CN109054825B - Fluorescent carbon quantum dot and efficient preparation method thereof - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of carbon quantum dots, and discloses a fluorescent carbon quantum dot and an efficient preparation method thereof. The method comprises the following steps: (1) putting the biomass hydrothermal coke and the alkaline solution into a reaction kettle, introducing oxygen, and reacting at 70-200 ℃ to obtain a carbon quantum dot solution; the reaction pressure is 0.1-1.2 MPa; (2) and filtering and dialyzing the carbon quantum dot solution to obtain the purified fluorescent carbon quantum dot. The preparation method is simple and effective, and has the advantages of high yield, high quantum efficiency, environmental protection, simple operation, low cost and the like; the prepared carbon quantum dots have good fluorescence property, obvious up-conversion fluorescence property, blue light emission, good water solubility and high stability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of carbon quantum dots, and particularly relates to a fluorescent carbon quantum dot and an efficient preparation method thereof.
Background
Carbon quantum dots (CDs) are another carbon nanomaterial behind graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and are discrete, spheroidal carbon nanoparticles with a diameter less than 10 nm. Compared with the traditional semiconductor quantum dots, the quantum dots have the characteristics of excellent solubility, biocompatibility, photobleaching resistance, easiness in chemical modification, low toxicity and the like, and are widely researched in photoelectrocatalysis, biological imaging, biological labeling, sensing and the like. In recent years, methods for preparing carbon quantum dots have been continuously proposed and improved, from the methods of accidentally obtaining fluorescent carbon nanoparticles from bituminous coal by an arc discharge method, preparing carbon nanocrystals by electrochemically treating multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), preparing carbon nanoparticles by laser ablation of graphene, preparing carbon quantum dots by oxidizing and stripping graphene with strong acid, and the like, to the methods for preparing carbon quantum dots from top to bottom, although the methods have been continuously improved and the quantum performance and efficiency are improved, the problems of harsh reaction conditions, expensive raw materials, high requirements on equipment conditions, complex preparation process, and the like still exist. The other method comprises a method for preparing the carbon quantum dots from bottom to top by hydrothermal method, acidolysis method, microwave radiation method, low-temperature carbonization method and the like. The method takes abundant and low-cost organic precursors as raw materials to prepare CDs, not only meets the requirements of economical efficiency, environmental friendliness and mass production of carbon quantum dots, but also can obtain carbon quantum dots with performance comparable to that of carbon quantum dots prepared by a top-down method.
The hydrothermal method is the most widely used method for preparing carbon quantum dots in the bottom-up method due to the advantages of environmental friendliness, no toxicity, simple operation, mild reaction conditions and the like. The hydrothermal precursor mainly comprises micromolecules, natural macromolecules and synthetic macromolecules, wherein the micromolecules and the synthetic macromolecules become objects of extensive research due to the characteristics of commercial practicability, easy reaction and the like. For example, Zhu et al (high purity phosphor Dots for Multicolor Patterning, Sensors, and bioimaging, Angew, chem, int, Ed. Engl.,2013,52, 3953-. However, the reproducibility of the precursor is poor, and the production cost is relatively high. From the perspective of green, economic and sustainable development, many studies are currently made to successfully prepare carbon quantum dots with excellent fluorescence properties from simple biomass (grass, fruit juice, goose feather, etc.) as a raw material through simple hydrothermal method, and the carbon quantum dots are successfully applied to the aspects of ion detection, biological imaging, etc. However, this method also has disadvantages such as low quantum efficiency of the quantum dots. In addition, a considerable part of methods use natural macromolecules (chitosan, protein, lignin and the like) as raw materials, and carbon quantum dots are obtained through one-step hydrothermal or hydrothermal passivation. But the problem of low yield is generally existed, which is not favorable for commercial production and application of the carbon quantum dots.
From the effective utilization of biological resources, the industrial production of carbon quantum dots requires that raw materials have the advantages of low price, greenness, easy obtainment, high product yield, good quantum efficiency and the like. Therefore, finding a better method for preparing carbon quantum dots with high yield and good fluorescence from biomass is essential to realize commercial utilization of carbon quantum dots.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problem that the method for preparing the biomass carbon quantum dots with high yield and high yield is lack of an effective method at the present stage, the invention aims to provide the method for efficiently preparing the fluorescent carbon quantum dots. Compared with the common preparation method of the carbon quantum dots, the method has the advantages of high yield, high quantum efficiency, high efficiency, environmental protection and simple operation.
