CN108642237A - 一种炼钢设备 - Google Patents
一种炼钢设备 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108642237A CN108642237A CN201810742886.5A CN201810742886A CN108642237A CN 108642237 A CN108642237 A CN 108642237A CN 201810742886 A CN201810742886 A CN 201810742886A CN 108642237 A CN108642237 A CN 108642237A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- vertical shaft
- steelmaking
- steel
- electromagnetic brake
- electric arc
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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- 230000005291 magnetic Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 151
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 151
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 85
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- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monoxide Chemical compound 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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound 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- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种炼钢设备，包括竖井预热器(100)和电弧炉(200)，竖井预热器(100)含有竖井(104)、电磁制动器(121)和推料机构(119)，电磁制动器(121)能够产生磁场使进入竖井(104)内的炼钢原料停留在竖井(104)内；推料机构(119)能够推送炼钢原料。该炼钢设备利用电磁制动器对炼钢原料进行捕获形成悬空料柱，利用电磁制动器捕获的炼钢原料形成的料柱承载上部落下的炼钢原料；利用电弧炉200冶炼过程中产生的烟气对炼钢原料预热，利用竖直逆向的运动模式实现炼钢原料和烟气良好的热交换作用，高效合理安全的利用烟气的热量，实现电弧炉200冶炼综合能耗的大幅度降低。
Description
一种炼钢设备
技术领域
[0001 ]本发明涉及冶炼设备领域，具体的是一种炼钢设备。
背景技术
[0002]电弧炉炼钢中节能、降耗、环保一直是全球电弧炉炼钢技术发展的核心技术之一。 传统的炼钢电弧炉，炼钢原料分为二至三次从炉顶装入，依靠电极与炼钢原料之间产生的 电弧来熔化炼钢原料。因此，传统的电弧炉只能间断的向炉内送电，间隔一段时间即停电， 旋开炉盖装料，这样极大地降低了电弧炉的生产率，增加了电弧炉的热损失和能源消耗。同 时大量烟尘在装料时排放到厂房内，增加了除尘环保的难度。间断式的电极与炼钢原料产 生明弧，增大了对电网的冲击和噪音的危害程度。
[0003]节能降耗是电弧炉冶炼的重要课题，其中利用烟气余热预热炼钢原料一直被人们 广泛关注。电弧炉冶炼过程中会产生大量的高温烟气，这些烟气的温度高达iooo°c以上，排 烟量高5〇Om3/(h • t)〜l2〇〇m3/(h • t)。利用这些烟气显热预热炼钢原料，将会产生巨大的 经济效益。
[0004]众所周知，炼钢原料预热是电弧炉炼钢节能技术的发展方向之一，目前在与电弧 炉配套的炼钢原料预热中，代表性方式有水平连续输运方式和竖炉方式，所用设备分别为 consteel (康斯迪)电弧炉和篦式竖炉电弧炉。
[0005]其中，利用电弧炉烟气预热炼钢原料技术是一个二十多年来国内外均在研究的一 项技术，但因其技术难度大，目前仅有少量方案投入实际使用，典型代表如振动连续加料的 consteel (康斯迪)电弧炉、手指竖炉、竖井侧推加料技术。
