CN108605638B - Cultivation and management method for improving quality of Laiyang pear fruit - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of cultivation and management of 'Laiyang pear' and discloses a cultivation and management method for improving the quality of 'Laiyang pear' fruits; building a net rack; pruning, in the first year, building a garden, selecting strong and big seedlings, planting the seedlings at a row spacing of 3m multiplied by 4m, setting the trunk height to be 60-70cm, growing 3-5 new shoots in the current year, selecting and reserving 3 good azimuths with included angles of 120 degrees as main branches for cultivation, and reserving 3-5 leaves on the rest new shoots for repeated pinching; in the second year, the main branches continue to grow, and the main branches are coated with the branching agent or the carved buds in spring to promote lateral branches; in the third year, bud carving or coating of a hair growing agent is carried out on two sides and the lower back of the extension branch of the main branch in spring, and new branches are promoted continuously; in the fourth year, the extended branches of the main branches continue to grow, and new shoots sprouting on the backs of the main branches at the 3-year-old parts are properly erased. The invention increases the light receiving area of the tree body, has high chlorophyll content and strong photosynthesis, improves the utilization rate of light energy and is more beneficial to the formation and accumulation of photosynthetic products.

Description

Cultivation and management method for improving quality of Laiyang pear fruit

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of cultivation and management of Laiyang pear, and particularly relates to a cultivation and management method for improving the quality of Laiyang pear fruits.

Background

Currently, the current state of the art commonly used in the industry is such that:'Laiyang pear' belongs to the plant of the genus Pyricularia of the subfamily Pyricularia of the family Rosaceae and is an excellent germplasm resource in the tobacco platform of Shandong province. The existing old pear orchard mostly adopts the traditional multi-main-branch sparse layered cultivation tree form, the tree body is tall and big, the crown is closed, the branch quantity is overlapped, and the fruit quality and the benefit are gradually reduced. The change of the tree shape and the cultivation mode can influence the light distribution between the canopy inner layers. The tree form is a pear treeOn the basis of high-quality cultivation, predecessors have conducted different researches on the relationship among the tree forms of pear, apple, peach and the like, illumination and fruit yield, but reports on the tree form of 'Laiyang pear' are few. The tree form is closely related to the photosynthesis of fruit trees, wherein the net photosynthetic rate Pn is a direct index for representing the photosynthesis size of the fruit trees, and the net photosynthetic rate Pn is closely related to the tree form. The high-light-effect fruit trees have high light energy utilization capacity and can meet the requirement of the fruit trees on illumination to the maximum extent. Reasonable group structure and individual space distribution, and good illumination system are the key to realize high quality and high yield of fruit trees. The researches of Raney recording and the like consider that different shaping modes can obviously improve the illumination condition in the crown layer of the fruit tree and improve the fruit quality. Researches on Weikinping, Hampson and the like find that the reasonable tree shape can improve the illumination condition in the crown layer of the fruit tree, improve the utilization rate of light energy, and sufficient illumination can influence the dry matter production of the tree body and improve the yield and the quality of fruits.

In summary, the problems of the prior art are as follows:the existing old pear orchard mostly adopts the traditional multi-main-branch sparse tree form cultivation, the tree body is tall and big, the crown is closed, the branch quantity is overlapped, the illumination of the inner chamber is insufficient, the photosynthetic rate is low, the single fruit weight of the fruit is reduced, the content of soluble solid matters and soluble sugar is reduced, the content of titratable acid is increased, the acid fixation ratio and the sugar-acid ratio of the fruit are reduced, and the quality and the benefit of the fruit are gradually reduced.

The difficulty and significance for solving the technical problems are as follows:

difficulty is as follows:

(1) the measures of stem lifting, head dropping and distraction are adopted to reconstruct the tree body, although the branch amount is effectively controlled, the tree vigor, the number, the flower amount and the load capacity are not analyzed in detail during reconstruction, and the tree vigor or the tree body is easily flourished due to uniform branch thinning, stem lifting and head dropping distraction; the tree form transformation speed is too fast and is urgent to be completed, and as a result, the tree body breaks out of strips and the tree form is disordered; the load capacity of the fruit trees can not be reasonably regulated in the process of shaping and pruning, excessive fruit remains, the nutrition consumption of the trees is excessive, the tree vigor is premature, and various matched management measures cannot keep up after modification.

(2) The tree form transformation is time-consuming and increases in investment, the problems of difficulty in flower formation, increase in ineffective branches and the like are easily caused, the labor cost is increased after the tree form transformation, and mechanized and production large-scale operation of an orchard cannot be realized after the transformation.

The significance is as follows: the traditional multi-main-branch evacuation layering shape easily causes crown closure, poor ventilation and light transmission, low high-quality fruit rate and the like, the fruiting layer of a tree body cultivated in a shed is only provided with one layer, the tree body is good in ventilation and light transmission, branches and leaves are evenly distributed and not shaded, the light distribution is even, the light radiation intensity difference is small, the proportion of effective light areas in the crown is increased, the utilization capacity of light energy is high, the requirement of the fruit tree on light can be met to the maximum extent, the photosynthesis capability of the fruit tree is improved, the commodity value of fruits is improved while the fruit quality is improved, the height of the tree body is reduced in the shed cultivation, the management is convenient, such as flower thinning, fruit thinning, artificial pollination, bagging, trimming, medicine spraying and fruit picking, mechanical operation and fine management are facilitated, the working efficiency is improved, and the management is convenient and wind resistant. The mature period of the Laiyang pear is about 10 months later, the shed frame shape can reduce the swing amplitude of branches and prevent fruits from falling off or branches and leaves from being frayed and damaged by wind. The trellis cultivation has obvious advantages under the current form with higher requirement on the quality of pears.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a cultivation management method for improving the quality of Laiyang pear fruit.