The invention also aims to provide the fluorescent carbon quantum dot obtained by the preparation method.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a high-efficiency preparation method of fluorescent carbon quantum dots comprises the following steps:
(1) placing the biomass and the alkaline solution in a reaction kettle, introducing oxygen, and reacting at 70-200 ℃ to obtain a carbon quantum dot solution; the reaction pressure is 0.1-1.2 MPa; the biomass is biomass hydrothermal coke;
(2) and filtering and dialyzing the carbon quantum dot solution to obtain the purified fluorescent carbon quantum dot.
OH of the alkaline solution in step (1)-The concentration of (b) is 0.0001-5 mol/L, preferably 0.01-1 mol/L.
The alkaline solution is strong alkali solution, ammonia water or amine solution.
In the step (1), the mass of the biomass hydrothermal coke is 0.1-10% of the total mass of the biomass and the alkaline solution.
The reaction time in the step (1) is 0.1-5 h.
The preparation method of the biomass hydrothermal coke in the step (1) comprises the following steps:
the biomass is used as a raw material, water is used as a solvent, and a black solid product which is not dissolved or dispersed in a solution is obtained by chemical reaction in a sealed pressure container.
The biomass is at least one of chitosan, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, protein, glucose, fructose, xylose, glucosamine and citric acid.
The fluorescent carbon quantum dot is obtained by the preparation method.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
(1) compared with the prior method for obtaining carbon quantum dots by separating supernatant (Yang et al. one-step synthesis of amino-functionalized carbon nanoparticles of chemical Commun (Camb)2012,48(3),380-2.), the method has high yield and can meet the requirement of large-scale production;
(2) the method is simple, the used raw materials are wide in source, cheap and easily available, green and environment-friendly, and low in cost;
(3) the fluorescent carbon quantum dot prepared by the invention can emit blue visible light under the excitation of ultraviolet light and has good light resistance;
(4) the fluorescent carbon quantum dot has high quantum efficiency, good stability of the carbon quantum dot solution, excitation light dependent emission behavior and obvious up-conversion fluorescence performance;
(5) the preparation method of the invention needs less medicine, is cheap and easy to obtain, has low medicine concentration, little corrosion to equipment and little environmental pollution.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a carbon quantum dot prepared in example 1;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the distribution of the particle size of 476 quantum dots in a statistical TEM image of the carbon quantum prepared in example 1;
FIG. 3 is a fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 1;
FIG. 4 is a fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 2;
FIG. 5 is a fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 3;
FIG. 6 is a fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 4;
FIG. 7 is a fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 5;
FIG. 8 is a fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 6;
FIG. 9 is a fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 7;
FIG. 10 is a fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 8;
fig. 11 is an upconversion fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 3;
fig. 12 is a uv photograph of quantum dots prepared in example 3; the left side is a quantum dot solution under sunlight and is in a yellow color, and the right side is a quantum dot solution under 365nm ultraviolet irradiation and is a solution emitting blue light;
fig. 13 is a test curve of the illumination stability of the quantum dots prepared in example 3.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to examples, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.
Example 1
Mixing 0.05g of industrial hemicellulose hydrothermal coke with a sodium hydroxide solution with the concentration of 0.1mol/L to obtain 25mL of mixed solution, adding the mixed solution into a closed reaction kettle (such as a hydrothermal reaction kettle and a high-pressure reaction kettle), introducing oxygen, reacting at 100 ℃ for 1h, stopping the reaction, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a brown fluorescent carbon quantum dot solution; and filtering and dialyzing the prepared carbon quantum dot solution to obtain a pure fluorescent carbon quantum dot product.
The fluorescent carbon quantum dots obtained in this example were subjected to transmission electron microscopy, particle size distribution, and fluorescence spectrum characterization. The test results are shown in fig. 1, 2 and 3. FIG. 1 is a transmission electron micrograph of a carbon quantum dot prepared in example 1; FIG. 2 is a graph showing the distribution of the particle size of 476 quantum dots in a statistical TEM image of the carbon quantum prepared in example 1; fig. 3 is a fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 1.