[0006] Consteel (康斯迪）电弧炉是一种水平连续给料技术，可实现电弧炉稳弧冶炼，环 保且电极消耗降低，可大大降低电弧炉的生产过程费用，但该方法炼钢原料只有上层物料 被加热，故炼钢原料预热效果不佳，据国内外报道平均节能效果只有吨钢25kwh;此外，由于 要提尚原料(炼钢原料)换热效率，输送槽内的炼钢原料在输送带上堆高比较薄，必然加大 预热段的长度，设备全长可达90m〜100m，针对车间的布置是非常不利的；再次，该方案动态 密封漏气较严重，对风机等的容量要求较大。
[0007] Consteel (康斯迪)电弧炉的热烟气在预热装置中逆着炼钢原料运行流动，由于炼 钢原料在水平的预热装置中无法充满，有一大部份的气流在炼钢原料层的上部流动，使得 底部的炼钢原料预热效果差，为了达到较高的热交换，通常需要60米长的预热隧道。由于炼 钢原料中具有含氯的化合物，如pvc等，理论上，这些含氯的化合物在低于8〇(rc不完全燃烧 就会产生二恶英，特别在30(TC〜500。(：范围内不完全燃烧最容易产生二恶英，由于 consteel (康斯迪)炉的预热隧道较长，热烟气和炼钢原料热交换后，温度不断降低，使炼钢 原料中的含氯的化合物在30(TC〜50(TC之间不完全燃烧下极容易产生二恶英，污染环境。 但其存在的固有缺点是：1、虽然其发明者英特尔制钢公司认为该公司开发的consteel (康 斯迪)工艺可将炼钢原料预热至50(rC左右，设备供应商意大利得兴公司也宣传可将炼钢原 料预热到400°C〜6〇0°C，而Kyoei Steel (即日本共英制钢)公司的生产实践表明，经预热后 的炼钢原料温度上下不均(上高下低），距表面600mm〜700mm处的炼钢原料温度<100°C，其 节能效果仅为25kwh/t钢，传热效率很低。国内在用consteel (康斯迪)电弧炉的生产实践也 证明该设备炼钢原料预热温度低，节能效果差。2、其设备长度很长，一般预热通道和装料运 输机全长约60米左右，占地面积大，设备的安装和旧厂房的改造非常困难，一次性投资很 高。3、漏风量大，烟气中混入大量野风，不仅增加了除尘风机的负担，而且大大不利于烟气 余热的回收利用。4、上料电磁吊车作业率非常高，有的达到90%以上，有时会因装料而影响 生产。
[0008] 手指竖炉电弧炉是德国FUCHS公司在20世纪90年代初开发和研制的，是一种典型 的电弧炉炼钢原料预热装置，所谓“手指”是指在竖炉和电弧炉连通接口之间有单排或多排 的可通过机械装置开启和关闭的手指类托架。在电弧炉冶炼过程中，通过向废气流中直接 加入炼钢原料而充分利用废气对炼钢原料的预热能力，不仅利用烟气显热，同时可利用烟 气中的可燃气体进行二次燃烧的化学能，因此，这类带托料装置的炼钢原料预热技术因烟 气能穿透炼钢原料层，预热节能效果好，可达到吨钢60kwh〜lOOkwh，但是，传统竖炉中由于 炼钢原料对手指类托架的直接冲击，容易导致被炼钢原料砸坏，增加了设备维护，影响了炼 钢原料预热技术的推广使用。同时由于炼钢原料中存在一定量的轻薄料，在可燃气体二次 燃烧的情况下有可能造成局部炼钢原料的熔化，造成竖炉内炼钢原料粘结，引发竖炉炼钢 原料无法顺畅的进入电弧炉的问题。
[0009] 竖炉虽然热效率较高，炼钢原料预热温度较高，但它要求厂房的标高很高，设备庞 大，一次性投资很高，且不适应旧有电弧炉炼钢车间的改造。在篦式竖炉中，电弧炉的热烟 气从竖井的下端进入，从竖井的上端排出。这样，竖井的断面要有足够大，才能让热烟气在 炼钢原料间缝隙中流过。在实际生产中，水冷的指篦容易被炼钢原料砸坏漏水，或被炼钢原 料卡住，设备的造价高，设备维护量大，所以篦式竖炉在电弧炉炼钢上只一部份的大炉子使 用。
发明内容
[0010] 为了解决炼钢原料在加料过程中的造成的冲击问题。本发明提供了一种炼钢设 备，该炼钢设备利用电磁制动器对废钢进行捕获形成悬空料柱，利用电磁制动器捕获的废 钢原料形成的料柱承载上部落下的废钢原料;取消传统设计中利用通水冷却的手指状阀组 机构，避免由于废钢原料下落冲击造成手指类机构变形和开裂导致的设备漏水的弊端;利 用电弧炉冶炼过程中产生的烟气对废钢预热，利用竖直逆向的运动模式实现废钢原料和烟 气良好的热交换作用，高效合理安全的利用烟气的热量，实现电弧炉冶炼综合能耗的大幅 度降低。
[0011]本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术发明是:一种炼钢设备，包括：
[0012]竖井预热器，含有竖井、电磁制动器和推料机构，竖井为上下两端均开放的筒形结 构，电磁制动器能够产生磁场使进入竖井内的炼钢原料停留在竖井内；