The invention is realized in such a way that a cultivation management method for improving the quality of a fruit of 'Laiyang pear', the cultivation management method for improving the quality of a fruit of 'Laiyang pear' comprises the following steps:

step one, building a net rack:

step two, shaping and pruning, building a garden in the first year, selecting strong and large seedlings, planting the seedlings at a row spacing of 3m multiplied by 4m, setting the trunk height to be 60-70cm, growing 3-5 new shoots in the current year, selecting and reserving 3 good directions, culturing the shoots with included angles of 120 degrees as main branches, and reserving 3-5 leaves on the rest new shoots for repeated pinching; in the second year, the main branches continue to grow, and the main branches are coated with the branching agent or the carved buds in spring to promote lateral branches; in the third year, bud carving or coating of a hair growing agent is carried out on two sides and the lower back of the extension branch of the main branch in spring, and new branches are promoted continuously; in the fourth year, the extended branches of the main branches continue to grow, and new shoots sprouting on the backs of the main branches at the 3-year-old parts are properly erased.

Further, the first step specifically includes:

(1) and (3) anchoring the ground: specification of the ground anchor: length × width × height ═ 40cm × 25cm × 15 cm; the length of the stay wire reinforcing steel bar with the hole in the center of the ground anchor is 130 cm; determining central points of four corners of the orchard, and determining 2 ground anchor points from 130cm positions to two sides along each central point, namely determining 3 ground anchor points at each corner of the orchard, and setting one ground anchor point every 5m from the central point along each ground edge; digging a ground anchor pit: the pit depth is 110cm, the length is 60cm, and the width is 50 cm; after the ground anchor is placed, the stay wire steel bar with the hole is exposed out of the ground by 20 cm; when filling soil, pouring water and settling at a position 10cm away from the ground, and building frames after 15 days;

(2) installing corner posts: 14cm × 14cm × 400 cm; lifting the top end of the corner post, and supporting by using a fork rod to ensure that the groove at the upper end of the corner post is vertical to the ground anchor hole; the top end of the corner post is 250cm away from the ground, a base plate pit is dug at the lower end of the corner post, and a base plate is placed. The specification of the backing plate is 40cm multiplied by 12 cm; the total length of the overground part of the corner post is 3.5m, and the corner post is buried 50cm underground; placing the steel strand into the groove of the corner post, and fixing with a No. 8 iron wire; folding one ground anchor line pair into two strands, wherein the two strand ends penetrate through the corner post holes, the other ends penetrate through the two strand end holes around the top ends of the corner posts, and then the two lines respectively penetrate through the ground anchor holes on the two sides and are fixed by steel wire clamps; another anchor wire is tied at the top end of the corner post, and then the anchor wire penetrates through the anchor hole at the central point and is fixed by a steel wire chuck;

(3) tightening a surrounding line: firstly, supporting the enclosing wire by using side columns every 20-30m, tensioning the enclosing wire by using a wire stretcher, overlapping two ends of the enclosing wire for 3m after the enclosing wire is tightened, and fixing by using a clamping head; the height of the surrounding line from the ground is 2.5 m;

(4) main line forward playing: is formed by twisting 7 hot-galvanized steel wires with the diameter of 4.8mm and the diameter of 1.6 mm; paying off by using a paying-off machine, and planting rows along the pear trees with three points and one line during paying off;

(5) placing side columns: firstly, putting the south and north side columns along the tree row, and standing bamboo poles with red flags at the ground anchors at the south and north ends to enable the side columns to form a line; the side column specification is 10cm multiplied by 12cm multiplied by 400 cm; firstly, a 4m long bamboo pole is used, the upper end of the bamboo pole is obliquely lapped on a contour line with the height of 2.5m, an angle of 45 degrees is formed between the bamboo pole and the ground, the buried place of the lower end is found out, and a base plate is placed; the south and north two buried points and the two ground anchor points of each row form a four-point one-line; when erecting the side column, the side column is obliquely buried at an angle of 45 degrees with the ground; the upper end groove is lapped on the surrounding wire and is fixed by a No. 8 iron wire; the lower end of the side column is propped against the buried base plate, the side column is buried underground for 0.5m, the total length of the overground part is 3.5m, and the height of the top end groove from the ground is 2.5 m; a ground anchor wire is tied at the top end of the side column and passes through the ground anchor hole to be fixed by a steel wire clamp; one end of the main line penetrates through the side column hole, is wound by the top of the side column, and the lower part of the main line directly penetrates through the ground anchor hole and is clamped by two clamping heads; the other end is tightened by a tightener and is directly fixed on the ground anchor at the other end after being tightened; after the side columns are erected and the main lines are pulled, a supporting rod is erected at the crossing position of the two main lines, and the specification of the supporting rod is 6cm multiplied by 8cm multiplied by 280 cm; buried under the ground for 30cm and above the ground for 250 cm;

(6) releasing a secondary line: the secondary line uses 2.3mm multiplied by 2.4mm galvanized iron wires according to the area of the orchard; pulling a pair of threads every 1m, longitudinally pulling the threads firstly, and then transversely pulling the threads; the longitudinal and transverse secondary lines alternately pass through the main line from top to bottom and are all arranged on the main line; one side of the secondary wire is fixed first, and the other side of the secondary wire is fixed after being tightened by a tightener.

(7) Setting a protection rod: and (4) respectively burying a protection rod at the side surface of each corner post to protect the corner posts from being inclined.

Further, in the second step, young shoots are attracted beginning in the first 7 th ten days, and are attracted with the trunk at an included angle of 30 degrees; pruning in winter in the first year, and cutting off 1/3-1/4 at the tip of the extension branch of 3 main branches until the filling part.

Further, in the middle and last ten days of 6 months in the second year, the upright 3 main branch extended branches and the trunk are attracted to the shed surface along the main branch extending direction at an angle of 45 degrees, and new shoots sprouting on the side surface and back upper branches with spaces are attracted to the shed surface and form an included angle of 60 degrees with the ground; a large number of axillary buds can be formed on the lateral branches in the same year, and the distance between the axillary buds is 20 cm; in winter, 1/3-1/2 at the tip of the main branch extension branch is cut, 10cm at the tip of the lateral branch is cut, the main branch extension branch is used as a group culture of large-scale bearing branches, the dense lateral branch is thinned, and 1 lateral bearing branch is reserved with the branch amount of 20 cm; throwing branches with the back of less than 30cm, and culturing as small permanent branch groups after fruiting.