As can be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2, the carbon quantum dots obtained in this example have good dispersibility in water, particle size distribution of 1.9-2.7nm, and average diameter of 2.33nm (476 counts). It can be seen from fig. 3 that the prepared quantum dots have excitation wavelength dependence, i.e., the emission wavelength is red-shifted with increasing excitation wavelength. The maximum excitation wavelength is 380nm, and the corresponding maximum emission wavelength is 487 nm. The yield of the fluorescent carbon quantum dots is 94.4%.
Example 2
Mixing the industrial hemicellulose hydrothermal coke with a sodium hydroxide solution to obtain 25mL of mixed solution, adding the mixed solution into a reaction kettle, introducing oxygen with a certain pressure, reacting at 140 ℃ for 1h, wherein the mass of the industrial hemicellulose hydrothermal coke is 0.05g, the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 0.1mol/L, the pressure is 1MPa, stopping the reaction, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain an orange clear fluorescent carbon quantum dot solution. And filtering and dialyzing the prepared carbon quantum dot solution (a dialysis bag of 500 daltons) to obtain a pure fluorescent carbon quantum dot product.
The fluorescent carbon quantum dots obtained in this example were subjected to fluorescence spectrum characterization, and the test results are shown in fig. 4. Fig. 4 is a fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 2. It is shown from the figure that the prepared quantum dots have excitation wavelength dependence, that is, the emission wavelength is red-shifted with the increase of the excitation wavelength. The maximum excitation wavelength is 370nm, corresponding to a maximum emission wavelength of 468 nm. The yield of the fluorescent carbon quantum dots is 77.0 percent, and the fluorescent quantum efficiency is 9.49 percent.
Example 3
Mixing industrial hemicellulose hydrothermal coke with a sodium hydroxide solution to obtain 25mL of mixed solution, adding the mixed solution into a reaction kettle, introducing oxygen at a certain pressure, and reacting at 160 ℃ for 1h, wherein the mass of the industrial hemicellulose hydrothermal coke is 0.05g, the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 0.1mol/L, and the pressure is 1 MPa; and stopping the reaction, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain an orange clear fluorescent carbon quantum dot solution. And filtering and dialyzing the prepared carbon quantum dot solution to obtain a pure fluorescent carbon quantum dot product.
The fluorescent carbon quantum dots obtained in this example were subjected to fluorescence spectrum characterization, and the test results are shown in fig. 5. Fig. 5 is a fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 3. It is shown from the figure that the prepared quantum dots have excitation wavelength dependence, that is, the emission wavelength is red-shifted with the increase of the excitation wavelength. The maximum excitation wavelength is 360nm, corresponding to a maximum emission wavelength of 460 nm. The yield of the fluorescent carbon quantum dots is 73.6 percent, and the fluorescent quantum efficiency is 16.59 percent. The fluorescence intensity of the carbon quantum dot solution of the embodiment is only reduced to 93.8% after the carbon quantum dot solution is placed at room temperature for one month, and the stability is good, the carbon quantum dot of the embodiment has obvious up-conversion fluorescence performance (see fig. 11), and fig. 11 is an up-conversion fluorescence spectrum of the carbon quantum dot of the embodiment 3. The fluorescent carbon quantum dots of the present example were capable of emitting blue visible light under ultraviolet excitation (see fig. 12, left side is the color of the solution under sunlight, right side is the solution that becomes blue light under 365nm ultraviolet irradiation), and had good light resistance. As shown in FIG. 13, in the test of the illumination stability of the quantum dots of this example, the fluorescence intensity of the carbon quantum dot solution was hardly affected when the 300W xenon lamp was continuously irradiated for 11 hours.