[0013]电弧炉，含有上下设置的炉盖和炉体，炉体含有上下设置的炉壁和炉底，炉壁上设 有炼钢原料入口，推料机构能够将竖井内落下的炼钢原料推送入所述炼钢原料入口。
[00M]竖井预热器含有两个电磁制动器，两个电磁制动器对称地设置于竖井的左右两 侧，电磁制动器为电磁铁，电磁制动器含有铁芯和线圈，电磁制动器设置于竖井的下部外。
[0015] 竖井预热器还含有电磁加热器，电磁加热器能够加热竖井内的炼钢原料，电磁加 热器位于竖井的中部外。
[0016] 竖井预热器还含有燃料喷枪和助燃氧枪，燃料喷枪和助燃氧枪均与竖井的井壁连 接，燃料喷枪和助燃氧枪均位于电磁加热器和电磁制动器之间。
[0017] 竖井预热器还含有受料漏斗，受料漏斗的入口朝上出口朝下，受料漏斗的出口与 竖井的上端相对应，受料漏斗的入口设有上密封滑板，受料漏斗的出口与竖井的上端之间 设有下密封滑板，上密封滑板和下密封滑板均能够沿水平方向移动。
[0018] 推料机构含有支撑框架、受料底板、推钢板和推钢驱动部件，受料底板和竖井均与 支撑框架连接固定，支撑框架能够带动受料底板和竖井沿水平方向移动，受料底板倾斜设 置，受料底板的下端与炉壁上的所述炼钢原料入口相对应，推钢板设置于受料底板上，推钢 板能够在受料底板上滑动，推钢板位于竖井的下方，推钢驱动部件能够将落在推钢板上的 炼钢原料推送入所述炼钢原料入口。
[0019]推料机构还含有导向辊和导向辊升降驱动机构，导向辊位于支撑框架内，且导向 辊位于所述炼钢原料入口和竖井的下端之间，导向辊呈水平状态，该导向辊升降驱动机构 能够控制导向辊沿竖直方向移动，所述导向辊升降驱动机构与支撑框架连接，推钢驱动部 件为液压缸，推钢驱动部件通过伸缩杆与推钢板连接。
[0020]电弧炉的下方设有升降机构，该升降机构含有上下设置的电极升降平台和提升装 置，电极升降平台与炉体连接固定，提升装置能够驱动电极升降平台和炉体同步升降，电弧 炉的右侧设有旋转升降机构，该旋转升降机构能够驱动炉盖升降及转动。
[0021]炉壁连接有集束氧枪，炉盖连接有电极，电极依次通过导电横臂和电极升降装置 与电极升降平台连接，电极升降装置能够驱动电极和导电横臂同步升降。
[0022]该旋转升降机构含有依次连接的炉盖支撑框架、承重构件、升降缸、旋转装置和旋 转底座，炉盖与炉盖支撑框架连接固定，升降缸能够驱动炉盖升降，旋转装置能够驱动炉盖 以升降缸的中心线为轴转动。
[0023]本发明的有益效果是：
[0024]其一，本发明能够实现废钢的连续预热，同时能够利用电磁加热器对冶炼的第一 炉废钢进行预热，可以利用燃气喷枪和助燃氧枪对废钢加热，同时可通过烟气分析仪和温 度测量仪对烟气温度进行测量，反馈控制助燃氧枪和燃料喷枪的输入量，同时针对烟气中 的可燃气体进行燃烧放热，消除烟气中二恶英的有毒物的产生。
[QQ25]其二，本发明采用电磁制动器对下落的废钢进行捕获，实现废钢持续加热，持续自 动下落的过程，取消了传统竖炉预热器的手指状阀组或其它形式的控制机构，避免废钢炉 料下落过程的冲击引起手指状阀组漏水导致电弧炉停产的弊端。采用推料机进行废钢加入 电弧炉的加料方式，预热到预定温度的废钢采用小批量多批次的下落方式，减小了推料机 的驱动力要求，同时避免废钢原料上部大量堆积废钢原料的载荷，采用较小的驱动力和结 构实现废钢原料的加料动作，实现废钢的连续加入，同时能够根据需要停止废钢的加入，废 钢导向辊能够完全密封竖炉排料口，实现废钢的停止加入。
[0026]其三，本发明通过电磁制动器采用铁芯和电磁制动器组合的形式，能够实现较小 的电流输入的条件下就产生较大的电磁力，实现电磁制动器能够强磁力捕获下落的废钢。 [0027]其四，本发明电磁制动器利用钢的磁性转变热性，当废钢原料温度达到转变温度 M电徹刺动器友销原科尤法进行磁性捕获，废钢原料由于受到自身重力的影响，同时受 到上层^钢原料的压力影响，能够实现废钢的自由下落，同时温度低于磁性转变温度的废 钢在下落过程中被电磁制动器捕获，形成新的废钢炉料堆积区域，同时支撑上层下落废钢 原料，能够保证后续废钢原料持预热。实现了废钢原料的自动下落，减少了传统机械控制的 复杂程度，取消了手指阀类机构。
附图说明
[0028]构成本申请的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本发明的进一步理解，本发明的示 意性实施例及其说明用于解释本发明，并不构成对本发明的不当限定。
[0029]图1是本发明所述炼钢设备的主视图。
[0030]图2是竖井预热器的结构示意图。
[0031]图3是通过天车和料篮向受料漏斗加料的示意图。
[0032]图4是竖井预热器对炼钢原料预热的示意图。
