CN108385737A - A kind of vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument and test method - Google Patents
A kind of vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument and test method Download PDFInfo
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- CN108385737A CN108385737A CN201810105468.5A CN201810105468A CN108385737A CN 108385737 A CN108385737 A CN 108385737A CN 201810105468 A CN201810105468 A CN 201810105468A CN 108385737 A CN108385737 A CN 108385737A
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- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 230000003014 reinforcing Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
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- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229920000126 Latex Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000011068 load Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000000476 Body Water Anatomy 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 19
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000009533 lab test Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009738 saturating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000000481 Breast Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000008425 Protein Deficiency Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005370 electroosmosis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006011 modification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009715 pressure infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D33/00—Testing foundations or foundation structures
Abstract
The present invention discloses a kind of vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument and test method.The test container of the vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument includes pedestal, cylindrical shape device body, cylindrical latex film, upper cover, tracking pole, switchable infiltration water inlet is arranged in the pedestal, infiltration water inlet is connect with the infiltration water supply installation, one end of the cylindrical shape device body is tightly connected with pedestal, cylindrical shape device body side is arranged body and becomes water inlet, the cylinder latex film is close to cylindrical shape device body inner wall, it is tightly connected respectively under with it with cylindrical shape device, the upper cover and the other end of cylindrical shape device body are tightly connected, gaging hole of the setting perpendicular to upper capping among upper cover, the tracking pole passes through gaging hole, top permeable stone is supported down, it can upper and lower directions activity, it is sealed between gaging hole on the outside of tracking pole.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to civil engineerings, a kind of laboratory test technical field mainly in geotechnical engineering, and in particular to vacuum
Precompressed soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument and test method.
Background technology
As town development especially coastal area construction scale in China's constantly expands, it is frequently encountered Soft foundation treatment
The problem of.Common method one of of the vacuum method as large-area treatment soft soil foundation, having been played in Practical Project can not
The effect of replacement, however consolidation prediction is carried out with vacuum consolidation theory, it is frequently encountered and calculates the larger problem of error.From admittedly
The essence of knot is analyzed, and the compressive behavior of weak soil and infiltration character are not explicitly addressed influence and calculate accuracy under vacuum load action
One of the main reason for.
For a long time, the compressive behavior of the soil body mainly carries out laboratory test research by traditional consolidation instrument, is studied
Object be mostly low-water-content manipulated soil or crude sedimentation bury, this kind of soil body has been molded substantially, is had certain
Intensity can resist 12.5 kPa of the first stage pressure of routine consolidation test.However, high-moisture percentage weak soil is typically in fluidised form,
Carry out experiment under conventional consolidation instrument and frequently can lead to sample extrusion, influences the accuracy of test.For this purpose, Southeast China University's flood shakes
Shun seminar has developed the light-duty consolidation apparatus experimental rig that can be loaded since 0.5 kPa, it is proposed that outside routine consolidation test
The light-duty consolidation test method prolonged, achieves the compressive non-linearity test data of some high-moisture percentage dredged muds, further recognizes
The consolidation wave speed of weak soil.But current light-duty consolidation test is consolidated mainly for the dredged mud under preloading load, to negative pressure
Under dredged mud compressive behavior without reference to.Soil body generation etc. under negative pressure of vacuum effect macroscopically shows as soil to consolidation
Lateral deformation occurs for body, and geotechnique's consolidation instrument cannot test negative pressure deformation and lateral deformation at present.Although existing China
Electric osmose disclosed in patent 201310136864.1-201210479012.8 disclosure of the load combined consolidation apparatus of vacuum-heap and Chinese patent
Compound negative pressure of vacuum reinforcing soft foundation technology indoor simulation analyzer in, mentioned the laboratory test instrument of vacuum consolidation, but main
Research and development consolidation by electroosmosis instrument is laid particular emphasis on, the lateral deformation of the soil body cannot be measured, can not realize the control of different negative pressure, and
It cannot carry out the permeability test of the consolidated earth mass under different negative pressure.