Further, in the second 6 th ten days of the third year, the upright 3 main branch extended branches and the trunk are attracted to the shed surface along the main branch extending direction at an angle of 45 degrees, and the young shoots sprouting on the side surface and the back upper branch with a space are attracted to the shed surface to form an included angle of 60 degrees with the ground; 6-8 lateral bearing branches can be formed in the same year; when cutting in winter, the main branch extension branches are cut to the full buds; carrying out extremely heavy truncation or retraction on partial lateral bearing branches at the 1-year-old part of the main branch to the branch part at the base part, promoting new branches to grow as bearing branch groups of the next year; throwing lateral bearing branches formed on 2-year-old parts of the main branch extension branches, continuously throwing branches with the back of the 2-year-old parts being less than 30cm, and culturing small bearing branch groups.

Further, continuing to guide and bind main branch extension branches and lateral branches in summer in the second step, and performing extremely heavy truncation or retraction on partial lateral bearing branches at the 2-year-old parts of the main branches to the base branch positions in winter pruning; and when the tree form culture is basically finished in winter, the total length of the main branches is 3.5-4.0m, and 15-17 fruiting branch groups are grown on each main branch.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a net rack used in the cultivation and management method for improving the quality of the fruit of 'Laiyang pear', the net rack comprising: shed columns, side columns and corner columns;

the canopy post includes: corner columns, side columns, vertical rods and protective rods; corner post: is erected at the four corners of the shed frame; side column: is erected around the shed frame; pole setting: evenly distributed on the central line of the shed frame; rod protection: the side surfaces of the 4 corner posts are respectively provided with a protective rod; the fixing of the corner post needs to be provided with 3 perforated bracing wire reinforcing steel bars, and each bracing wire reinforcing steel bar is provided with a ground anchor. Each side column is provided with 1 ground anchor;

the shed line includes: tightly enclosing the line, the main line and the auxiliary line; tightening a surrounding line: shed surface lines which are positioned around the shed frame and are used for connecting the corner columns and the side columns; the main line is connected with the shed lines of two corresponding side columns of the shed, is connected with the close surrounding line and has a parallel or vertical relationship; the secondary line is connected with the shed lines on two sides of the tight surrounding line of the shed surface and is parallel or vertical to the tight surrounding line.

In summary, the advantages and positive effects of the invention are:the invention increases the light receiving area of the tree body, has high chlorophyll content and strong photosynthesis, improves the utilization rate of light energy, and is more beneficial to the formation and accumulation of photosynthetic productsAnd (6) accumulating. The invention improves the fruit quality and benefit gradually. The relative values of the canopy frame-shaped chlorophyll are sequentially increased from inside to outside, and the difference between the periphery, the middle and the inner chamber is obvious; the relative values of the sparse and layered chlorophyll of the trunks are sequentially increased from inside to outside in the horizontal direction and are obviously different, and are sequentially increased from bottom to top in the vertical direction and are obviously different. The net photosynthetic Pn of the shed frame-shaped periphery is highest, the inner chamber is lowest, the Pn difference between the periphery and the middle part is not obvious, but the ratio difference between the Pn and the inner chamber is obvious; the main stem dispersing and layering shape is sequentially reduced from the periphery to the inner bore and is sequentially reduced from top to bottom, and the difference is obvious, wherein the lowest inner bore Pn is only 8.7 mu mol^-2.s^-1The highest Pn of the upper layer in the vertical direction was 14.6. mu. mol.m^-2.s^-1. The conductivity Gs of the trellis-shaped gas hole is larger than the periphery, the middle part and the inner cavity, and the difference is not obvious; the variation in size of the stem layered Gs is: the difference is not significant when the periphery is larger than the middle part and larger than the inner chamber, and the change trend of Gs in the vertical direction is that the upper layer is larger than the middle part and larger than the lower layer, so that the difference is not significant; shed frame shaped intercellular CO₂The concentration variation trend is as follows: the periphery is less than the middle part and less than the inner cavity, and the difference is not obvious. Layered intercellular CO with main stem evacuation₂The concentration is that the periphery is less than the middle part and less than the inner chamber, the difference between the middle part and the inner chamber is not obvious, the difference is significant with the periphery, the upper layer is less than the middle part and less than the lower layer, and the difference is significant level; the size of the shed frame shaped transpiration rate (Tr) is more than the periphery, the middle part and the inner chamber; the size of the main evacuation layered Gs is changed into: the periphery is larger than the middle part and larger than the inner chamber, the upper layer is larger than the middle part and larger than the lower layer, and the upper layer and the inner chamber achieve significant difference. The weight of the shed-frame-shaped single fruit, the soluble solid, the solid-acid ratio, the sugar-acid ratio and the like gradually increase from the inner bore of the tree crown to the periphery, the soluble solid, the soluble sugar periphery and the inner bore reach obvious difference, titratable acid gradually increases from the periphery to the inner bore, the difference is not obvious, and the hardness difference is not obvious.

The main stems of the invention are dispersed and layered, have single fruit weight and soluble solid, and gradually increase from the inner bore to the outside, and have obvious difference; the content of titratable acid is reduced in sequence, and the difference between the inner cavity and the middle part and the periphery is obvious; the single fruit weight, soluble solid, solid-acid ratio and sugar-acid ratio in the vertical direction change from the upper layer > the middle layer > the lower layer, the titratable acid content of the lower layer is the highest, and the lower layer, the middle layer and the upper layer reach significant difference. The yield of Laiyang pear cultivated by the greenhouse frame cultivation technology is improved by about 30%, the quality is improved, and the method has the technical characteristics that: the height of the net rack is increased by 0.5m compared with the Chinese pear, and the branch pulling angle of the lateral branches is reduced compared with the Chinese pear. While the bearing branches are cultured, bearing preparation branches are cultured, and bearing branch groups are cultured in a space. And after 7-8 years, the main branch extension head is changed, the length of the bone trunk branch is shortened, and the updating of the rear bearing branch is facilitated.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a cultivation management method for improving the quality of a fruit of a 'Laiyang pear' according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Detailed Description

In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.

The following detailed description of the principles of the invention is provided in connection with the accompanying drawings.