[0033]图5是炼钢原料下落和料篮加料的示意图。
[0034]图6是炼钢原料融化及持续加料的示意图。
[0035]图7是停止加料和钢水冶炼过程的示意图。
[0036]图8是出钢后留钢液和原料持续加入冶炼过程的示意图。
[0037]图9是米用倾斜上料机构时的工作状态示意图。
[0038] 100、竖井预热器；101、上密封滑板；102、受料漏斗；103、下密封滑板；104、竖井； 105、电磁加热器;106、燃料喷枪;107、支撑框架；1〇8、转动轴承;1〇9、驱动机构；11〇、转动轴 承;111、转动轴承;112、导向辊;113、密封机构；114、车轮;115、推钢板;116、受料底板;117、 伸缩杆；118、转动轴承；II9、推料机构；12〇、推钢驱动部件；m、电磁制动器；122、铁芯； 123、助燃氧枪;124、排烟孔;125、烟气管道;1%、烟气分析仪;127、温度测量仪；
[0039] 200、电弧炉；201、电极；202、导电横臂；203、炉盖；204、炉膛；205、炉体；206、炉盖 支撑框架;207、承重构件;2〇8、集束氧枪;2〇9、炉壁;21〇、升降缸;m、旋转装置;212、旋转 底座;213、电极升降平台；214、电极升降装置;215、炉底;216、下炉壳框架;217、提升装置； 218、垂直导向装置； ’ '
[0040] 301、天车；302、料篮；
[0041 ] 401、导轨;402、牵引装置;4〇3、翻斗;404、倾翻机构;4〇5、限位挡块;406、升降车。
[0042] 501、炉料;502、捕获的炉料;503、下落的炉料;504、落到炉底的炉料;505、钢液。
具体实施方式
[0043]需要说明的是，在不冲突的情况下，本申请中的实施例及实施例中的特征可以相 互组合。下面将参考附图并结合实施例来详细说明本发明。
[0044] —种炼钢设备，包括竖井预热器100和电弧炉200,竖井预热器100含有竖井1〇4、电 磁制动器121和推料机构119,竖井104为上下两端均开放的筒形结构，电磁制动器121能够 产生磁场使进入竖井104内的炼钢原料停留在竖井104内；电弧炉200,含有上下设置的炉盖 203和炉体205，炉体205含有上下设置的炉壁209和炉底215，炉壁209上设有炼钢原料入口， 竖井104的下端高于炉壁209上的所述炼钢原料入口，推料机构iig能够将竖井1〇4内落下的 炼钢原料推送入所述炼钢原料入口，即推料机构119能够将竖井1 〇4内落下的炼钢原料推送 入电弧炉200的炉膛204内，如图1至图8所示。
[0045]竖井预热器100主要实现对炼钢原料(如废钢)的加入和预热功能，电弧炉200主要 实现废钢原料的熔化和冶炼功能。竖井预热器100含有两个电磁制动器121，两个电磁制动 器121对称地设置于竖井104的左右两侧，电磁制动器121为能够产生强磁场的电磁铁，电磁 制动器U1含有铁芯122和线圈，电磁制动器121设置于竖井104的下部外，如图1至图3所示。 [0046] 在本实施例中，竖井预热器100还含有电磁加热器105,电磁加热器105能够产生交 变的磁场，从而能够加热竖井104内的炼钢原料(如废钢），电磁加热器105位于竖井104的中 部外。竖井预热器100还含有燃料喷枪106和助燃氧枪123,燃料喷枪106和助燃氧枪123均与 竖井104的井壁连接，燃料喷枪106和助燃氧枪123均位于电磁加热器105和电磁制动器121 之间。
[0047]在本实施例中，竖井预热器100还含有受料漏斗102,受料漏斗102的入口朝上出口 朝下，受料漏斗102位于竖井104的上方，受料漏斗102的出口与竖井104的上端相对应，受料 漏斗102的入口设有上密封滑板101，受料漏斗102的出口与竖井104的上端之间设有下密封 滑板103,上密封滑板101和下密封滑板103均能够沿水平方向左右移动。
[0048] 在本实施例中，推料机构119含有支撑框架107、受料底板116、推钢板115和推钢驱 动部件120,受料底板116和竖井104均与支撑框架107连接固定，支撑框架107能够带动受料 底板116和竖井104沿水平方向左右移动，受料底板116倾斜设置，受料底板116的下端与炉 壁209上的所述炼钢原料入口相对应，推钢板115设置于受料底板116上，推钢板115能够在 受料底板116上滑动，推钢板115位于竖井104的下方，推钢驱动部件120能够将落在推钢板 115上的炼钢原料推送入所述炼钢原料入口，从而使炼钢原料进入电弧炉200内。
