Method for synthesizing lithocholic acid by taking androstenedione as raw material
(I) technical field
The invention relates to the technical field of organic chemical synthesis, in particular to a method for synthesizing lithocholic acid by taking androstenedione as a raw material.
(II) background of the invention
Lithocholic acid, also known as 3 a-hydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acid, belongs to one of bile acid juices, is a secondary cholic acid, has a structural formula shown in the specification, exists in bile of human, cattle and rabbit, and gallstone of cattle and pig, generates a binding reaction in liver, appears in bile in the form of taurocholic acid or glycolithocholic acid, and has important reference value in liver lesion diagnosis due to content change. The existing research shows that the lithocholic acid and the derivatives thereof have various physiological activities, can selectively kill various types of cancer cells, have no toxic action on normal cells, and show that the lithocholic acid has wide application prospect as a chemotherapeutic drug.
Lithocholic acid is an important medical raw material, and the main source of lithocholic acid is the extraction of animal bile at present, but the source of the bile is limited, the content of the bile is low, and the extraction difficulty is high; few relevant reports are obtained by chemical synthesis, and a new lithocholic acid synthetic route is developed based on the invention.
At present, the following methods are known for synthesizing lithocholic acid:
the deoxycholic acid is synthesized into lithocholic acid (Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1946, 162, 555-563) by seven-step reaction, the total yield is 23%, and the raw material deoxycholic acid is difficult to obtain, and expensive catalyst platinum dioxide is required, so the cost is high, and the method is not suitable for industrial production.
CN201710404532 introduces a method for synthesizing lithocholic acid from cholic acid as a raw material, but the final step of Huang Minlon reaction requires high temperature of 200 ℃ and 98% hydrazine hydrate, and the operation is difficult to implement in a workshop and has certain danger.
Disclosure of the invention
The invention provides a method for synthesizing lithocholic acid by taking androstenedione as a raw material in order to make up for the defects of the prior art.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for synthesizing lithocholic acid by taking androstenedione as a raw material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method takes androstenedione as a raw material and comprises the following steps:
(1) protection reaction of 3-site enol ether: protecting the p-3-ketone carbonyl of the androstenedione to obtain a high-purity compound A, namely 3-methoxy-3, 5-diene androstane-17-ketone;
(2) wittig reaction: carrying out Wittig reaction on the compound A and a phosphorus ylide reagent to obtain a high-purity target product compound B, namely 3-methoxy-17 (Z) -pregna-3 (4),5(6),17(20) -triene;
(3) deprotection reaction of 3-site enol ether: dissolving the compound B, acidifying and removing protection to obtain a high-purity target product compound C, namely 17(Z) -pregna-4, 17(20) -diene-3-ketone;
(4) side chain addition reaction at position 17: in the atmosphere of dichloromethane and methyl acrylate, introducing a side chain to 17-position under the catalysis of dichloroethylaluminum to obtain a target product compound D;
(5) and (3) carbonyl reduction reaction: selectively reducing 3-carbonyl into alpha-hydroxyl by using a target product compound D through lithium tri-tert-butyl aluminum hydride to obtain a target product compound E with higher purity;
(6) saponification reaction: dissolving a target product compound E in a solvent, and performing saponification reaction under an alkaline condition to obtain a target product compound F with higher purity;
(7) catalytic hydrogenation reaction: and (3) adding hydrogen into a target product compound F under the catalysis of a catalyst to reduce double bonds, so as to obtain a good target product lithocholic acid with stereoselectivity.
In the step (1), adding androstenedione, p-toluenesulfonic acid and tetrahydrofuran in a reaction container, and then dropwise adding trimethyl orthoacetate; controlling the reaction temperature to be 25-30 ℃, the reaction time to be 2-4 h, and requiring anhydrous and anaerobic conditions for a reaction system; after the reaction is finished, adjusting the pH value to 8-10 by using triethylamine, directly concentrating, and washing by using methanol; the product is dried in vacuum at 40 ℃ until the moisture is less than 0.1 percent, namely the compound A with high purity.
