CN108453387B - Coaxial composite welding method of ultrahigh-power laser and multi-tungsten-electrode magnetic control rotating electric field - Google Patents

Coaxial composite welding method of ultrahigh-power laser and multi-tungsten-electrode magnetic control rotating electric field Download PDF

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CN108453387B
CN108453387B CN201810169565.0A CN201810169565A CN108453387B CN 108453387 B CN108453387 B CN 108453387B CN 201810169565 A CN201810169565 A CN 201810169565A CN 108453387 B CN108453387 B CN 108453387B
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electric field
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electrode
direct current
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CN108453387A (en
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孙谦
周军
黄瑞生
雷振
王威
李小宇
杨义成
邹吉鹏
梁晓梅
曹浩
蒋宝
聂鑫
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Harbin Research Institute of Welding
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/346Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in combination with welding or cutting covered by groups B23K5/00 - B23K25/00, e.g. in combination with resistance welding
    • B23K26/348Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring in combination with welding or cutting covered by groups B23K5/00 - B23K25/00, e.g. in combination with resistance welding in combination with arc heating, e.g. TIG [tungsten inert gas], MIG [metal inert gas] or plasma welding

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Abstract

The invention relates to a coaxial composite welding method of ultrahigh-power laser and a multi-tungsten-electrode magnetic control rotating electric field. In the welding of medium and thick plates by ultrahigh power laser, the welding is very unstable due to the violent heat energy conversion effect, and the problems of air holes, cracks and the like are easy to occur. The invention is characterized in that: a coaxial direct current magnetic field and a multi-tungsten electrode direct current electric field which is symmetrically distributed annularly are added right above an ultrahigh power laser welding small hole, the coaxial direct current magnetic field and the multi-tungsten electrode direct current electric field are combined up and down to form an electric field which can be coaxially and directionally stirred and is weakly compounded with a laser beam, and the method comprises the following steps: A10-500V direct current electric field is applied between a workpiece and tungsten electrodes, the multiple tungsten electrodes are composed of 4 or more than 4 tungsten electrodes, each tungsten electrode has the same potential, the length of a pair of symmetrically distributed tungsten electrodes is slightly longer by about 1-3 mm, the head of each tungsten electrode points inwards to the vicinity of the edge of a laser welding small hole and is filled with coaxial protective gas, and a direct current magnetic field is additionally arranged above the electric field. The invention is used for the coaxial composite welding method of the ultrahigh power laser and the multi-tungsten-pole magnetic control rotating electric field.

Description

Coaxial composite welding method of ultrahigh-power laser and multi-tungsten-electrode magnetic control rotating electric field
The technical field is as follows:
the invention relates to an ultra-high power laser + multi-tungsten-pole magnetic control rotating electric field coaxial composite welding technology, in particular to an ultra-high power laser and multi-tungsten-pole magnetic control rotating electric field coaxial composite welding method.
Background art:
at present, in the welding of medium and thick plates by ultrahigh-power laser (the thickness of a weldment is more than 8 mm), the welding process is very unstable due to the excessively violent heat energy conversion effect, and the welding problems of air holes, cracks, splashing, forming and the like are easy to occur. Meanwhile, under the interference of severe plasma plume and metal vapor, the conversion efficiency of laser power to fusion depth is far lower than that of a kilowatt-level laser, and the defects can seriously influence the popularization and application of the kilowatt-level laser technology;
the appearance of the ten-kilowatt laser injects a new concept into a conventional laser heat source mode and welding characteristics, and because a high-power laser heat source can well realize the high-efficiency and high-quality connection of a thick-wall high-performance metal material, the application potential of the ten-kilowatt laser is increasingly highlighted, and the ten-kilowatt laser becomes an important method for welding the high-performance metal material of the current high-end equipment.
The invention content is as follows:
the invention aims to provide a coaxial composite welding method of ultrahigh-power laser and a multi-tungsten-pole magnetic control rotating electric field.