[0049] 在本实施例中，支撑框架107能够竖井104的下端与炉壁209上的所述炼钢原料入 口之间连通，推料机构119还含有导向辊112和导向辊升降驱动机构，导向辊112位于支撑框 架107内，且导向辊112位于所述炼钢原料入口和竖井104的下端之间，导向辊112呈水平状 态，该导向辊升降驱动机构能够控制导向辊112沿竖直方向移动，所述导向辊升降驱动机构 与支撑框架107连接，推钢驱动部件120为液压缸，推钢驱动部件120通过伸缩杆117与推钢 板115连接。
[0050] 在本实施例中，电弧炉200的下方设有升降机构，该升降机构含有上下设置的电极 升降平台213和提升装置217,电极升降平台213与炉体205连接固定，提升装置217能够驱动 电极升降平台213和炉体205同步升降，电弧炉200的右侧设有旋转升降机构，该旋转升降机 构能够驱动炉盖203升降及转动。
[0051] 在本实施例中，炉壁209连接有集束氧枪208,炉盖203连接有电极201，电极201依 次通过导电横臂202和电极升降装置214与电极升降平台213连接，电极升降装置214能够驱 动电极2〇1和导电横臂202同步升降。该旋转升降机构含有依次连接的炉盖支撑框架206、承 重构件2〇7、升降缸210、旋转装置211和旋转底座212,炉盖2〇3与炉盖支撑框架206连接固 定，升降缸210能够驱动炉盖203升降，旋转装置211能够驱动炉盖2〇3以升降缸21〇的中心线 为轴转动。
[0052]在本实施例中，该炼钢设备还包括用于向受料漏斗102内加入炼钢原料的天车301 和料篮302,天车301和料篮302均位于受料漏斗102的上方。炼钢原料（如废钢)可以通过天 车301和料篮302送入受料漏斗102内。或者，也可以采用倾斜上料机构向受料漏斗102内加 入炼钢原料，该倾斜上料机构设置于竖井104的左侧外，该倾斜上料机构含有倾斜设置的导 轨401，导轨401上设有牵引装置402和翻斗403,如图9所示，采用料斗倾斜上料的形式，可以 实现废钢原料的连续上料，避免天车上料需要人工操作的弊端，该种工艺方案尤其适用于 新建冶炼车间的工艺布局。另外，还可采用阶梯型链斗输送机的形式将炼钢原料加入到竖 井104上方的受料漏斗102内。
[0053]其中，电磁制动器121主要由铁芯122和电磁线圈组合，一个铁芯和一个电磁线圈 组合成一个电磁制动器121，竖井预热器100在竖井104的水平方向包含至少两个电磁制动 器121，电磁制动器121设置在竖井104两个相对的侧壁外侧，两个电磁制动器形成一组电磁 制动器，在竖井高度方向至少设置一组电磁制动器121，电磁制动器121利用电磁线圈感应 形成强磁场，利用强磁场捕获竖井内下落的废钢原料，在竖井的下段区间形成废钢堆积区， 利用电磁制动器捕获的废钢堆积区承载竖井上部落下的废钢原料，在竖井内部形成悬空的 废钢料柱。
[0054] 在竖井104的高度方向设置至少一组电磁加热器105,第一炉冶炼的废钢由于电弧 炉200内没有熔化的钢液，电弧炉200的炉膛204内部没有高温的烟气，无法利用烟气对炼钢 原料进行预热，利用电磁加热器可以实现对电弧炉200第一炉废钢进行预热，实现电弧炉 200所有入炉废钢原料连续预热，降低电弧炉电极的热负荷，降低电极的消耗，延长电极使 用寿命，延长电弧炉200炉壁和炉缸的使用寿命，。
[0055]结合电弧炉200车间的实际，可以通过燃料喷枪106将可燃原料喷入竖井预热器 1〇〇的内部，利用电弧炉200烟气内剩余的氧气燃烧，对废钢进行直接预热;也可利用助燃氧 枪123将助燃氧气或空气喷入竖井预热器1〇〇的内部，利用电弧炉200烟气内的可燃气体和 助燃氧气进行燃烧放热，对废钢进行直接预热;可以利用燃料喷枪喷入可燃物、助燃氧枪喷 入助燃空气或氧气，同时结合电弧炉200烟气，实现竖井预热器内电弧炉200烟气中的可燃 物、喷入的可燃物和氧气燃烧放热，对废钢进行直接预热。
[0056]电弧炉200内的预热方式可以采用电磁加热器105、助燃氧枪123和燃料喷枪106和 电弧炉2〇0烟气多种预热方式的组合预热方式对竖井预热器100内的废钢原料进行预热，同 时针对成本因素考虑，在满足废钢预热温度达到工艺要求的前提下，采用成本最低的方案 进行废钢预热。
[0057]竖井预热器100的内部可以在竖井104内部铺设耐磨材质，利用耐磨材质保护竖井 内壁，避免废钢原料在下落过程中对竖井内部的冲击破坏。竖井104可以采用在高度方向， 竖井下部横截面积大于竖井上部横截面积，即采用竖井侧壁向上延长线和竖井中心线夹角 呈锐角，实现废钢加热过程和下落过程的顺畅下落，减少废钢对竖井内部的磨损。