Further, androstenedione is used as a raw material, p-toluenesulfonic acid is used as a catalyst, and tetrahydrofuran is used as a solvent; wherein the androstenedione: anhydrous p-toluenesulfonic acid: the molar ratio of trimethyl orthoacetate is 1: 0.02: 2.4; m (androstenedione) V (tetrahydrofuran): v (methanol) = 1: 4: 0.7.
in the step (2), the compound A is dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and undergoes a Wittig reaction with a phosphorus ylide reagent, reaction equipment needs to be pre-dried, the system is strictly anhydrous and oxygen-free, the reaction temperature is controlled to be about 50 ℃, the reaction time is 6 hours, the reaction solution is orange-red to blood-red suspension, and the reaction is stopped by cold water after the reaction is finished; after extraction with petroleum ether, the mixture was concentrated at 35 ℃ to an oily substance, and the target compound was precipitated with methanol.
Further, compound a: ethyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide: the molar ratio of potassium tert-butoxide is 1: 3.5-4: 5.2, m (Compound A): v (tetrahydrofuran) = 1: 8; the phosphorus ylide reagent is ethyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide.
In the step (3), dissolving the compound B in tetrahydrofuran, dripping dilute hydrochloric acid, reacting at room temperature for 10-30 min, and drying the product in vacuum at 40 ℃ until the water content is less than 0.15%, wherein m (the compound B) is V (THF) = V (30% HCl) = 1: 5: 1.2.
in the step (4), firstly, reacting the compound C with methyl acrylate at the temperature of below 0 ℃ for 3 hours, then adding ethyl aluminum dichloride, continuing to react for 4 hours, then turning to the temperature of 28-35 ℃, reacting for three days, wherein the reaction requires no water and oxygen, and treating with cold water; compound C: methyl acrylate: the mol ratio of dichloroethylaluminum is 1: 2.4: 12, m (compound C): v (dcm) = 1: 15.
in the step (5), the reaction temperature is controlled to be-10-0 ℃, the reaction time is 3-8 hours, and the pH value is adjusted to be 5-6 by dilute acid after the reaction is finished; extracting with ethyl acetate, and concentrating under reduced pressure to obtain oily target product E; compound D: molar ratio of lithium aluminum tri-tert-butoxyhydride 1: 2.3, m (Compound D): v (thf) = 1: 15.
in the step (6), the reaction temperature of the saponification reaction is 70-80 ℃, the reaction time is 5-6 h, the pH is adjusted to about 2.0 by 30% dilute hydrochloric acid, and the reaction time of a compound E: molar ratio of KOH = 1: 6-7, m (compound E): v (MeOH) V (H)2O)=1:15:25。
In the step (7), the reaction time is 4-8 h, the reaction is carried out at room temperature, and the reaction time of a compound F: the molar ratio of the catalyst is 1: 0.06 to 0.1; m (compound F): v (meoh) = 1: 30, of a nitrogen-containing gas; the catalyst was Pd/C (10%).
The specific synthetic route is as follows:
1. preparation of 3-methoxy-3, 5-dienoandrost-17-one compound (A)
2. Preparation of 3-methoxy-17 (Z) -pregna-3 (4),5(6),17(20) -triene compound (B)
3. Preparation of 17(Z) -pregna-4, 17(20) -dien-3 one compound (C)
4. Preparation of Compound (D)
5. Preparation of Compound (E)
6. Preparation of Compound (F)
7. Preparation of lithocholic acid
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the method adopts cheap and easily-obtained androstenedione as a raw material, creatively synthesizes the lithocholic acid, has simple process route, high reaction yield in each step and low cost, solves the problem that the lithocholic acid is difficult to produce on a large scale, and is suitable for industrial production.
(IV) detailed description of the preferred embodiments
Example 1:
preparation of compound (A) 3-methoxy-3, 5-dienandrost-17-one:
adding 20g of 4-androstenedione into a reaction kettle, adding 80ml of anhydrous THF, 14ml of methanol and 0.24g of anhydrous p-toluenesulfonic acid, adding 20.1g of trimethyl orthoacetate under the protection of nitrogen, heating to 30 ℃, keeping the temperature for reaction for 4 hours, carrying out TLC tracking reaction, and adding triethylamine to adjust the pH of the reaction system to 8-10 after the reaction is finished. Vacuum concentrating, washing with a little methanol, vacuum filtering, separating the filtrate with column to obtain light yellow substance, vacuum drying at 40 deg.C to obtain 19.7g product with molar yield of 94%.