The above purpose is realized by the following technical scheme:
a coaxial composite welding method of ultrahigh power laser and multi-tungsten-electrode magnetic control rotating electric field is characterized in that: a coaxial direct current magnetic field and a direct current electric field which is symmetrically and annularly distributed by a plurality of tungsten electrodes are additionally arranged right above an ultrahigh-power laser welding small hole, the coaxial direct current magnetic field and the direct current electric field are combined in an up-down mode to form an electric field which can be coaxially and directionally stirred and are weakly compounded with a laser beam, and the method comprises the following specific steps:
firstly, a 10-500V direct current electric field is applied between a workpiece and tungsten electrodes, the electric field potential range can be expanded properly according to the special requirements of different welding materials and processes, the tungsten electrodes are connected with a power supply cathode, the workpiece is connected with a power supply anode, the multiple tungsten electrodes are composed of 4 or more than 4 tungsten electrodes, each tungsten electrode has the same potential, the tungsten electrodes are symmetrically and annularly distributed right above a laser welding small hole, but the lengths of the tungsten electrodes are not completely consistent, the length of one pair of the symmetrically distributed tungsten electrodes is slightly longer than about 1-3 mm, the head of each tungsten electrode is inwards directed to the vicinity of the edge of the laser welding small hole and is filled with coaxial protective gas, secondly, a direct current magnetic field is additionally arranged above the electric field, the current regulation range is generally 0-50A (a permanent magnet can be selected to replace under the condition that the welding materials and the processes are fixed), under the action of the multiple tungsten electrode electric field during laser welding, 2 electric arcs are formed between the longer tungsten electrode and the workpiece, and then the coaxial direct current magnetic field is used for guiding the longer tungsten electrode and the workpiece to form 2 electric arcs which rotate directionally, wherein the frequency of the electric arcs is 0-500 Hz;
the multiple tungsten electrodes have the same potential, and a pair of symmetrically distributed tungsten electrodes are slightly long in length, so that during welding, arcs are firstly ignited on the tungsten electrodes, the current directions are all from a workpiece to the tungsten electrodes, under the action of respective current magnetic fields, 2 symmetrical arcs attract each other, an anode spot is converged near the edge of a laser small hole, then the 2 arcs are guided downwards under the guidance of the coaxial direct current magnetic fields, the 2 arcs are directionally deflected at the same time, and the arc anode spot makes directional circular motion along the edge of the laser small hole, wherein the arc length is continuously increased in the process until an arc cathode spot jumps from the head of the original tungsten electrode to the tungsten electrode which is closer to the anode spot and has larger electric potential energy, and directional rotating arcs are formed through circular motion;
in the laser welding process, positive ions in the plasma are guided to move towards the tungsten electrode in an accelerated manner by an external electric field with higher potential, negative ions move towards the laser welding small holes and the workpiece in an accelerated manner, charged particles move directionally and current is formed between the workpiece and the tungsten electrode, metal steam sprayed from the small holes can be quickly ionized to form positive and negative ions, the ionized metal steam can be quickly evacuated in the same manner, the interference of the plasma and the metal steam to laser is reduced, the penetration is increased, and the welding stability is improved; in addition, in a magnetic field formed by the directional movement of an electric field and charged particles, the tracks of a large number of negative electrons in laser plasma in the laser welding small holes are changed under the actions of coulomb force and Lorentz force to bombard the inner walls and the adjacent areas of the laser welding small holes again, so that the inner walls of the laser welding small holes absorb the heat energy of the electronic surfaces to increase, the diameters of the laser welding small holes are uniformly increased, the stability is improved, and the effects of reducing the air hole tendency, reducing the pressure fluctuation amplitude in the laser welding small holes and reducing the splashing are;
on one hand, the multi-tungsten-electrode magnetic control rotating electric field can guide the plasmas and ionized metal steam outside the hole to separate from the original jet track and rotate along the vertebral surface for dissipation, effectively disperses the plasmas and the metal steam on a laser beam channel, and reduces the scattering and absorption effects on the laser; on the other hand, 2 symmetrical arcs formed by the tungsten electrode mutually contract, anode spots of the arcs are converged near the laser small hole and synchronously rotate, the compressed arcs are played, the efficiency of a heat source is improved, the stability of the arcs is enhanced, the upper opening area of the laser small hole is increased, and the welding stability is improved.