[G058]竖井104可以采用水冷壁的形式进行水冷，水冷壁可以铺设在耐火材料中，靠近竖 f内部的耐火材料一侧铺设耐磨材质，靠近竖炉外壳的一侧铺设水冷壁。竖井104底部平台 采用支撑框架107的结构进行固定，受料底板116与水平面之间的夹角在15°〜45°之间，支 撑框架107的底部安装有车轮114,可以实现竖井预热器100在辊道上进行水平左右移动。竖 井预热器100的排料口与电弧炉200受料口采用迷宫密封，或者采用水膜密封，也可采用柔 性耐高温材料密封。
[0059] 竖井104的侧壁安装至少一个烟气分析仪126和至少一个温度测量仪I27,用于分 析竖井104内部的烟气成分和烟气温度。竖井104的侧壁设置一个排烟孔124,排烟孔124外 部连接烟气管道I25,烟气管道125上安装至少一个烟气成分分析仪和至少一个烟气温度检 测仪，用于分析烟气管道内部的烟气成分和烟气温度，利用烟道内的烟气温度和成分作为 反馈条件，调节电磁加热器的加热功率、燃料喷枪和助燃氧枪的喷吹量，实现低成本高效利 用烟气热量，满足废钢预热温度要求。
[0060]受料漏斗1〇2采用双层密封板机构，废钢原料加入受料漏斗的过程中密封下密封 滑板103,实现电弧炉200烟气密封，不会有烟气溢出竖井1〇4和受料漏斗1〇2;受料漏斗1〇2 装载预定质量的废钢原料后，密封上密封滑板101，开启下密封滑板103,废钢在自身重力作 用下滑落至竖井104的内部;受料漏斗102的内部废钢全部下落至竖井1〇4内部后，关闭下密 封滑板103,开启上密封滑板101，进行下一次废钢原料加热受料漏斗操作。
[0061]烟气管道I25后续连接引风机，引风机在竖井排烟口形成一定的负压，实现在受料 料斗加料过程中不会发生烟气向受料料斗散溢的现象，实现整个加料过程无烟气散溢到电 弧炉200车间的现象。
[0062]竖井104的排烟孔1M的位置上部竖井侧壁可以设计一个凸台，避免受料漏斗1〇2 下落的废钢原料下落至排烟口内部;也可在排烟口内设计一个阻隔栅板，利用栅板结构阻 挡下落废钢，避免在引风机负压作用下小块废钢进入排烟孔124进而进入烟道;也可采用烟 道靠近竖井一端的烟道中心线向下倾斜一定角度，实现烟道烟气存在上升坡度，避免小块 废钢进入烟道，同时允许小块废钢下落回到竖井内部。
[0063]竖井预热器100可在竖井104的侧壁开设一个观察孔，通过观察孔可以观察竖井内 的废钢堆积情况，也可观察竖井内可燃气体的燃烧情况;竖井侧壁开设一个检修孔，可以在 检修孔设置一个驱动装置，利用驱动装置引入一个火焰切割枪，针对竖井内部如果发生局 部废钢堆积和卡滞，利用火焰切割对局部废钢进行火焰切割。
[0064]下面以冶炼废钢为例介绍该炼钢设备的工作过程。
[0065]如图3所示，通过天车301将承载废钢炉料的料篮302运送至竖井预热器100顶部的 受料漏斗102的上方，打开上密封滑板101，关闭下密封滑板103,将废钢原料加入到受料漏 斗102内。
[0066]打开电磁制动器121，利用电磁制动器121在竖井104的下段形成强磁场，关闭上密 封滑板101，打开下密封滑板103,废钢原料逐渐下落至竖井104的下段，电磁制动器121捕获 废钢原料，并形成废钢堆积区，废钢堆积区同时形成磁场，后续下落的废钢逐渐下落在之前 下落的废钢上面。
[0067] 针对电弧炉200冶炼的第一炉钢，由于电弧炉200的炉缸内没有钢水和烟气，开启 竖井104上的燃料喷枪106和助燃氧枪123进行废钢加热，同时继续加入废钢。
[0068] 如图4所示，受料漏斗102中的废钢持续加入竖井预热器100内，废钢加入高度超过 电磁加热器105位置后，开启电磁加热器105,利用电磁加热器105对废钢原料进行预热。 [0069] 如图5所示，当竖井104的下段内的废钢温度达到铁磁性转变温度(约770°C)时，废 钢原料铁磁性消失，电磁制动器121吸附的废钢原料脱离电磁制动器的磁力吸附，废钢原料 在重力作用下下落至竖井104下方的推钢板115上，开启推钢驱动部件120,将废钢原料推入 电弧炉200炉内的预定位置，同时料篮30 2的废钢原料可以加入到受料漏斗10 2中。导向辊 112能够在导向辊升降驱动机构的作用下上下运动，避免推料机推动的废钢原料撞击出口 位置;同时根据工乙要求，具有封闭竖炉排料口的作用。该导向辊升降驱动机构含有转动轴 承108、驱动机构109、转动轴承11 〇和转动轴承111。
[0070]如图6所不，电磁制动器121所处位置上部的竖炉段内的废钢在重力作用下下落至 电磁制动器121作用区域，电磁制动器U1再次捕获上段区域下落的废钢，在电磁制动器121 吸附的废钢同时磁化，形成强磁场，竖井104中上部的废钢继续缓慢下落至电磁制动器121 位置的上段，下落的废钢继续进行预热，受料漏斗102的废钢原料下落至竖井预热器上部区 域；电磁制动器121捕获的废钢预热到预定温度后自动脱离电磁预热器，竖井104中上部的 废钢继续下落进行预热。