The infiltration character of the soil body mainly carries out laboratory test research by traditional infiltration instrument, does not account for negative pressure substantially
On infiltrative influence.Before the present invention, patent application 201310319738.X discloses a kind of negative-pressure penetration for soil sample
Experimental rig mainly solves the problems, such as the soil sample testing permeability of the high degree of consolidation, does not account for the soil body under negative pressure and side is occurring
To the infiltration character of deformation, also without reference to the experimental rig for being carried out at the same time negative pressure consolidation and negative pressure infiltration, the involved soil body
With certain consolidation pressure, radial deformation, the soil body and consolidation can occur under negative pressure for the soil body under fluidised form or under high-moisture percentage
Container detaches, and leads to the permeability parameters measured distortion.
Invention content
For the above-mentioned prior art the problem of and deficiency, the present invention provides a kind of vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcings
Sunykatuib analysis instrument and test method, scientific research or engineering staff can obtain measurement high-moisture percentage soil solidifying under negative pressure of vacuum with this
Lateral deformation parameter and accurate infiltration coefficient.
A kind of vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument proposed according to embodiments of the present invention includes:Test container,
It is configured to contain sample during the test, and permeable stone is arranged in sample top, and lower part permeable stone is arranged in lower part;Negative pressure loads
Device is configured to consolidation test and provides negative pressure;Water supply installation is permeated, permeability test water supply is configured to;Vertically
Deformation measuring system is configured to measure the vertical deformation parameter of sample;The test container further includes pedestal, device body, column
Switchable infiltration water inlet is arranged in shape latex film, upper cover, tracking pole, the pedestal, and infiltration water inlet supplies water with the infiltration
Device connects, and one end and the pedestal of the device body are tightly connected, and device body side is arranged body and becomes water inlet, and the cylindricality latex film is set
It sets on the inside of device body, is tightly connected respectively under with it with device, the upper cover and the other end of device body are tightly connected, and are set among upper cover
Set the gaging hole perpendicular to upper capping, the tracking pole passes through gaging hole, lower to support top permeable stone, can upper and lower directions activity, tracking pole
It is sealed between outside and gaging hole, inside setting negative pressure channel, described negative pressure channel one end is open at the permeable stone of top, the other end
The negative pressure loading device is connected, the tracking pole connects the vertical measuring system, the simulation point of vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing
Analyzer further includes that body becomes measuring system, and body becomes measuring system and connect with body change water inlet, is configured to measure the body
Become the flooding parameter of water inlet.
Therefore, High water cut can be simulated using vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument according to the ... of the embodiment of the present invention
The negative pressure of rate weak soil consolidates and negative-pressure penetration, and can measure the lateral deformation amount that sample negative pressure consolidation occurs;When permeability test, breast
Glued membrane is still close to the sample after lateral deformation, and compared with traditional experiment, permeability test data will not be made because of the lateral deformation of sample
At distortion.
The deformation parameter being mentioned herein(Water inlet), including but not limited to deform(Water inlet)Amount, deformation(Water inlet)Rate etc. can
The value of measurement and Pass Test purpose.
In some embodiments, the vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument further includes positive pressure loading device, institute
It states positive pressure loading device and positive pressure is loaded to sample by tracking pole downwards.
Further, in some embodiments, cover board is arranged in the tracking pole lower part.
The effect of cover board is, when loading positive pressure, avoids because tracking pole and top permeable stone contact position pressure are excessive, crushing is saturating
Water stone.
In some embodiments, diversion trench is set on the face that the pedestal is contacted with the lower part permeable stone.
The effect of diversion trench is, the water that infiltration water inlet enters when permeability test can be comparatively fast relatively evenly from lower part permeable stone
Into sample.
In some embodiments, the negative pressure loading device includes collecting system, and collecting system is configured to collect negative pressure
The water that sample is discharged in loading procedure.
The advantageous effect that collecting system collects the water for testing discharge in negative pressure loading procedure is to prevent the water in sample from entering
Negative-pressure power system.
Further, the collecting system includes the measuring appliance that catchments, and the measuring appliance that catchments is configured to measure collecting system receipts
The water of collection.
The hole water of the water that collecting system is collected, theoretically equal to sample negative pressure consolidation discharge, measured value can be used
In the body variable for checking sample.
In some embodiments, monitoring holes are arranged in the pedestal, and the monitoring holes connect pore water pressure sensor.
Pore water pressure sensor is used to monitor the degree of consolidation of sample, and pore water pressure dissipates completely, certain negative pressure
Consolidation is completed.
In some embodiments, gas vent is arranged in the test container pedestal.
