TABLE 8 calculation table of measure engineering quantity and economic benefits in 2017-2018 years
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE008

Claims (8)

1. A method for biologically treating agricultural non-point source pollution is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) determining a point selection area: selecting between a water system main flow and a farmland radiated by a primary branch water area in an agricultural non-point source pollution area;
(2) and (3) calculating the sewage amount: determining the water flow direction and the drainage unit of the selected point region by surveying the water inlet and the water outlet of the selected point region, and calculating the total annual sewage amount of the selected point region according to the annual average rainfall capacity, the average runoff coefficient and the catchment area of the selected point region;
(3) calculating the minimum return tillage wet area: calculating the minimum wetland area required by the point selection area according to the hydraulic load standard and the annual sewage total amount of the agricultural non-point source polluted water treated by the wetland after the cultivation; the hydraulic load standard is determined according to the water quality of inlet water of the selected point area; the water quality of inlet water in the selected point area is national surface water standard IV-class water quality, and the hydraulic load value is 0.2-0.3 m3/m2D; the water quality of inlet water in the selected point area is the V-type water quality of the national surface water standard, and the hydraulic load value is 0.1-0.2 m3/m2•d；
(4) Determining the returning and wetting scale of the back plowing: determining the returning-to-wet scale of the returned ploughing according to the minimum returning-to-wet area of the returned ploughing on the premise of meeting the load capacity of purifying the agricultural non-point source polluted water in the selected point area; the return-to-wet scale of the return ploughing is 1.1-1.5 times of the minimum return-to-wet area of the return ploughing;
(5) biological treatment: reasonably laying treatment measures according to the current land utilization situation and the current water environment pollution situation of the point selection area and by combining social and economic conditions of the point selection area, wherein the treatment measures comprise: adjusting a water system, returning to a forest after tillage, returning to a wet state after tillage, restoring the ecology of a pond water area, constructing an aquatic animal purification system and restoring the ecology of a river shoreline; the returning to the farm is to plant water-wet-resistant arbor tree species with pollution adsorption capacity aiming at the area where the sewage can not be introduced after the point selection area is regulated by a water system; the land returning and wetting refers to that land returning and wetting can be carried out on the farmland into which sewage can be introduced after the water system of the selected point area is adjusted, and wetland aquatic plants which can intercept, absorb and degrade agricultural non-point source polluted water are selected and planted;
(6) and (3) point selection area later-stage management and protection: detecting the water quality at fixed points until the water quality discharged from the selected point area reaches more than III types of surface water; for aquatic animals in a selected area, strictly forbidding to put in fertilizers for cultivation; and (5) collecting, harvesting and recycling the aquatic plants in the selected point area.
2. The method for bioremediation of agricultural non-point source pollution of claim 1 wherein, in step (1), the selective area is located at the intersection of the main flow, the branch flow and the non-basic farmland, and the selective area has an area of at least 300 acres, wherein the area ratio of the wetland is at least 60%.
3. The method for biologically treating agricultural non-point source pollution according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in the step (5), the water system is adjusted to adjust the existing water system according to the landform and the landscape of the selected point area and the current situation of the water system, the sewage purifying capacity of the treatment unit is adjusted, the water quantity is regulated and controlled by utilizing the natural water level gradient, the water storage capacity is increased, the sewage retention time is prolonged, and the sewage is introduced into the back-ploughing and wet-selecting point area without additional power; the water system adjustment engineering measures comprise: and constructing a water guide pipeline, a water retaining bank, a water diversion port, a road culvert pipe grid water control weir, a water control gate, a heightened and thickened ridge and a pond dike.
4. The method for bioremediation of agricultural non-point source pollution of claim 1, wherein in step (5), the water-wet-resistant arbor species is at least one of Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Potentilla chinensis and Phyllostachys viridis.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein in the step (5), the wetland aquatic plant is at least one of lotus, cane shoot, water chestnut, bamboo reed, canna, thaliana sinensis and iris.
6. The method for biologically treating agricultural non-point source pollution according to claim 1, wherein in the step (5), the ecological restoration of the pond water area is to perform wetland restoration on the pond water area in the selected point area, wetland aquatic plants which can intercept, absorb and degrade agricultural non-point source polluted water are selected to be planted, and arbor tree species which have landscape effect and are resistant to water and humidity are planted on a pond dike; herbaceous plants with the functions of slope protection and greening can be selectively planted on the slope surface of the pond embankment; planting at least one of emergent aquatic plants, floating leaf plants and submerged plants according to the water depth of the water surface of the pond; the arbor species with landscape effect and water-moisture resistance is weeping willow and/or metasequoia; the herbaceous plant is bermudagrass; the emergent aquatic plants are lotus roots and cattails; the floating plants are algae; the floating-leaf type plant is water lily and the submerged type plant is herba Picrasmae and water caltrop.
7. The method for biologically treating agricultural non-point source pollution according to claim 1, wherein in the step (5), the step of constructing the aquatic animal purification system is that the aquatic animal purification system is arranged in a wetting area and a pond water area of the selected point area, and the aquatic animal used for purifying water quality is at least one of bighead carp, silver carp, river snail, mussel and loach by adjusting the purification capacity of different combined wetland ecosystems of fish and benthic animals.
8. The method for biologically treating agricultural non-point source pollution according to claim 1, wherein in the step (5), the ecological restoration of the river shoreline is that a bank protection forest is built on the river bank in the site selection area to control the collapse and the slope of the river bank in the site selection area; and selecting and planting a water-moisture-resistant tree species from the tree species of the revetment forest, wherein the water-moisture-resistant tree species is at least one of metasequoia, pond fir, salix and weeping willow.
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