The coaxial composite welding method of the ultrahigh power laser and the multi-tungsten-pole magnetic control rotating electric field is characterized in that 2 electric arcs which rotate directionally are generated between the annularly distributed multi-tungsten-pole direct current electric field and a welding workpiece by the coaxial direct current magnetic field.
According to the ultrahigh-power laser and multi-tungsten-electrode magnetic control rotating electric field coaxial composite welding method, the range of the negative electrode of the power supply is-10 to-450V (the potential range can be properly expanded according to special requirements of different welding materials and processes), the range of the positive electrode of the power supply is 0 to 50V, the radius of the multi-tungsten-electrode annular distribution is 1 to 10mm, the radius is the position of the head of the tungsten electrode, and the total airflow pressure of the protective gas is less than 0.6 MPa.
Has the advantages that:
1. the invention relates to a coaxial composite welding method of ultrahigh power laser and a multi-tungsten-pole magnetic control rotating electric field, which mainly adopts the technical scheme that a coaxial direct current magnetic field and a multi-tungsten-pole direct current electric field which is symmetrically and annularly distributed are additionally arranged right above an ultrahigh power laser welding small hole, the coaxial directional stirring electric field and a laser beam are formed by combining the two fields from top to bottom to carry out weak compounding, the design can accelerate the directional dispersion of laser plasma and metal steam, the plasma outside a guide hole and ionized metal steam are rotationally dispersed along a conical surface channel to reduce the scattering and absorption effects on laser at the central position, electrons are guided to bombard the inner wall of the small hole to improve the heat source efficiency, the welding stability is improved by compressing electric arc, metal liquid near the small hole and the inner wall generates directional rotation, the stability of the small hole is improved by centrifugal force, the diameter of the small hole is, the technical problems of air holes, thermal cracks, splashing, forming, fusion depth, process stability and the like of high-power laser welding are effectively solved. Meanwhile, the invention is beneficial to the increase of weld penetration, and can effectively reduce the times of welding passes and reduce the welding deformation in the welding of medium and thick plates.
The laser and the tungsten electrode adopt a coaxial design, and the method is not only beneficial to blowing the tungsten electrode protection airflow into the small hole right above the small hole, increasing the diameter and stability of the small hole, improving the adaptability of the tool, playing the effects of evacuating plasma and metal steam to increase the penetration to a certain extent, and effectively protecting the molten pool to obtain a welding seam with higher purity; the limitation of wire feeding position of filler wire welding is improved, bidirectional wire feeding can be realized, and deposition efficiency is improved. Therefore, the composite heat source wire filling welding efficiency of the medium and thick plates made of high-temperature easily-oxidized materials such as aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, high-temperature nickel-based alloy and the like can be greatly improved, and the welding thermal deformation is reduced.
The laser and the electric field with higher voltage (the voltage of the conventional tungsten electrode argon arc welding is only below 20V) are coaxially compounded, the external electric field can change and accelerate the directional motion of the plasma, simultaneously, the metal steam jetted from the small hole can be quickly ionized, and can be effectively dispersed in the same way, so that the plasma and the metal steam can be quickly dispersed, the welding effects of penetration and welding stability are increased, meanwhile, the multi-tungsten electrode magnetic control rotating electric field can also guide the plasma outside the hole and the ionized metal steam to separate from the original jetting track and rotate and disperse along the vertebral surface, the plasma and the metal steam on the laser beam channel can be effectively dispersed, the scattering and absorbing effects on the laser heat source are reduced, and the efficiency and the welding stability are improved.