As shown in fig. 1, a cultivation management method for improving the quality of a fruit of a 'Laiyang pear' provided by an embodiment of the present invention includes the following steps:

s101: selecting a reasonable tree form, and improving microclimate in the crown;

s102: during tree form management, the volumes of low light areas and no light areas of a crown need to be reduced as much as possible, and the effective photosynthesis of the Laiyang pear is improved.

The net rack used in the cultivation and management method for improving the quality of the fruit of 'Laiyang pear', comprises: shed columns, side columns and corner columns;

the canopy post includes: corner columns, side columns, vertical rods and protective rods; corner post: is erected at the four corners of the shed frame; side column: is erected around the shed frame; pole setting: evenly distributed on the central line of the shed frame; rod protection: the side surfaces of the 4 corner posts are respectively provided with a protective rod; the fixing of the corner post needs to be provided with 3 perforated bracing wire reinforcing steel bars, and each bracing wire reinforcing steel bar is provided with a ground anchor. Each side column is provided with 1 ground anchor;

the shed line includes: tightly enclosing the line, the main line and the auxiliary line; tightening a surrounding line: shed surface lines which are positioned around the shed frame and are used for connecting the corner columns and the side columns; the main line is connected with the shed lines of two corresponding side columns of the shed, is connected with the close surrounding line and has a parallel or vertical relationship; the secondary line is connected with the shed lines on two sides of the tight surrounding line of the shed surface and is parallel or vertical to the tight surrounding line.

The cultivation management method for improving the quality of the fruit of 'Laiyang pear' provided by the embodiment of the invention specifically comprises the following steps:

1. a Laiyang pear net rack building technology:

(1) and (3) anchoring the ground: specification of the ground anchor: length × width × height ═ 40cm × 25cm × 15 cm;

the length of the stay wire reinforcing steel bar with the hole in the center of the ground anchor is 130 cm; the central points of four corners of the orchard are determined, 2 ground anchor points are determined from the central points to 130cm positions on two sides respectively, namely 3 ground anchor points are determined at each corner of the orchard first, and then one ground anchor point is arranged from the central point along each ground edge every 5 m.

Digging a ground anchor pit: the pit depth is 110cm, the length is 60cm, and the width is 50 cm; after the ground anchor is placed, the stay wire steel bar with the hole is exposed out of the ground by 20 cm; when filling soil, pouring water and settling at a position 10cm away from the ground, and building frames after 15 days.

(2) Installing a large corner post: specification: 14cm × 14cm × 400 cm; and lifting the top end of the corner post, and supporting by using a fork rod to ensure that the groove at the upper end of the corner post is vertical to the ground anchor hole. The top end of the corner post is 250cm away from the ground, and then a base plate pit is dug at the lower end of the corner post to place a base plate. The specification of the backing plate is 40cm multiplied by 12 cm. The total length of the overground part of the corner post is 3.5m, and the corner post is buried 50cm underground. The steel strand (the surrounding wire) is placed in the groove of the corner post and then fixed by a No. 8 iron wire. And (3) folding one ground anchor line pair into two strands, wherein the two strand ends penetrate through the corner post holes, the other ends penetrate through the two strand end holes around the top ends of the corner posts, and then the two lines respectively penetrate through the ground anchor holes on the two sides and are fixed by steel wire clamps. And another earth anchor wire is tied at the top end of the corner post and then passes through the earth anchor hole at the central point and is fixed by a steel wire chuck.

(3) Tightening a surrounding line: the method comprises the steps of firstly supporting a surrounding wire (steel strand) at intervals of 20-30m by using side columns, then tensioning the surrounding wire by using a wire stretcher, overlapping two ends of the surrounding wire for 3m after the surrounding wire is tightened, and fixing by using a clamping head. The height of the surrounding line from the ground is 2.5 m.

(4) Main line forward playing: the main wire and the ground anchor wire have the same specification, and are formed by twisting 7 hot-galvanized steel wires with the diameter of 4.8mm, wherein the hot-galvanized steel wires are 1.6 mm. And (4) paying off by using a paying-off machine, and planting rows along the pear trees with three points and one line during paying off. The south-north and east-west main lines alternately run up and down.

(5) Side column (stay): first, the north and south side columns along the tree are placed. Bamboo poles with red flags are erected at the ground anchors at the north and south ends, so that the side columns form a line. The side column specification is 10cm × 12cm × 400 cm. A4 m long bamboo pole is used, the upper end of the bamboo pole is obliquely lapped on a contour line with the height of 2.5m, an angle of 45 degrees is formed between the upper end of the bamboo pole and the ground, the buried place of the lower end of the bamboo pole is found out, and a cushion plate is placed. The south and north two buried points of each row and the two ground anchor points form a four-point one-line. When erecting the side column, the side column is obliquely buried at an angle of 45 degrees with the ground. The upper end groove is lapped on the surrounding wire and is fixed by a No. 8 iron wire; the lower end of the side column is propped against the buried base plate, the side column is buried underground for 0.5m, the total length of the overground part is 3.5m, and the height of the top end groove from the ground is 2.5 m. And a ground anchor wire is tied at the top end of the side column and passes through the ground anchor hole to be fixed by a steel wire chuck. One end of the main line penetrates through the side column hole, is wound by the top of the side column, and the lower part of the main line directly penetrates through the ground anchor hole and is clamped by two clamping heads. The other end is tightened by a tightener and is directly fixed on the ground anchor at the other end after being tightened. After the side columns are erected and the main lines are pulled, the supporting rods are erected at the crossing positions of the two main lines, and the specification of the supporting rods is 6cm multiplied by 8cm multiplied by 280 cm. Buried 30cm underground and 250cm above ground.

(6) Releasing a secondary line: the secondary line uses 2.3mm multiplied by 2.4mm galvanized iron wire according to the area of the orchard. And pulling a pair of threads every 1m or so, and pulling longitudinally and then transversely. The longitudinal and transverse secondary lines alternately pass through the main line from top to bottom. One side of the secondary wire is fixed first, and the other side of the secondary wire is fixed after being tightened by a tightener.

(7) Setting a protection rod: and (4) respectively burying a protection rod at the side surface of each corner post to protect the corner posts from being inclined.