The effect of gas vent is the gas excluded in test container.
In some embodiments, the device is cylinder as cylindrical shape, the cylindricality latex film, and latex film is close to device body
Inner wall.
A kind of test method using above-mentioned vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument, test procedure include:
Negative pressure consolidation stage, step include 1. closing infiltration water inlet, are put into sample, read vertical measuring system and body becomes survey
System initial value is measured, negative pressure is 2. loaded, after the completion of 3. consolidating, vertical measuring system is read and body becomes measuring system numerical value;It calculates
The body variable and lateral deformation amount that sample consolidates under the negative pressure;Negative-pressure penetration stage, step include 1. opening infiltration water inlet
Mouthful, negative pressure is 2. loaded, 3. the inflow of record infiltration water inlet unit interval;Calculate infiltration coefficient of the sample under the negative pressure.
The section Example of the present invention is outlined briefly above, and person of ordinary skill in the field is without paying creation
Property labour, by the technical characteristic in above-mentioned each embodiment combine in various ways or with equivalent feature replace and generation skill
Art scheme, within protection scope of the present invention.
Description of the drawings
Attached drawing describes the embodiment of the present invention by non-limiting way of example in more detail, to provide to the present invention's
The thorough understanding of principle and spirit.Wherein:
Fig. 1 schematically shows test container according to an embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 2 schematically shows test container pedestals according to an embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 3 schematically shows each section connection relation according to an embodiment of the invention.
Specific implementation mode
To be better understood from invention, embodiment further describes the present invention by more detailed mode, these embodiments
It is illustrated in the accompanying drawings.Under any circumstance, what reference numeral indicated in the accompanying drawings and the description is same or similar portion
Part.Embodiment described below is only the section Example that the present invention limits protection, rather than all.Presently disclosed
Technical concept enlightenment under, embodiment provided by the invention is carried out also to belong to this without technical solution obtained by creative modification
Invent desired protection domain.
Fig. 1 schematically shows the main of vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument according to the ... of the embodiment of the present invention
Component part, i.e. test container.As shown in Figure 1, in test container, permeable stone 9 is arranged in 13 top of sample, and it is saturating that lower part is arranged in lower part
Water stone 10;Test container further includes pedestal 1, and cylindrical shape device body 2, cylindrical latex film 3, upper cover 4, tracking pole 5, wherein pedestal are set
Set switchable infiltration water inlet 6, infiltration water inlet switch 12, the infiltration connection infiltration water supply installation of water inlet 6, wherein cylindrical shape
The lower end of device body 2 is tightly connected with pedestal 1, and 2 side of cylindrical shape device body is arranged body and becomes water inlet 7, wherein cylindrical latex film 3 is tight
2 inner wall of cylindrical shape device body is pasted, is tightly connected respectively with about 2 cylindrical shape device body, wherein the upper end of upper cover 4 and cylindrical shape device body 2
It is tightly connected, perpendicular to the gaging hole 8 of upper capping, the tracking pole 5 passes through gaging hole 8 for setting among upper cover 4, and tracking pole 5 time is to upper
Portion's permeable stone 9, can upper and lower directions activity, sealed between gaging hole on the outside of tracking pole, it is interior to ensure to keep negative pressure in test container
Negative pressure channel 11 is arranged in portion, and wherein 11 one end of negative pressure channel is open at top permeable stone 9, and the other end connects the negative pressure load
Device, the tracking pole 5 connect the vertical measuring system.That is, the ends A connect vertical deformation measuring system, the ends B connection negative pressure adds
It carries and sets, C-terminal connector becomes measuring system, the ends D connection infiltration water supply installation.
The wherein lower 5 settings cover board 25 of tracking pole, cover board screw is fixed on tracking pole lower end, with the perpendicular of Accurate Determining sample
To deflection, and when preventing tracking pole from transmitting positive pressure downwards(In some embodiments), crush top permeable stone;Meanwhile negative pressure is logical
Road is remained to through cover board lower surface and top permeable stone contact position, the water in drain sample.
Wherein monitoring holes 14 are arranged in pedestal 1, and monitoring holes 14 connect pore water pressure sensor 15;Triple valve can also be connected
Door, the other both ends of valve, one end connect pore water pressure sensor 15, and the other end, that is, gas vent, gas vent is for being discharged initially
Under state in permeable stone or the air in pedestal and water.