The external electric field can accelerate negative electrons in the plasma to bombard the inner wall and the adjacent area of the small hole, so that the inner wall of the small hole absorbs the heat energy of the electronic surface to be increased, the opening diameter of the small hole is uniformly increased, the stability is improved, the air hole is reduced, and the pressure fluctuation amplitude in the hole is reduced to reduce splashing.
The invention enables the inner wall of the small hole and the peripheral metal liquid to generate a directional lower vortex field along the downward direction and the electric field movement direction under the action of Lorentz force, is beneficial to increasing the diameter of the small hole under the action of vortex centrifugal force, keeps the stability of the small hole and reduces the generation of process air holes.
Under the action of the multi-tungsten-pole magnetic control rotating electric field, a molten pool around the stirring small hole can obtain better weld formation, and simultaneously, crystal grains can be refined, so that the crystal grain refining effects of improving the structure uniformity, reducing the generation of hot cracks, improving the mechanical property and the fatigue resistance of joints and the like are achieved.
The invention has the advantages of reducing the scattering and absorption of plasma and metal vapor on laser, guiding electrons to bombard the inner wall of the small hole to improve the efficiency of a heat source, enabling the inner wall of the small hole and peripheral metal liquid to generate a directional lower swirling flow field to improve the stability of the small hole and the like, and can obviously improve the stability and welding efficiency of ultrahigh-power laser welding.
Compared with a single tungsten electrode, the multi-tungsten electrode design can obviously improve the stability of electric arc, the controllability of a rotating electric field and the stirring effect on a flow field of a molten pool.
Description of the drawings:
fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the working principle of the invention.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
example 1:
a coaxial composite welding method of ultrahigh power laser and multi-tungsten-electrode magnetic control rotating electric field is characterized in that: a coaxial direct current magnetic field and a direct current electric field which is symmetrically and annularly distributed by a plurality of tungsten electrodes are additionally arranged right above an ultrahigh-power laser welding small hole, the coaxial direct current magnetic field and the direct current electric field are combined in an up-down mode to form an electric field which can be coaxially and directionally stirred and are weakly compounded with a laser beam, and the method comprises the following specific steps:
firstly, a 10-500V direct current electric field is applied between a workpiece and tungsten electrodes, the electric field potential range can be expanded properly according to the special requirements of different welding materials and processes, the tungsten electrodes are connected with a power supply cathode, the workpiece is connected with a power supply anode, the multiple tungsten electrodes are composed of 4 or more than 4 tungsten electrodes, each tungsten electrode has the same potential, the tungsten electrodes are symmetrically and annularly distributed right above a laser welding small hole, but the lengths of the tungsten electrodes are not completely consistent, the length of one pair of the symmetrically distributed tungsten electrodes is slightly longer than about 1-3 mm, the head of each tungsten electrode is inwards directed to the vicinity of the edge of the laser welding small hole and is filled with coaxial protective gas, secondly, a direct current magnetic field is additionally arranged above the electric field, the current regulation range is generally 0-50A (a permanent magnet can be selected to replace under the condition that the welding materials and the processes are fixed), under the action of the multiple tungsten electrode electric field during laser welding, 2 electric arcs are formed between the longer tungsten electrode and the workpiece, and then the coaxial direct current magnetic field is used for guiding the longer tungsten electrode and the workpiece to form 2 electric arcs which rotate directionally, wherein the frequency of the electric arcs is 0-500 Hz;
the multiple tungsten poles have the same potential, and a pair of symmetrically distributed tungsten poles are slightly long in length, so that during welding, arcs are firstly ignited on the tungsten poles, the current directions are all from a workpiece to the tungsten poles, under the action of respective current magnetic fields, 2 symmetrical arcs attract each other, an anode spot is converged near the edge of a laser small hole, then the 2 arcs are guided downwards under the guidance of the coaxial direct current magnetic fields, the 2 arcs are directionally deflected at the same time, and the arc anode spot makes directional circular motion along the edge of the laser small hole, in the process, the arc length is continuously increased until an arc cathode spot jumps from the head of the original tungsten pole to the tungsten pole which is closer to the anode spot and has larger electric potential energy, and directional rotating arcs are formed through circular motion.
