CN108377872B - Planting method for intercropping potatoes with dandelion - Google Patents
Planting method for intercropping potatoes with dandelion Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
-
- A01G13/0275—
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F3/00—Fertilisers from human or animal excrements, e.g. manure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/60—Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/28—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture specially adapted for farming
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
A planting method for intercropping dandelion with potatoes relates to a planting method for potatoes. The invention aims to solve the problem that the quality and the yield of potatoes are influenced by rainfall and agricultural mechanical rolling in the existing potato planting process. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, soil preparation; secondly, digging a drainage ditch; filling drainage ditches, sowing dandelion and coating; fourthly, after the dandelion seedlings emerge, leading out the dandelion seedlings from the holes on the mulching film, and covering soil around the dandelion seedling roots after leading out; fifthly, planting potatoes; sixthly, field management; seventhly, harvesting the potatoes; eighthly, harvesting the dandelion in stages. The method can improve the potato yield by 5-10% on the basis of the prior art, the acre yield of the dandelion stem leaves reaches 1800-2000 kg, and 600-800 cubic meters of straws can be consumed per hectare. The invention is suitable for potato planting.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a potato planting method.
Background
Potatoes are popular among people because of their high nutritional value and their storage and transportation resistance. However, the traditional extensive cultivation method and the unscientific management can cause low potato yield and poor commodity. Therefore, improving the technical level of potato cultivation is still one of the main measures for improving the yield and economic benefits of potatoes. The growth of the potatoes requires loose soil, the oxygen consumption of potato roots is large, the oxygen consumption in the tuber formation period is 1-100 times that of common crops, and the expansion of tubers requires loose and breathable soil; if the soil in the potato planting area is drained poorly, soil hardening can cause poor ventilation, further cause poor root system development of potatoes, blocked tuber expansion, potato block deformation or cracking, unsmooth potato peel and reduced quality, even cause suffocating and rotting of tubers, and particularly in rainy years or rainy seasons, the potatoes are subjected to high-intensity rainfall in the potato tuber expansion period, and unsmooth drainage can cause rotting of potato blocks more easily, so that the yield is greatly reduced. During the period from potato planting to potato harvesting, the agricultural machine repeatedly operates in the potato planting area, the soil is compacted and hardened by the rolling of the agricultural machine, the soil becomes more compact, poor ventilation and blocked tuber expansion can be caused, and the quality and the yield of the potatoes are further influenced;
the straw is an important byproduct of agricultural production and belongs to renewable resources. The straw contains rich nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, trace elements and other components. The straw returning can increase the accumulation of organic matters and the content of nutrients in soil, change the composition and the characteristics of humus in soil, improve the physical properties of soil, reduce the volume weight of the soil and increase the porosity; enhancing the activity of microorganisms; as a big agricultural country, the annual total yield of corn straws reaches 1.82 hundred million tons (air-dried and with the water content of 15%) in 2006, and the yield of corn straws reaches 1.2 million tons in northeast and north China. However, in recent years, the yield of straws in China is rapidly increased along with the continuous improvement of the unit yield of main grain products, the traditional straw utilization mode is gradually weakened and eliminated, a small amount of corn straws are used as feed, and the treatment of a large amount of residual corn straws becomes a prominent problem in agricultural production.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a planting method for intercropping dandelion from potatoes, aiming at solving the problems that the quality and the yield of potatoes are influenced by rainfall and agricultural machinery rolling in the existing potato planting process and the existing crop straw recycling difficulty is high.