II, shaping and trimming:

in the first year, a garden is built, robust large seedlings are selected, the row spacing of the planted seedlings is 3m multiplied by 4m, the trunk fixation height is 60-70cm, 3-5 new shoots are produced in the same year, 3 good shoots with included angles of 120 degrees are selected and reserved as main branches for cultivation, and 3-5 leaves are reserved for the rest new shoots for repeated pinching. In the last ten days of 7 months, the young shoots begin to be attracted, the branches of the 'Laiyang pear' are soft and easily fall on the back, so that the young shoots are attracted at an included angle of 30 degrees with the trunk, and the advantages of the front ends of the main branches are kept. Pruning in winter in the first year, and cutting off 1/3-1/4 at the tip of the extension branch of 3 main branches until the filling part.

In the next year, the main branches continue to grow, and the main branches are coated with the branching agent or the carved buds in spring to promote the lateral branches. In the middle and late ten days of 6 months, upright 3 main branch extended branches and a trunk are attracted to the shed surface along the main branch extending direction at an angle of 45 degrees, and new shoots sprouting on the side surface and back upper branches at a space are attracted to the shed surface and form an included angle of 60 degrees with the ground. A large number of axillary buds can be formed on the lateral branches in the same year, and the distance between the axillary buds is about 20 cm. In winter, 1/3-1/2 at the tip of the main branch extension branch is cut, about 10cm at the tip of the lateral branch is cut, the main branch extension branch is used for group culture of large-scale bearing branches, the excessive lateral branch is removed, 1 lateral bearing branch is preferably left with the branch amount of about 20cm, and 8-10 lateral bearing branches can be formed generally. Throwing branches with the back of less than 30cm, and culturing as small permanent branch groups after fruiting.

In the third year, buds are carved on two sides and the lower back of the main branch extended branches or the branch is smeared with a germinant in spring, new branches are promoted continuously, the main branch extended branches grow continuously, in the middle and the lower ten days of 6 months, the upright 3 main branch extended branches and the trunk are attracted to the shed surface along the main branch extending direction at an angle of 45 degrees, and new tips of lateral buds and spatial upper back branches are attracted to the shed surface and form an included angle of 60 degrees with the ground. 6-8 lateral bearing branches can be formed in the same year. Therefore, the lateral branch of the 2-year-old part of the main branch extension branch can also form a large number of axillary buds in the same year. When in winter pruning, the main branch prolonged branches are cut to the full buds, and as the fruiting varieties of the long fruit branches of the Laiyang pear genus need to be cultured and the fruiting prepared branches need to be cultivated, the partial lateral bearing branches of the 1-year-old part of the main branch need to be extremely shortened or retracted to the base branch, so as to promote the generation of new branches. And culturing as the bearing branch group of the next year. Throwing lateral bearing branches formed on 2-year-old parts of the main branch extension branches, continuously throwing branches with the back of the 2-year-old parts being less than 30cm, and culturing small bearing branch groups.

In the fourth year, the extension branch of the main branch continues to grow, and new shoots sprouting on the back of the main branch at the 3-year-old part are properly erased, so that the fruiting part with strong front and weak back is prevented from moving outwards. And continuously drawing the main branch extension branches and the side branches in summer, and performing extremely heavy truncation or retraction on partial side bearing branches of the 2-year-old parts of the main branches to the base branch parts during winter pruning to alternately bear fruits. And when the tree form culture is basically finished in winter, the total length of the main branches is 3.5-4.0m, and 15-17 fruiting branch groups are grown on each main branch. Due to the characteristics of short life of the branch group and new branch bearing, extended medium and large branch groups are more utilized at the place with larger crown space, and the bearing capacity is fully exerted. When the posterior baldness is too serious after bearing fruits for many years, the branch groups are updated. Retraction is not hasty until the resulting capacity is not reduced. The renewal branches on the back of the main branch should be fully utilized and should not be removed at will.

The yield of the Laiyang pear planting technology is improved by about 30%, the quality is improved, and the method has the technical characteristics that: the height of the net rack is increased by 0.5m compared with the Chinese pear, and the branch pulling angle of the lateral branches is reduced compared with the Chinese pear. While the bearing branches are cultured, bearing preparation branches are cultured, and bearing branch groups are cultured in a space.

The application of the principles of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to specific embodiments.

Example 1

The test is carried out in 2017 in Laiyang city of tobacco terrace of Shandong province according to Wangzhuang, the variety of pear is Laiyang pear', the pear is divided into two tree forms of a greenhouse frame shape and a main stem sparse and layered shape, the row spacing of the greenhouse frame-shaped plants is 3 multiplied by 5m, the main stem sparse and layered plant row spacing is 3 multiplied by 4m, 5 plants are selected from each tree form, and the test is repeated for 3 times in a single plant plot. The two kinds of tree-shaped pear trees are cultivated in the same orchard, and the management methods are consistent.

Measurement method

And (3) investigating tree phase indexes: measuring the tree height, the crown width, the trunk thickness and the like of the two tree forms by using a meter ruler, measuring the thickness of the young shoots by using an electronic vernier caliper, and counting the number of the nutrient branches and the number of the fruiting branches.

And (4) measuring the content of chlorophyll. And in 2017, 9, 8 and 8, measuring the chlorophyll content by using a SPAD chlorophyll rapid measuring instrument.

And (4) measuring the photosynthetic physiological indexes. 9/8/2017, 9/am: 00 to 11:00 net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr) were measured using LI-6400 photosynthesizer.

And (3) measuring the fruit quality: and harvesting the fruits at the mature stage. The canopy frame shape selects the horizontal direction of the main branch to be away from the base part (50 cm away from the central trunk), the middle part (51-100 cm away from the central trunk) of the central trunk and the lower part of the extension branch of the main branch for sampling. The main stem is sparse and layered, and the sampling is carried out in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction, and the main branches extending in the inter-row direction are selected in the horizontal direction and sampled according to the shed frame. The vertical branch direction is sampling on the fruit branch group along the central trunk, dividing the fruit branch group into a vertical lower part (50-100 cm away from the ground), a vertical middle part (101-150 cm away from the ground) and a vertical upper part (more than 150cm away from the ground), and collecting 10 fruits at each part to determine and analyze the quality of the fruits.