Fig. 2 schematically shows the tests of vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument according to the ... of the embodiment of the present invention
Container base.Wherein, diversion trench 16 is set on the face that pedestal 1 is contacted with lower part permeable stone 10, and the effect of setting diversion trench 16 is
Drainage can be used various ways laying, can also be arranged in the lower surface of lower part permeable stone 10.The present embodiment by monitoring holes 14 with
It permeates mouth 6 with diversion trench to be arranged in same level, effect is preferable.
Fig. 3, which schematically shows vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument test according to the ... of the embodiment of the present invention, to be held
Matching relationship between device and other component devices or system.Content shown in Fig. 3 needs to combine the test container reason shown in Fig. 1
Solution.
Mainly by pressurization beam 23, gravity pull rod 21 forms the positive pressure loading device of the present embodiment, the 21 times suspensions of gravity pull rod
Counterweight is not shown in figure, and does not influence the understanding of those skilled in the art.Pressurization beam 23 is pressed in the upper end of tracking pole 5, passes through tracking
Bar 5 applies positive pressure to sample.
The vertical measuring system of the present embodiment is made of holder 22 and dial gauge 24, and wherein holder 22 is fixed on test container
On, dial gauge 24 is fixed on holder, and the gauge rod of dial gauge 24 is placed in the upper end of tracking pole 5 vertically.Pass through dial gauge 24
Reading can obtain sample vertical deformation.
Infiltration water inlet 6 is connect with the infiltration water supply installation 18, and infiltration water supply installation can be as needed with routine techniques
Means provide constant head or varying head water source.And it is possible to measure the water into test container with conventional technical means.
Body becomes 7 connector of water inlet and becomes measuring system 17, and the present embodiment body becomes measuring system 17 by providing and measuring body
The mode for becoming 7 inflow of water inlet measures body variable of the sample in consolidation test.The difference of sample body variable and vertical deformation,
That is sample lateral deformation amount.
In 5 side of tracking pole, the outer end of the negative pressure channel 11 of setting, connects negative pressure loading device.The negative pressure of the present embodiment adds
Loading system includes vacuum pump 19 and collecting system 20.Vacuum pump 19 provides negative pressure power, and collecting system 20 is for storing in experiment
The water of sample discharge, is used in combination conventional means to measure the water of discharge water.The water can be used for checking sample in consolidation test
Body variable can be used for checking the inflow of infiltration water inlet in permeability test.Tracking pole 5 is connect with test container upper cover
At E, it is configured to seal movable connection with conventional technical means.
Another embodiment of the offer of the present invention is a kind of test method, which is retouched using above-described embodiment
The vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument stated.Test method provided in this embodiment includes negative pressure consolidation stage and negative pressure
Penetration stage, negative pressure consolidation stage can not only obtain the available test parameters of consolidation test in conventional chamber, can also obtain negative pressure
Consolidation and combined consolidation of positive and negative pressure sample lateral deformation parameter;The negative-pressure penetration stage can overcome traditional experiment laterally to become because of sample
The technical issues of shape causes test data to be distorted.
It the negative pressure consolidation stage, operates according to the following steps:1. closing infiltration water inlet, it is put into sample, test container sealing is read
It takes dial gauge and body to become measuring system initial value, 2. loads first gradient negative pressure, while positive pressure is loaded using positive pressure loading device,
Certain counterweight is hung under gravity pull rod, the sample degree of consolidation is 3. judged according to pore water pressure sensor, after the completion of consolidation, is read
It takes dial gauge and body to become measuring system Stage Value, measures the water in collecting system with the measuring appliance that catchments, become measured value pair with body
Than checking, next gradient negative pressure is 4. loaded successively, while loading positive pressure using positive pressure loading device, one is hung under gravity pull rod
Determine counterweight, repeats 3. step;The body variable and lateral deformation amount that sample is consolidated in different gradient negative pressures and direct draught are calculated, and
Other desired parameter.