In the laser welding process, positive ions in the plasma are guided to move towards the tungsten electrode in an accelerated manner by an external electric field with higher potential, negative ions move towards the laser welding small holes and the workpiece in an accelerated manner, charged particles move directionally and current is formed between the workpiece and the tungsten electrode, metal steam sprayed from the small holes can be quickly ionized to form positive and negative ions, the ionized metal steam can be quickly evacuated in the same manner, the interference of the plasma and the metal steam to laser is reduced, the penetration is increased, and the welding stability is improved; in addition, in a magnetic field formed by the directional movement of an electric field and charged particles, the tracks of a large number of negative electrons in laser plasma in the laser welding small holes are changed under the actions of coulomb force and Lorentz force to bombard the inner walls and the adjacent areas of the laser welding small holes again, so that the inner walls of the laser welding small holes absorb the heat energy of the electronic surfaces to increase, the diameters of the laser welding small holes are uniformly increased, the stability is improved, and the effects of reducing the air hole tendency, reducing the pressure fluctuation amplitude in the laser welding small holes and reducing the splashing are;
on one hand, the multi-tungsten-electrode magnetic control rotating electric field can guide the plasmas and ionized metal steam outside the hole to separate from the original jet track and rotate along the vertebral surface for dissipation, effectively disperses the plasmas and the metal steam on a laser beam channel, and reduces the scattering and absorption effects on the laser; on the other hand, 2 symmetrical arcs formed by the tungsten electrode mutually contract, anode spots of the arcs are converged near the laser small hole and synchronously rotate, the compressed arcs are played, the efficiency of a heat source is improved, the stability of the arcs is enhanced, the upper opening area of the laser small hole is increased, and the welding stability is improved.
Example 2:
the coaxial composite welding method of the ultrahigh-power laser and the multi-tungsten-electrode magnetic control rotating electric field in the embodiment 1 is characterized in that: the coaxial direct current magnetic field enables 2 electric arcs which rotate directionally to be generated between the annularly distributed multi-tungsten-pole direct current electric field and a welding workpiece.
Example 3:
the ultrahigh power laser and multi-tungsten-electrode magnetic control rotating electric field coaxial composite welding method according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that: the range of the negative electrode of the power supply is-10 to-450V (the potential range can be properly expanded according to special requirements of different welding materials and processes), the range of the positive electrode of the power supply is 0 to 50V, the radius of the annular distribution of the multiple tungsten electrodes is 1 to 10mm (the position of the head of the tungsten electrode), and the total airflow pressure of the protective gas is less than 0.6 MPa.
Example 4:
according to the coaxial composite welding method of the ultrahigh-power laser and the multi-tungsten-pole magnetic control rotating electric field in the embodiment 1, the application range is also suitable for laser welding processing with power below ten thousand watts.