[0071]竖井104内的废钢下降到一定高度时，关闭下密封滑板103,开启上密封滑板1〇1， 利用天车301将装载废钢原料的料篮302吊运至受料漏斗102的上部，开启料篮302的底部放 料机构，将废钢原料加入竖井上部的受料漏斗102内，废钢完全落入受料漏斗102后关闭上 密封滑板101，开启下密封滑板103,将废钢原料加入竖井104内。
[0072]推料机构119持续将预热的废钢推入电弧炉200内，控制不同的废钢落下位置，落 入炉缸底部的废钢在炉底堆积，当废钢原料在炉底堆积到预定的数量时，启动电极升降装 置214,降低电极201高度，通电对废钢进行加热，随着电弧的持续加热，废钢逐渐熔化，在炉 缸底部形成液态熔池，在钢水熔池表面形成泡沫渣层，电弧埋没在泡沫渣中进行持续加热。 [0073] 如图7所示，随着电弧炉200内废钢的持续加入，废钢落入钢水熔池内，钢水熔池对 废钢进行加热和熔化，同时开启电弧炉200侧壁上的集束氧枪208,对钢水进行吹氧，根据实 际需要，可利用侧壁碳枪向炉膛内部喷入碳粉，利用集束氧枪208和碳枪对熔池进行搅拌、 增碳、氧化等操作。
[0074]随着电弧炉200内钢水的冶炼，电弧炉200炉膛内部形成大量高温烟气，高温烟气 依次经过炉壁209上设有炼钢原料入口和竖井104的下端进入竖井104内，在竖井104内部对 废钢进行预热，利用竖井预热器100上安装的热电偶测温装置和在线烟气成分分析仪器监 测和检测烟气温度和烟气主要成分，根据烟气温度和烟气成分，调整电磁加热器1〇5的输入 功率，在保证废钢预热温度达到工艺要求的前提下，采用较小的电磁加热器功率输入，随着 废钢持续的加入和冶炼的不断进行，电弧炉200的炉膛内产生的大量高温烟气持续对废钢 预热，温度达到预定温度后可以考虑关闭电磁加热器，同时可以关闭燃料喷枪和助燃氧枪。 [0075]当炉缸内的钢水质量、温度和成分达到目标要求后，驱动炉盖升降装置，将炉盖 203上升一定高度，实现炉盖与炉壁的小间隙分离，驱动与电弧炉200下炉壳框架连接的提 升装置217，倾动下炉壳，利用炉缸底部的出钢口进行出钢操作，将满足后续工艺要求的钢 水浇注入钢水包内，钢包内钢水达到预定质量后，同时炉缸内保留预定的留钢量，调整与下 炉壳框架连接的提升装置，将电弧炉200调整为冶炼状态;在电弧炉2〇〇出钢过程中电磁制 动器121、电磁加热器105、受料漏斗102和加料料篮3〇2可继续对竖井进行废钢加入和废钢 预热，同时预热到预定温度的废钢持续加入炉缸，电极无需进行升降和断电，实现废钢原料 持续加入电弧炉200炉缸。
[0076]如图8所示，上一个出钢操作完成后，废钢持续加热，电极201持续加热，废钢持续 加入熔池中，利用保留的液态钢水继续熔化废钢，废钢持续熔化形成更大的恪池，随着钢水 的继续增加，达到预定钢水质量、温度和成分后可以进行出钢操作，出钢操作完成后电弧炉 200进入下一个冶炼周期。竖井预热器可以实现无间歇持续加料和废钢预热，电弧炉200能 够实现无间歇废钢加入炉缸和电极无间歇加热，冶炼合格的钢水实现稳定周期出钢和预定 的留钢量，满足后续工序的需求。
[0077]其中，在图3至图9中含有炉料501、捕获的炉料502、下落的炉料503、落到炉底的炉 料504和钢液505。另外，为了便于理解和描述，本发明中采用了绝对位置关系进行表述，其 中的方位词“上”表示图1中的上侧方向，“下”表示图1中的下侧方向，“左”表示图1中的左侧 方向，“右”表示图1中的右侧方向。可以理解为本发明使用了阅读本发明的读者的观察视 角。但上述方位词不能理解或解释为是对本发明保护范围的限定。
[0078]以上所述，仅为本发明的具体实施例，不能以其限定发明实施的范围，所以其等同 组件的置换，或依本发明专利保护范围所作的等同变化与修饰，都应仍属于本专利涵盖的 范畴。另外，本发明中的技术特征与技术特征之间、技术特征与技术发明之间、技术发明与 技术发明之间均可以自由组合使用。
Claims (10)
1. 一种炼钢设备，其特征在于，该炼钢设备包括： 竖井预热器（100)，含有竖井（104)、电磁制动器（121)和推料机构（119)，竖井（104)为 上下两端均开放的筒形结构，电磁制动器(121)能够产生磁场使进入竖井（104)内的炼钢原 料停留在竖井(104)内； 电弧炉（200)，含有上下设置的炉盖(203)和炉体（205)，炉体(205)含有上下设置的炉 壁(209)和炉底(215)，炉壁(209)上设有炼钢原料入口，推料机构（119)能够将竖井（104)内 落下的炼钢原料推送入所述炼钢原料入口。