Weighing the single fruit by using an electronic balance with the precision of 1 percent, and then calculating the average value of the single fruit; directly measuring the longitudinal diameter and the transverse diameter of the fruit by using a vernier caliper, wherein the ratio of the longitudinal diameter to the transverse diameter is the fruit shape index; the hardness of the fruits was measured by a hardness meter after peeling, 3 parts per fruit were measured, and the average value was taken.

The soluble solid is measured by a handheld sugar measuring instrument, the solid-acid ratio is represented by the ratio of the content of the soluble solid to the content of titratable acid, the content of soluble sugar is measured by referring to the measuring method of NY/T2742-2015 fruit and soluble sugar of products, the sugar-acid ratio is represented by the ratio of the content of the soluble sugar to the content of titratable acid, the titratable acidity is measured by an acid-base titration method, and the result is calculated in percentage.

Analysis of results

Tree facies index analysis

The growth amount and the branching force of the young shoots are important indexes for measuring the tree vigor of the fruit trees. The number of main branches of the sparse and layered trunk is obviously higher than that of the main branches of the shed frame, the two tree forms mainly take the short fruit branch as the fruit bearing, and the sparse and layered trunk of 1-year-old branches is 16.99 percent higher than that of the shed frame.

TABLE 1 comparison of the canopy shape of Laiyang pear and the tree shape of the sparse and stratified trunk

Photosynthesis parameter and chlorophyll relative value analysis

The amount of chlorophyll content reflects the amount of light energy absorbed by the tree and the amount of carbohydrates accumulated by photosynthesis. The chlorophyll content is high, and the general tree body is strong. The difference in relative values between the two kinds of chlorophyll trees is shown in Table 2Not large. The shed frame shape is sequentially raised from inside to outside, and the difference between the periphery, the middle part and the inner chamber is obvious; the horizontal direction of the evacuation layering of the trunks is sequentially increased from inside to outside, the difference is obvious, and the horizontal direction is sequentially increased from bottom to top in the vertical direction, the difference is obvious. As seen from Table 2, the net photosynthetic Pn of the trellis-shaped periphery is the highest, the bore is the lowest, and the Pn of the periphery and the middle part is not obviously different but is obviously different from the bore ratio; the main stem dispersing and layering shape is sequentially reduced from the periphery to the inner bore and is sequentially reduced from top to bottom, and the difference is obvious, wherein the lowest inner bore Pn is only 8.7 mu mol^-2.s^-1The highest Pn of the upper layer in the vertical direction was 14.6. mu. mol.m^-2.s^-1。

The pores being CO₂Enters the plant body, and the water vapor escapes from the main channel of the plant body, and the opening degree is adjusted according to the change of the environmental conditions to influence the photosynthesis of the plant. The conductivity Gs of the trellis-shaped gas hole is larger than the periphery, the middle part and the inner cavity, and the difference is not obvious; the variation in size of the stem layered Gs is: the difference is not significant when the periphery is larger than the middle part and larger than the inner chamber, and the change trend of Gs in the vertical direction is that the upper layer is larger than the middle part and larger than the lower layer, so that the difference is not significant;

shed frame shaped intercellular CO₂The concentration variation trend is as follows: the periphery is less than the middle part and less than the inner cavity, and the difference is not obvious. The concentration of the main stem evacuation layered intercellular CO2 is that the periphery is less than the middle part and less than the inner bore, the difference between the middle part and the inner bore is not significant, the difference is significant from the periphery, the upper layer is less than the middle part and less than the lower layer, and the difference is significant level;

the transpiration rate reflects the rate at which the blades lose moisture. The size of the shed frame shaped transpiration rate (Tr) is more than the periphery, the middle part and the inner chamber; the size of the main evacuation layered Gs is changed into: the periphery is larger than the middle part and larger than the inner chamber, the upper layer is larger than the middle part and larger than the lower layer, and the upper layer and the inner chamber achieve significant difference.

Table 2 different parts of chlorophyll and photosynthesis parameters of the canopy frame of the Laiyang pear

TABLE 3 Laiyang pear trunk layered different parts chlorophyll and photosynthesis parameters

Fruit quality analysis of different fruiting parts of two tree forms

The fruit quality of different parts of the tree crown of the Laiyang pear is different. The weight of the shed-frame-shaped single fruit, the soluble solid, the solid-acid ratio, the sugar-acid ratio and the like gradually increase from the periphery of the crown to the inner bore, the periphery of the soluble solid and the soluble sugar and the inner bore achieve significant difference, titratable acid gradually decreases from the periphery to the inner bore, the difference is not significant, and the hardness difference is not significant.

The trunks are dispersed and layered, and the weight of single fruits and soluble solids are gradually increased from the inner chamber to the outside, and the difference is obvious; the content of titratable acid is reduced in sequence, and the difference between the inner cavity and the middle part and the periphery is obvious; the single fruit weight, soluble solid, solid-acid ratio and sugar-acid ratio in the vertical direction change from the upper layer > the middle layer > the lower layer, the titratable acid content of the lower layer is the highest, and the lower layer, the middle layer and the upper layer reach significant difference.

TABLE 4 comparison of fruit quality at different fruiting parts of Laiyang pear trellis

TABLE 5 comparison of fruit qualities at layered different fruiting parts of Laiyang pear trunk

The skeleton structure composed of different tree branches can affect micro environments such as illumination distribution and ventilation conditions in the crown of the fruit tree to a certain extent, and further the development of fruits is affected. The light receiving area of the tree body is increased, the chlorophyll content is high, the photosynthesis is strong, the utilization rate of light energy is improved, and the formation and accumulation of photosynthetic products are facilitated. Therefore, the selection of reasonable tree forms and the improvement of microclimate in the tree crown are very important. In the test, the net photosynthetic Pn of the fruit of the base of the main branch of the different parts of the canopy-shaped Laiyang pear is slightly higher than that of the middle part of the canopy-shaped Laiyang pearThe photosynthetic Pn is higher than the tip of the main branch, and the middle part and the tip of the photosynthetic Pn reach significant difference, which is probably related to the vigorous growth of the branch tips at the base part of the main branch of the trellis pear in China. Zhang Qi (Qi Zhang)^[18]Research shows that the light intensity of the fusiform Korla pear tree crown decreases progressively from the periphery to the inner chamber and from the upper layer to the lower layer. In the invention, the net photosynthetic total amount of the lower part and the inner bore leaf of the sparse and stratified crown of the 'Laiyang pear' is very low, the middle part and the middle part reach significant difference, and the middle part and the periphery and upper layer of the net photosynthetic reach significant difference, which shows that illumination is one of the main factors influencing the net photosynthesis of the 'Laiyang pear'. Therefore, the volume of the low light area and the no light area of the tree crown needs to be reduced as much as possible during tree management, and the effective photosynthesis of the Laiyang pear is improved.