Example 4
Mixing industrial hemicellulose hydrothermal coke with a sodium hydroxide solution to obtain 25mL of mixed solution, adding the mixed solution into a reaction kettle, introducing oxygen at a certain pressure, and reacting at 120 ℃ for 1h, wherein the mass of the industrial hemicellulose hydrothermal coke is 0.05g, the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 0.75mol/L, and the pressure is 1 MPa; and stopping the reaction, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a brown yellow fluorescent carbon quantum dot solution. And filtering and dialyzing the prepared carbon quantum dot solution to obtain a pure fluorescent carbon quantum dot product.
The fluorescent carbon quantum dots obtained in this example were subjected to fluorescence spectrum characterization, and the test results are shown in fig. 6. Fig. 6 is a fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 4. It is shown from the figure that the prepared quantum dots have excitation wavelength dependence, that is, the emission wavelength is red-shifted with the increase of the excitation wavelength. The maximum excitation wavelength is 360nm, and the corresponding maximum emission wavelength is 461 nm. The yield of the fluorescent carbon quantum dots is 85.4%, and the fluorescent quantum efficiency is 7.29%.
Example 5
Mixing industrial hemicellulose hydrothermal coke with a sodium hydroxide solution to obtain 25mL of mixed solution, adding the mixed solution into a reaction kettle, introducing oxygen at a certain pressure, and reacting at 120 ℃ for 0.5h, wherein the mass of the industrial hemicellulose hydrothermal coke is 0.05g, the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 0.1mol/L, and the pressure is 1 MPa; and stopping the reaction, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a brown yellow fluorescent carbon quantum dot solution. And filtering and dialyzing the prepared carbon quantum dot solution to obtain a pure fluorescent carbon quantum dot product.
The fluorescent carbon quantum dots obtained in this example were subjected to fluorescence spectrum characterization, and the test results are shown in fig. 7. Fig. 7 is a fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 5. It is shown from the figure that the prepared quantum dots have excitation wavelength dependence, that is, the emission wavelength is red-shifted with the increase of the excitation wavelength. The maximum excitation wavelength is 380nm, and the corresponding maximum emission wavelength is 484 nm. The yield of the fluorescent carbon quantum dots is 94.4 percent, and the quantum efficiency is 5.35 percent.
Example 6
Mixing cellulose hydrothermal coke with a sodium hydroxide solution to obtain 25mL of mixed solution, adding the mixed solution into a reaction kettle, introducing oxygen at a certain pressure, and reacting at 160 ℃ for 1h, wherein the mass of the cellulose hydrothermal coke is 0.05g, the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 0.1mol/L, and the pressure is 1 MPa; and stopping the reaction, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a yellow and clear fluorescent carbon quantum dot solution. And filtering and dialyzing the prepared carbon quantum dot solution to obtain a pure fluorescent carbon quantum dot product.
The fluorescent carbon quantum dots obtained in this example were subjected to fluorescence spectrum characterization, and the test results are shown in fig. 8. Fig. 8 is a fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 6. It is shown from the figure that the prepared quantum dots have excitation wavelength dependence, that is, the emission wavelength is red-shifted with the increase of the excitation wavelength. The maximum excitation wavelength is 370nm, corresponding to a maximum emission wavelength of 469 nm. The yield of the fluorescent carbon quantum dots is 90.2%, and the fluorescent quantum efficiency is 13.35%.
Example 7
Mixing the chitosan water-heating coke with a sodium hydroxide solution to obtain 25mL of mixed solution, adding the mixed solution into a reaction kettle, introducing oxygen with certain pressure, and reacting at 160 ℃ for 1h, wherein the mass of the chitosan water-heating coke is 0.05g, the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 0.1mol/L, and the pressure is 1 MPa; and stopping the reaction, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a yellow and clear fluorescent carbon quantum dot solution. And filtering and dialyzing the prepared carbon quantum dot solution to obtain a pure fluorescent carbon quantum dot product.
The fluorescent carbon quantum dots obtained in this example were subjected to fluorescence spectrum characterization, and the test results are shown in fig. 9. Fig. 9 is a fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 7. It is shown from the figure that the prepared quantum dots have excitation wavelength dependence, that is, the emission wavelength is red-shifted with the increase of the excitation wavelength. The maximum excitation wavelength is 460nm, corresponding to a maximum emission wavelength of 513 nm. The yield of the fluorescent carbon quantum dots is 99.0 percent, and the fluorescent quantum efficiency is 11.73 percent.