2. 根据权利要求1所述的炼钢设备，其特征在于，竖井预热器（1〇〇)含有两个电磁制动 器（121)，两个电磁制动器（121)对称地设置于竖井（104)的左右两侧，电磁制动器（121)为 电磁铁，电磁制动器（121)含有铁芯（122)和线圈，电磁制动器（121)设置于竖井（104)的下 部外。
3. 根据权利要求1所述的炼钢设备，其特征在于，竖井预热器（1〇〇)还含有电磁加热器 (105) ，电磁加热器（105)能够加热竖井（104)内的炼钢原料，电磁加热器（105)位于竖井 (104)的中部外。
4. 根据权利要求3所述的炼钢设备，其特征在于，竖井预热器（100)还含有燃料喷枪 (106) 和助燃氧枪(123)，燃料喷枪(106)和助燃氧枪(123)均与竖井（104)的井壁连接，燃料 喷枪(106)和助燃氧枪(123)均位于电磁加热器(105)和电磁制动器(121)之间。
5. 根据权利要求1所述的炼钢设备，其特征在于，竖井预热器（100)还含有受料漏斗 (102)，受料漏斗（102)的入口朝上出口朝下，受料漏斗（102)的出口与竖井（104)的上端相 对应，受料漏斗（102)的入口设有上密封滑板(1〇1)，受料漏斗（102)的出口与竖井（104)的 上端之间设有下密封滑板（103)，上密封滑板（101)和下密封滑板（103)均能够沿水平方向 移动。
6. 根据权利要求1所述的炼钢设备，其特征在于，推料机构（119)含有支撑框架（107)、 受料底板（116)、推钢板(115)和推钢驱动部件（120)，受料底板(116)和竖井（104)均与支撑 框架（107)连接固定，支撑框架（107)能够带动受料底板（116)和竖井（104)沿水平方向移 动，受料底板(116)倾斜设置，受料底板(116)的下端与炉壁(209)上的所述炼钢原料入口相 对应，推钢板(115)设置于受料底板(116)上，推钢板(115)能够在受料底板(116)上滑动，推 钢板（115)位于竖井（104)的下方，推钢驱动部件(120)能够将落在推钢板(115)上的炼钢原 料推送入所述炼钢原料入口。
7. 根据权利要求1所述的炼钢设备，其特征在于，推料机构（119)还含有导向辊（112)和 导向辊升降驱动机构，导向辊(112)位于支撑框架（107)内，且导向辊（112)位于所述炼钢原 料入口和竖井（104)的下端之间，导向辊（112)呈水平状态，该导向辊升降驱动机构能够控 制导向辊（112)沿竖直方向移动，所述导向辊升降驱动机构与支撑框架（107)连接，推钢驱 动部件(120)为液压缸，推钢驱动部件(120)通过伸缩杆(117)与推钢板(115)连接。
8. 根据权利要求1所述的炼钢设备，其特征在于，电弧炉(200)的下方设有升降机构，该 升降机构含有上下设置的电极升降平台（213)和提升装置(217)，电极升降平台（213)与炉 体(205)连接固定，提升装置(217)能够驱动电极升降平台（213)和炉体(205)同步升降，电 弧炉(200)的右侧设有旋转升降机构，该旋转升降机构能够驱动炉盖(203)升降及转动。
9. 根据权利要求8所述的炼钢设备，其特征在于，炉壁(209)连接有集束氧枪(208)，炉 盖(203)连接有电极(201)，电极(201)依次通过导电横臂(202)和电极升降装置(214)与电 极升降平台（213)连接，电极升降装置(214)能够驱动电极（201)和导电横臂（2〇2)同步升 降。
10.根据权利要求8所述的炼钢设备，其特征在于，该旋转升降机构含有依次连接的炉 盖支撑框架(206)、承重构件(207)、升降缸(21〇)、旋转装置（211)和旋转底座（212)，炉盖 (203)与炉盖支撑框架（206)连接固定，升降缸（21〇)能够驱动炉盖（203)升降，旋转装置 (211)能够驱动炉盖(203)以升降缸(210)的中心线为轴转动。
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| CN111910037A (zh) * | 2020-08-07 | 2020-11-10 | 唐山中科乾海环保科技有限公司 | 竖炉直接还原装置及其排料方法 |
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| CN109724419A (zh) * | 2019-01-17 | 2019-05-07 | 中冶东方工程技术有限公司 | 一种原料预热装置和原料预热方法 |
| CN111910037A (zh) * | 2020-08-07 | 2020-11-10 | 唐山中科乾海环保科技有限公司 | 竖炉直接还原装置及其排料方法 |
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