Researches show that the trellis-shaped pear leaves are more beneficial to the acceptance and utilization of light energy, so that the fruit quality is influenced, and the fruit quality is also an important index for measuring the tree shape. The research of Li' ming et al on different crowns of pears shows that the quality of fruits at different levels in the same tree crown of the pear tree has difference, the weight of a single fruit, soluble solid matters and the like gradually increase from the lower part to the upper part of the crown, and the difference reaches a remarkable level. In the experiment, the indexes of the fruits with the main trunks scattered in the layered periphery and the upper layer have less quality indexes, and the indexes of the fruits with the main trunks at the inner bore and the lower layer of the tree crown have more quality indexes with obvious differences, which fully explains the obvious effect of illumination on the quality indexes of the fruits. By observing the fruit quality indexes of all levels, the average single fruit weight is generally the largest at the upper layer, the minimum at the lower layer and the bore, the soluble solid matter, the total sugar and the like are generally higher at the upper layer than at the lower layer of the crown, and the difference between the indexes of the single fruit weight and the soluble solid matter of the canopy frame-shaped Laiyang pear' is smaller, which indicates that the canopy frame shape is more favorable for the production of high-quality pears. The shed frame has high trunk, good ventilation and light transmission, and the fruiting parts are distributed almost in a plane, and the results show that the relative illumination intensity of the main fruiting parts of the shed frame can basically meet the requirement of producing high-quality fruits. The research of Wutao and the like on the structural characteristics of the canopy layer of the ample flow pear shows that the internal illumination of the canopy frame-shaped canopy is superior to the layered shape of the main stem, the fruit quality is higher, the fruit quality of the canopy frame-shaped pear is superior to the sparse layered shape of the main stem, and the canopy frame-shaped canopy and the fruit have obvious difference in the transportation distribution of nutrition besides good illumination conditions of the canopy frame shape. The shed frame has no central trunk, controls the top advantages of the tree body, inhibits the nutrient consumption of the growth of the branches and the trunks of the tree body, and enables more nutrients to be transported to the fruits. The shed frame is easy to grow branches, the branches are easy to renew, the flower buds are good in quality, and large fruits are easy to produce.

The test result shows that the illumination of the sparse layered inner chamber of the trunk is insufficient, the photosynthetic rate is low, the output of photosynthetic products is also less, and therefore excessive fruits are not suitable to be left at the lower part of the fruit tree. The difference of the photosynthetic rate of different parts of the canopy-shaped crown is small, the canopy-shaped bearing branches are horizontal, the growth is basically balanced, the illumination is sufficient, the photosynthetic capacity is higher, the difference of the internal quality of the fruit is small, and the canopy-shaped bearing branches are suitable for producing high-quality high-grade pome.

The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. A cultivation and management method for improving the quality of fruits of 'Laiyang pear', which is characterized in that the cultivation and management method for improving the quality of fruits of 'Laiyang pear' comprises the following steps:

step one, building a net rack;

step two, shaping and pruning, building a garden in the first year, selecting strong and large seedlings, planting the seedlings at a row spacing of 3m multiplied by 4m, setting the trunk height to be 60-70cm, growing 3-5 new shoots in the current year, selecting and reserving 3 good directions, culturing the shoots with included angles of 120 degrees as main branches, and reserving 3-5 leaves on the rest new shoots for repeated pinching; in the second year, the main branches continue to grow, and the main branches are coated with the branching agent or the carved buds in spring to promote lateral branches; in the third year, bud carving or coating of a hair growing agent is carried out on two sides and the lower back of the extension branch of the main branch in spring, and new branches are promoted continuously; in the fourth year, the extended branches of the main branches continue to grow, and new shoots sprouting on the backs of the main branches at the 3-year-old parts are properly erased;

the first step specifically comprises:

(1) and (3) anchoring the ground: specification of the ground anchor: length × width × height ═ 40cm × 25cm × 15 cm; the length of the stay wire reinforcing steel bar with the hole in the center of the ground anchor is 130 cm; determining central points of four corners of the orchard, and determining 2 ground anchor points from 130cm positions to two sides along each central point, namely determining 3 ground anchor points at each corner of the orchard, and setting one ground anchor point every 5m from the central point along each ground edge; digging a ground anchor pit: the pit depth is 110cm, the length is 60cm, and the width is 50 cm; after the ground anchor is placed, the stay wire steel bar with the hole is exposed out of the ground by 20 cm; when filling soil, pouring water and settling at a position 10cm away from the ground, and building frames after 15 days;

(2) installing a large corner post: 14cm × 14cm × 400 cm; lifting the top end of the corner post, and supporting by using a fork rod to ensure that the groove at the upper end of the corner post is vertical to the ground anchor hole; the top end of the corner post is 250cm away from the ground, a base plate pit is dug at the lower end of the corner post, and a base plate is placed; the specification of the backing plate is 40cm multiplied by 12 cm; the total length of the overground part of the corner post is 3.5m, and the corner post is buried 50cm underground; placing the steel strand into the groove of the corner post, and fixing with a No. 8 iron wire; folding one ground anchor line pair into two strands, wherein the two strand ends penetrate through the corner post holes, the other ends penetrate through the two strand end holes around the top ends of the corner posts, and then the two lines respectively penetrate through the ground anchor holes on the two sides and are fixed by steel wire clamps; another anchor wire is tied at the top end of the corner post, and then the anchor wire penetrates through the anchor hole at the central point and is fixed by a steel wire chuck;