Example 2
Preparation of compound (B), 3-methoxy-17 (Z) -pregna-3 (4),5(6),17(20) -triene:
the product compound (A) obtained in example 1 is used as a raw material; adding 18g of ethyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide into a reaction kettle, adding 144ml of anhydrous THF, adding 8g of potassium tert-butoxide in batches at low temperature under the protection of nitrogen, keeping the temperature not more than 0 ℃, enabling the solution to be an orange red to blood red suspension, reacting at low temperature for 1h, adding 4.2g of compound (A) 3-methoxy-3, 5-dienoandrost-17-one, continuing to react at low temperature for 0.5h, then turning to 50 ℃ for reacting for 6h, quenching with cold water, extracting with petroleum ether, concentrating at 35 ℃ to obtain an oily substance, and separating out the target compound with methanol. Filtering to obtain the high-purity compound B3-methoxy-17 (Z) -pregna-3 (4),5(6),17(20) -triene 40.5kg with the molar yield of 92.7 percent.
Example 3
Preparation of compound (C) 17(Z) -pregna-4, 17(20) -dien-3-one:
the product compound (B) obtained in example 2 was used as a starting material; dissolving compound B3-methoxy-17 (Z) -pregna-3 (4),5(6),17(20) -triene 4.05g in 20ml of THF, dropwise adding 4.8ml of 30% diluted hydrochloric acid to carry out deprotection, after the reaction is finished, diluting with ethyl acetate, washing with 10% sodium bicarbonate for 2 times, washing with saturated saline solution, drying with anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrating under reduced pressure to obtain a yellow oily substance, adding cold methanol to precipitate, and filtering to obtain high-purity compound C17 (Z) -pregna-4, 17(20) -diene-3 ketone 3.76g, filtrate PE: EA = 5: 1 passing through the column. Compound C was dried under vacuum at 40 ℃ with a molar yield of 97%.
Example 4
Preparation of Compound (D):
the product compound (C) obtained in example 3 was used as a starting material; mixing 5.6g of the compound (C) and 3.9ml of methyl acrylate in 50ml of dichloromethane, reacting for 3h under the protection of nitrogen at low temperature, dropwise adding 29ml of ethyl aluminum dichloride at the temperature of not more than 0 ℃, continuing to react for 4h, then turning to the temperature of 28-35 ℃, reacting for three days, wherein the reaction requires no water and no oxygen, quenching with cold water, extracting with 30ml of DCM, washing with saturated sodium bicarbonate for 2 times, washing with saturated saline, drying with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrating under reduced pressure to obtain an oily substance. Purifying by passing through a column. 6.7g of the objective compound (D) was obtained in a molar yield of 93.3%.
Example 5
Preparation of Compound (E):
the product compound (D) obtained in example 4 was used as a starting material; adding 5.0g of the compound (D) into a reaction kettle, adding 50ml of anhydrous THF, controlling the reaction temperature to be-10-0 ℃, adding 7.6g of lithium aluminum tri-tert-butoxyhydride in batches, reacting for 3-8 h, and adjusting the pH to be 5-6 by dilute acid after the reaction is finished. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain 4.6g of an oily target product (E). The molar yield thereof was found to be 91%.
Example 6
Preparation of Compound (F):
the product compound (E) obtained in example 5 was used as a starting material; dissolving 3.0g of the compound (E) in 40ml of methanol (a small amount of THF is not dissolved) and adding the methanol into water dissolved with 4.7g of potassium hydroxide, keeping the temperature at 70-80 ℃, reacting for 5-6 h, detecting by TLC, after the reaction is finished, adjusting the pH to about 2.0 by 30% diluted hydrochloric acid, extracting by ethyl acetate, washing by saturated saline solution, drying by anhydrous sodium sulfate, concentrating under reduced pressure to obtain 2.6g of yellow substance, and obtaining the molar yield of 90%.
Example 7
Preparation of compound lithocholic acid:
the product compound (F) obtained in example 6 was used as a starting material; adding 2g of the compound (F) into a reaction kettle, completely dissolving 60ml of methanol (a small amount of THF can be added if the compound is not dissolved), carefully adding 0.2g of 10% Pd/C catalyst, reacting for 4-8 h at room temperature, filtering to remove the catalyst after TLC monitoring experiment is completed, concentrating organic phase under reduced pressure to obtain a yellow oily substance, and recrystallizing THF/MeOH to obtain the target product lithocholic acid 1.6g with the molar yield of 83%.
The present invention has been described above by way of example, but the present invention is not limited to the above-described specific embodiments, and any modification or variation made based on the present invention is within the scope of the present invention as claimed.