Example 8
Mixing the lignin hydrothermal coke with a sodium hydroxide solution to obtain 25mL of mixed solution, adding the mixed solution into a reaction kettle, introducing oxygen at a certain pressure, and reacting at 160 ℃ for 1h, wherein the mass of the lignin hydrothermal coke is 0.05g, the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 0.1mol/L, and the pressure is 1 MPa; and stopping the reaction, and naturally cooling to room temperature to obtain a yellow and clear fluorescent carbon quantum dot solution. And filtering and dialyzing the prepared carbon quantum dot solution to obtain a pure fluorescent carbon quantum dot product.
The fluorescent carbon quantum dots obtained in this example were subjected to fluorescence spectrum characterization, and the test results are shown in fig. 10. Fig. 10 is a fluorescence spectrum of the quantum dot prepared in example 8. It is shown from the figure that the prepared quantum dots have excitation wavelength dependence, that is, the emission wavelength is red-shifted with the increase of the excitation wavelength. The maximum excitation wavelength is 360nm, and the corresponding maximum emission wavelength is 462 nm. The yield of the fluorescent carbon quantum dots is 67.0 percent, and the fluorescent quantum efficiency is 10.00 percent.
Compared with the prior method for obtaining the carbon quantum dots by separating the supernatant (the yield is not more than 10 percent), the carbon quantum dots have high yield and can meet the requirement of large-scale production; for example, chitosan was hydrothermally treated at 180 ℃ for 12 hours, centrifuged to separate the supernatant, and dialyzed and freeze-dried to obtain carbon quantum dots with a yield of 7.8% in the literature (Yang et al. one-step synthesis of amino-functionalized nanoparticles, and hydrogel catalysis of Chem Commun (Camb)2012,48(3), 380-2).
Compared with the carbon quantum dot prepared by application number 201711468556.3, the carbon quantum dot of the invention has more excellent fluorescence property: high quantum efficiency, good stability, obvious up-conversion fluorescence property and the like.
The above-mentioned embodiments are illustrative, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A high-efficiency preparation method of fluorescent carbon quantum dots is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) putting biomass hydrothermal coke and an alkaline solution into a reaction kettle, introducing oxygen, and reacting at 70-200 ℃ to obtain a carbon quantum dot solution; the reaction pressure is 0.1-1.2 MPa;
(2) filtering and dialyzing the carbon quantum dot solution to obtain purified fluorescent carbon quantum dots;
OH of the alkaline solution in step (1)-The concentration of (A) is 0.0001-5 mol/L;
the biomass in the biomass hydrothermal coke is hemicellulose.
2. The efficient preparation method of the fluorescent carbon quantum dot according to claim 1, characterized in that: OH of the alkaline solution-The concentration of (b) is 0.01-1 mol/L.
3. The efficient preparation method of the fluorescent carbon quantum dot according to claim 1, characterized in that: the mass of the biomass hydrothermal coke in the step (1) is 0.1-10% of the total mass of the biomass hydrothermal coke and the alkaline solution.
4. The efficient preparation method of the fluorescent carbon quantum dot according to claim 1, characterized in that: the reaction time in the step (1) is 0.1-5 h.
5. The efficient preparation method of the fluorescent carbon quantum dot according to claim 1, characterized in that: the preparation method of the biomass hydrothermal coke in the step (1) comprises the following steps:
taking biomass as a raw material, taking water as a solvent, and carrying out chemical reaction in a sealed pressure container to obtain a black solid product which is insoluble or not dispersed in the solution; the biomass is hemicellulose.
6. A fluorescent carbon quantum dot obtained by the efficient preparation method of claim 1.
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| CN112175209A (en) * | 2020-09-18 | 2021-01-05 | 苏州格睿光电科技有限公司 | Preparation method of carbon quantum dot modified nano-cellulose fluorescent hydrogel |
| CN114455567B (en) * | 2020-11-03 | 2023-06-30 | 广东量子墨滴生物科技有限公司 | Preparation method and application of carbon nano particles |
| CN112608743B (en) * | 2020-12-24 | 2022-06-14 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Preparation method of coal-based fluorescent carbon quantum dots |
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