A planting method for intercropping potatoes with dandelion is carried out according to the following steps:
soil preparation
Collecting straws of the previous crops after the previous crops are harvested, then deeply ploughing, wherein the deep ploughing depth is 17-19 cm, and then ridging, harrowing and pressing; wherein the ridge distance is 55-59 cm, the ridge height is 25-29 cm, and the ridge direction is 15-30 degrees in the south east;
the first step is that the previous crop is millet, wheat, corn, sorghum or soybean;
digging drainage ditch
Taking two ridges as a planting unit, digging a drainage ditch between the two ridges, and forming a mechanical walking channel between the ridge on the two sides of the drainage ditch and the adjacent ridge; the depth of the drainage ditch is 30-35 cm; the width is 20 cm; transferring the soil dug in the drainage ditch to the upper surface of the ridge at two sides, which is far away from the drainage ditch;
filling drainage ditch, sowing dandelion and coating
Stacking the collected previous crop straws at the bottom of the drainage ditch, wherein the thickness of the collected previous crop straws is 5-6 cm, stacking 2-3 layers, stacking one layer of livestock manure between every two layers of previous crop straws, and the thickness of each layer of livestock manure is 2-4 cm; then soil dug in the drainage ditch is paved on the upper-layer previous crop straws, the thickness of the paved soil is 2-3 cm, then 5-6 layers of previous crop straws are continuously stacked on the upper layer of the soil, the thickness is 5-6 cm, the soil dug in the drainage ditch is stacked between every two layers of previous crop straws, the stacking thickness of the soil is 2-3 cm, finally the soil dug in the drainage ditch is paved on the upper surface of the uppermost-layer straw, the thickness is 2-3 cm, dandelion seeds are sown on the soil fully paved on the uppermost-layer straw, seeds for each mu are 1.1-1.5 kg, and then soil is covered for 1 cm; covering a mulching film on the upper surface of the drainage ditch, wherein two side edges of the mulching film extend to a position 5cm away from the center of the ridge, and covering the residual soil dug in the drainage ditch to the edges of the two side edges of the mulching film; punching holes on the mulching film; the aperture is 0.5-1 cm, and the hole spacing is 8-10 cm;
step three, the mulching film is used for biodegrading the CPP film;
thirdly, pesticide is mixed in the livestock manure; the dosage of the pesticide is that 1.5-2 kg of phoxim particles are added into every 50 cubic cubes of livestock manure;
thirdly, the straws of the previous crops comprise complete straws of the previous crops and branches and leaves of the previous crops;
fourthly, after the dandelion seedlings emerge, leading out the dandelion seedlings from the holes on the mulching film, and covering soil around the dandelion seedling roots after leading out;
planting of potatoes
Accelerating germination of seed potatoes to prepare bud blocks before planting the potatoes, and then planting; the planting time is four months at the end of the next year, the seeding depth is 10-12 cm, the seeding plant spacing is 15-20 cm, and the planting row position is a position which is 5cm away from the center of the ridge to one side of the drainage ditch; the thickness of the cultivated hilling is 3.5-5 cm; the base fertilizer and the seed fertilizer are applied together during sowing, and the additional fertilizer is applied during the seedling stage, the bud stage, the tuber expansion stage and the intertillage ridging of the potatoes;
fifthly, the base fertilizer is organic fertilizer and farmyard manure, and the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 200 kilograms per mu; the application amount of the farmyard manure is 2 tons per mu; the seed fertilizer comprises a special fertilizer for potatoes, diamine and potassium sulfate, wherein the application amount of the diamine is 25 kilograms per mu, the application amount of the potassium sulfate is 10 kilograms per mu, and the application amount of the special fertilizer for potatoes is 15-20 kilograms;
the process for preparing the bud blocks by accelerating germination of the seed potatoes comprises the following steps: accelerating germination is carried out 20-30 days before sowing; spreading the seed potatoes in a light greenhouse to avoid direct irradiation of sunlight, keeping the temperature at 15-18 ℃, stacking the seed potatoes for 2-3 layers, turning the seed potato stack once every 3-5 days, cutting the seed potatoes into bud blocks when the bud length on the seed potatoes is 0.3-0.4 cm and the bud bodies are changed from white to green or purple, disinfecting the used cutters with 75% of alcohol, wherein the weight of each bud block is 25-35 g, and 1-3 bud bodies are left in each bud block; the seed potatoes are virus-free seed potatoes;
sixthly, field management
Pruning after seedling emergence of the potatoes, reserving a main stem with thick and strong stems and dark green leaves during pruning, removing other stems from the base, and removing branches and branched leaves of less than 15-20 cm on the main stem of the potatoes when the growth period of the potatoes is finished;
seventhly, harvesting the potatoes
Killing seedlings after stem leaves of the potatoes wither, and mechanically breaking ridges, wherein the ridge breaking position is right below the potato planting row position, and the ridge breaking depth is the same as the ditch drainage depth;
eight, staged harvest of dandelion
Harvesting dandelion with the leaf length of 10-15 cm from the end of the tenth month to the middle ten days of the eleventh month in the first autumn, cutting the plants above the ground by using a blade during harvesting, and keeping the root;
or before the potatoes are planted in the fourth step, harvesting the dandelion with the leaf length of 10-15 cm, cutting the plants above the ground by using a blade during harvesting, and keeping the roots;
or harvesting the dandelion with the leaf length of 10-15 cm in the potato growth process, cutting the plants above the ground by using a blade during harvesting, and keeping the roots;
or after potato harvesting, the dandelion roots are harvested.