Claims (3)

1. A coaxial composite welding method of ultrahigh power laser and multi-tungsten-electrode magnetic control rotating electric field is characterized in that: a coaxial direct current magnetic field and a direct current electric field which is symmetrically and annularly distributed by a plurality of tungsten electrodes are additionally arranged right above an ultrahigh-power laser welding small hole, the coaxial direct current magnetic field and the direct current electric field are combined in an up-down mode to form an electric field which can be coaxially and directionally stirred and are weakly compounded with a laser beam, and the method comprises the following specific steps:
firstly, a 10-500V direct current electric field is applied between a workpiece and tungsten electrodes, the electric field potential range can be expanded properly according to the special requirements of different welding materials and processes, the tungsten electrodes are connected with a power supply cathode, the workpiece is connected with a power supply anode, the multiple tungsten electrodes are composed of 4 tungsten electrodes, each tungsten electrode has the same potential, the tungsten electrodes are symmetrically and annularly distributed right above a laser welding small hole, but the lengths of the tungsten electrodes are not completely consistent, the length of one pair of symmetrically distributed tungsten electrodes is 1mm longer than that of the other tungsten electrodes, the head of each tungsten electrode points inwards to the vicinity of the edge of the laser welding small hole and is communicated with coaxial protective gas, secondly, a direct current magnetic field is additionally arranged above the electric field, the current regulation range is 0-50A, under the action of the multiple tungsten electrode electric field, 2 electric arcs are firstly formed between the longer tungsten electrode and the workpiece, and then 2 directionally rotating laser welding electric arcs are formed through the guidance of the coaxial direct current magnetic field, the frequency is 0-500 Hz;
the multiple tungsten electrodes have the same potential, and a pair of symmetrically distributed tungsten electrodes are slightly long in length, so that during welding, arcs are firstly ignited on the tungsten electrodes, the current directions are all from a workpiece to the tungsten electrodes, under the action of respective current magnetic fields, 2 symmetrical arcs attract each other, arc anode spots are converged near the edge of a laser welding small hole, then the 2 arcs are guided downwards under the guidance of the coaxial direct current magnetic fields, the 2 arcs are directionally deflected at the same time, the arc anode spots perform directional circular motion along the edge of the laser welding small hole, the arc length is continuously increased in the process until an arc cathode spot jumps from the head of the original tungsten electrode to a nearby tungsten electrode which is closer to the arc anode spots and has larger electric potential energy, and directional rotating arcs are formed through circular motion;
in the laser welding process, positive ions in the plasma are guided to move towards the tungsten electrode in an accelerated manner by an external electric field with higher potential, negative ions move towards the laser welding small hole and the workpiece in an accelerated manner, charged particles move in a directional manner and form current between the workpiece and the tungsten electrode, metal steam sprayed from the small hole can be quickly ionized to form positive and negative ions, the ionized metal steam is quickly dispersed in the same manner, the interference of the plasma and the metal steam to laser is reduced, the penetration is increased, the welding stability is improved, in addition, in a magnetic field formed by the directional movement of the electric field and the charged particles, the track of a large number of negative electrons in the laser plasma in the laser welding small hole is changed to bombard the inner wall and the adjacent area of the laser welding small hole again under the actions of coulomb force and lorentz force, so that the heat energy absorbed by the inner wall of the laser, the diameter of the laser welding small hole is uniformly increased, the stability is improved, and the effects of reducing the air hole tendency, reducing the pressure fluctuation amplitude in the laser welding small hole and reducing splashing are realized;
on one hand, the multi-tungsten-electrode magnetic control rotating electric field can guide the plasmas and ionized metal steam outside the hole to separate from the original jet track and rotate along the vertebral surface for dissipation, effectively disperses the plasmas and the metal steam on a laser beam channel, and reduces the scattering and absorption effects on the laser; on the other hand, 2 symmetrical arcs formed by the tungsten electrode mutually contract, the anode spots of the arcs are converged near the laser welding small hole and synchronously rotate, the compressed arcs are played, the heat source efficiency is improved, the arc stability is enhanced, the upper opening area of the laser welding small hole is increased, and the welding stability is improved.
2. The ultra-high power laser and multi-tungsten-electrode magnetic control rotating electric field coaxial hybrid welding method as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the coaxial direct current magnetic field enables 2 electric arcs which rotate directionally to be generated between the annularly distributed multi-tungsten-pole direct current electric field and a welding workpiece.
3. The ultrahigh power laser and multi-tungsten-electrode magnetic control rotating electric field coaxial composite welding method according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that: the range of the negative electrode of the power supply is-10 to-450V, the potential range can be properly expanded according to special requirements of different welding materials and processes, the range of the positive electrode of the power supply is 0 to 50V, the radius of the annular distribution of the multiple tungsten electrodes is 1 to 10mm, the radius is the position of the head of the tungsten electrode, and the total airflow pressure of the protective gas is less than 0.6 MPa.
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