In the negative-pressure penetration stage, when any gradient negative pressure consolidates completion, the vacuum preloading in usable embodiment is softly
Base reinforces sunykatuib analysis instrument and carries out negative-pressure penetration experiment;Its step includes 1. loading negative pressure, while adding using positive pressure loading device
Positive pressure is carried, certain counterweight is hung under gravity pull rod, after consolidation is completed, opens infiltration water inlet, 2. record infiltration water inlet
The inflow of unit interval, inflow are compareed with the water in collecting system and are checked, 3. seepage stability, after test, are calculated
4. sample combines the negative pressure consolidation stage the 4. to walk in the infiltration coefficient and other desired parameter of different negative pressure and direct draught,
Repeat negative-pressure penetration stage 1. 2. 3. step.
In the present embodiment, vertical measuring system can be monitored in real time and body becomes the numerical value of measuring system, calculates sample in difference
Body variable-the time graph and lateral deformation amount-time graph of gradient negative pressure and direct draught consolidation.
Some embodiments with preferred technique effect of the present invention described in detail above, claimed skill
Art scheme is without being limited thereto;One of ordinary skill in the art can be replaced according to the present invention with equivalent technologies mean, conventional techniques
The technical characteristic of technical solution of the present invention, or the supplement of the content of present invention is improved, still belong to the scope of protection of present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument, including:
Test container is configured to contain sample during the test, and top permeable stone is arranged in sample top, under the setting of lower part
Portion's permeable stone,
Negative pressure loading device is configured to consolidation test and provides negative pressure,
Water supply installation is permeated, permeability test water supply is configured to,
Vertical deformation measuring system is configured to measure the vertical deformation parameter of sample,
It is characterized in that the test container further includes pedestal, and device body, cylindricality latex film, upper cover, tracking pole, the pedestal setting
Switchable infiltration water inlet, infiltration water inlet are connect with the infiltration water supply installation, and one end and the pedestal of the device body seal
Connection, device body side are arranged body and become water inlet, and the cylindricality latex film is arranged on the inside of device body, with device under respectively sealing connect
It connects, the upper cover and the other end of device body are tightly connected, and the gaging hole perpendicular to upper capping is arranged among upper cover, and the tracking pole is worn
Cross gaging hole, it is lower to support top permeable stone, can upper and lower directions activity, sealed between gaging hole on the outside of tracking pole, inside setting negative pressure is logical
Road, described negative pressure channel one end are open at the permeable stone of top, and the other end connects the negative pressure loading device, and the tracking pole connects
The vertical measuring system is connect,
The vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument further includes that body becomes measuring system, and body becomes measuring system and becomes with the body
Water inlet connects, and is configured to measure the flooding parameter that the body becomes water inlet.
2. vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument according to claim 1, characterized in that the vacuum preloading is soft
Foundation stabilization sunykatuib analysis instrument further includes positive pressure loading device, and the positive pressure loading device is loaded to sample downwards by tracking pole
Positive pressure.
3. vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the tracking pole
Cover board is arranged in lower part.
4. vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument according to claim 1, characterized in that the pedestal with it is described
Diversion trench is set on the face of lower part permeable stone contact.
5. vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument according to claim 1, characterized in that the negative pressure load dress
It sets including collecting system, collecting system is configured to collect the water that sample excludes in negative pressure loading procedure.
6. vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument according to claim 5, characterized in that the collecting system packet
The measuring appliance that catchments is included, the measuring appliance that catchments is configured to measure the water of collecting system collection.
7. vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that the pedestal is set
Monitoring holes are set, the monitoring holes connect pore water pressure sensor.
8. vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument according to claim 1 or 4, characterized in that the pedestal is set
Set gas vent.
9. vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument according to claim 1, characterized in that the device is as cylinder
Shape, the cylindricality latex film are cylinder, and latex film is close to device body inner wall.
10. a kind of test method using vacuum preloading soft groundsill reinforcing sunykatuib analysis instrument as described in claim 1, feature
It is that test procedure includes:
Negative pressure consolidation stage, step includeInfiltration water inlet is closed, sample is put into, vertical measuring system is read and body becomes survey
System initial value is measured,Negative pressure is loaded,After the completion of consolidation, reads vertical measuring system and body becomes measuring system numerical value;It calculates
The body variable and lateral deformation amount that sample consolidates under the negative pressure;
Negative-pressure penetration stage, step includeInfiltration water inlet is opened,Negative pressure is loaded,When record infiltration water inlet unit
Between inflow;Calculate infiltration coefficient of the sample under the negative pressure.
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