(3) tightening a surrounding line: firstly, supporting the enclosing wire by using side columns every 20-30m, tensioning the enclosing wire by using a wire stretcher, overlapping two ends of the enclosing wire for 3m after the enclosing wire is tightened, and fixing by using a clamping head; the height of the surrounding line from the ground is 2.5 m;

(4) main line forward playing: is formed by twisting 7 hot-galvanized steel wires with the diameter of 4.8mm and the diameter of 1.6 mm; paying off by using a paying-off machine, and planting rows along the pear trees with three points and one line during paying off;

(5) placing side columns: firstly, putting the south and north side columns along the tree row, and standing bamboo poles with red flags at the ground anchors at the south and north ends to enable the side columns to form a line; the side column specification is 10cm multiplied by 12cm multiplied by 400 cm; firstly, a 4m long bamboo pole is used, the upper end of the bamboo pole is obliquely lapped on a contour line with the height of 2.5m, an angle of 45 degrees is formed between the bamboo pole and the ground, the buried place of the lower end is found out, and a base plate is placed; the south and north two buried points and the two ground anchor points of each row form a four-point one-line; when erecting the side column, the side column is obliquely buried at an angle of 45 degrees with the ground; the upper end groove is lapped on the surrounding wire and is fixed by a No. 8 iron wire; the lower end of the side column is propped against the buried base plate, the side column is buried underground for 0.5m, the total length of the overground part is 3.5m, and the height of the top end groove from the ground is 2.5 m; a ground anchor wire is tied at the top end of the side column and passes through the ground anchor hole to be fixed by a steel wire clamp; one end of the main line penetrates through the side column hole, is wound by the top of the side column, and the lower part of the main line directly penetrates through the ground anchor hole and is clamped by two clamping heads; the other end is tightened by a tightener and is directly fixed on the ground anchor at the other end after being tightened; after the side columns are erected and the main lines are pulled, a supporting rod is erected at the crossing position of the two main lines, and the specification of the supporting rod is 6cm multiplied by 8cm multiplied by 280 cm; buried under the ground for 30cm and above the ground for 250 cm;

(6) releasing a secondary line: the secondary line uses 2.3mm multiplied by 2.4mm galvanized iron wires according to the area of the orchard; drawing one pair of threads every 1m, firstly drawing longitudinally and then drawing transversely; the longitudinal and transverse secondary lines alternately pass through the main line from top to bottom and are all arranged on the main line; one side of the secondary line is fixed, and the other side of the secondary line is fixed after being tightened by a tightener;

(7) setting a protection rod: and (4) respectively burying a protection rod at the side surface of each corner post to protect the corner posts from being inclined.

2. The cultivation and management method for improving the quality of the fruit of "Laiyang pear" according to claim 1, wherein in the second first year in the last 7 th month, a young sprout is induced, the young sprout is induced at an included angle of 30 ° with the main trunk; pruning in winter in the first year, and cutting off 1/3-1/4 at the tip of the extension branch of 3 main branches until the filling part.

3. The cultivation and management method for improving the quality of the fruit of "Laiyang pear" as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the second 6 th month, the upright 3 main branch extended branches and the trunk are attracted to the shed surface along the main branch extension direction at an angle of 45 degrees, and new shoots sprouting on the lateral surface and back upper branches at a spatial position are attracted to the shed surface at an included angle of 60 degrees with the ground; a large number of axillary buds can be formed on the lateral branches in the same year, and the distance between the axillary buds is 20 cm; in winter, 1/3-1/2 at the tip of the main branch extension branch is cut, 10cm at the tip of the lateral branch is cut, the main branch extension branch is used as a group culture of large-scale bearing branches, the dense lateral branch is thinned, and 1 lateral bearing branch is reserved with the branch amount of 20 cm; throwing branches with the back of less than 30cm, and culturing as small permanent branch groups after fruiting.

4. The cultivation and management method for improving the quality of the fruit of "Laiyang pear" as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the second third year, in the first 6 th month, the upright 3 main branch extended branches and the trunk are attracted to the shed surface along the main branch extension direction at an angle of 45 degrees, and new shoots sprouting on the lateral surface and back upper branches at a spatial position are attracted to the shed surface at an included angle of 60 degrees with the ground; 6-8 lateral bearing branches can be formed in the same year; when cutting in winter, the main branch extension branches are cut to the full buds; carrying out extremely heavy truncation or retraction on partial lateral bearing branches at the 1-year-old part of the main branch to the branch part at the base part, promoting new branches to grow as bearing branch groups of the next year; throwing lateral bearing branches formed on 2-year-old parts of the main branch extension branches, continuously throwing branches with the back of the 2-year-old parts being less than 30cm, and culturing small bearing branch groups.

5. The cultivation and management method for improving the quality of the fruit of 'Laiyang pear' as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the second and fourth years, the main branch extension branch and the lateral branch are continuously attached in summer, and when the fruit branches are cut in winter, the partial lateral bearing fruit branches of the 2-year-old part of the main branch are cut down or retracted to the base branch; when the tree form culture is finished in winter, the total length of the main branches is 3.5-4.0m, and 15-17 fruiting branch groups are grown on each main branch;

the cultivation and management method for improving the quality of the fruit of 'Laiyang pear' further comprises a net rack, wherein the net rack comprises: shed columns, side columns and corner columns;

the canopy post includes: corner columns, side columns, vertical rods and protective rods; corner post: is erected at the four corners of the shed frame; side column: is erected around the shed frame; pole setting: evenly distributed on the central line of the shed frame; rod protection: the side surfaces of the 4 corner posts are respectively provided with a protective rod; 3 perforated bracing wire reinforcing steel bars are required to be configured for fixing the corner posts, each side post is provided with a ground anchor, and each side post is provided with 1 ground anchor;

the shed line includes: tightly enclosing the line, the main line and the auxiliary line; tightening a surrounding line: shed surface lines which are positioned around the shed frame and are used for connecting the corner columns and the side columns; the main line is connected with the shed lines of two corresponding side columns of the shed, is connected with the close surrounding line and has a parallel or vertical relationship; the secondary line is connected with the shed lines on two sides of the tight surrounding line of the shed surface and is parallel or vertical to the tight surrounding line.

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