The principle and the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1. when the soil is prepared, the harrowing is carried out while ridging, the soil is pressed after harrowing, so that the problem that soil moisture is easy to escape when unfreezing in early spring can be solved, the soil can be leveled after pressing, large pores on the surface layer are reduced, the soil moisture preservation effect is achieved, and meanwhile, the soil moisture preservation effect can be enhanced by film mulching;
2. in the invention, the ridge distance is 55-59 cm, which is smaller than that of the existing potato planting, and the yield per unit area can be improved;
3. according to the invention, the ridge spacing is reduced, and the potato planting row position deviates 5cm from the center of the ridge to one side of the drainage ditch, so that the potato tuber growth position deviates to the drainage ditch, and the straws filled in the drainage ditch are decomposed to be more favorable for providing humus nutrients for the growth of potato plants; because the fillers in the drainage ditch are loose, the lateral pressure of the fillers on soil in ridges at two sides of the drainage ditch is small, so that the expansion blockage of potato tubers and the deformity of the potato tubers are avoided, and the yield can be improved; in the prior art, the rolling compaction on ridges caused by mechanical walking causes the soil quality to be hardened and influences the growth of potato tubers; the potato planting row positions deviate by 5cm from the center of the ridge to one side of the drainage ditch, so that the growth area of potato tubers is far away from the rolling area of mechanical walking, and the expansion blockage and potato tuber deformity of potato tubers are further avoided;
4. the drainage ditch is arranged, the height of fillers filled in the drainage ditch is higher than that of the ridge, the height of the fillers in the drainage ditch is lower than that of the ridge along with the decomposition of straws and the compression of soil, and the drainage ditch has the functions of preparing fertilizers, draining water, ventilating and adjusting soil humidity; the drainage ditch is manufactured after the previous crops are harvested, the previous crop straws and the livestock manure filled in the drainage ditch form a compost structure, the previous crop straws and the livestock manure are changed into humus component organic fertilizers after long-time decomposition in autumn of the first year, winter of the first year and spring festival of the second year, the contained nutrient substances are rich, organic matter components of soil are increased, the soil is loosened, the soil ventilation is promoted, the water retention capacity is improved, and meanwhile, elements such as ammonium, potassium, sodium and the like can be adsorbed, so that the soil fertilizer is not lost; the depth of the drainage ditches is 30-35 cm, tubers of common potatoes are distributed underground by 8-20 cm, the positions of the drainage ditches are lower than the potato tuber growth area, and when heavy rainfall occurs, the drainage ditches can collect rainwater and discharge the rainwater out of the cultivation area, so that the potato tubers are prevented from rotting and the yield is greatly reduced; meanwhile, the filler in the drainage ditch also has the capacity of adsorbing water, and plays a role in adjusting the soil humidity;
5. generally, the solar radiation is strongest at about 12 days, the time period from 12 points to 13 points is the time period with the fastest temperature rise and the highest temperature, and the ventilation of crops can be improved in the ridges in the north and south directions, but dandelion is planted between two ridges of potatoes, a mulching film is covered on the dandelion, and when sunlight irradiates the mulching film when the solar radiation is strongest, the mulching film can generate reflected light which can cause baking damage to branches and leaves of the growing dandelion; excessive sunlight irradiation on the mulching film can also cause excessive evaporation loss of high moisture at excessive temperature in the drainage ditch under the mulching film; the ridge direction is 15-30 degrees in the south-east direction, lower dandelion plants and mulching films can be shielded by potato plants with stems more than 15-20 cm between 12 and 13 points, and the problems can be avoided; meanwhile, pruning is carried out after the potatoes emerge, the main stem with thick and strong stems and dark green leaves is reserved during pruning, other stems are removed from the base, branches and branch leaves below 15-20 cm on the main stem of the potatoes are removed when the potato growth period is finished, ventilation at the lower part of a potato plant can be improved after pruning, and poor ventilation of the dandelion plant is avoided; when the sun is low in height, the sun can enter the main stem of the potato by less than 15-20 cm, so that the dandelion plant can receive enough illumination;
6. according to the invention, the holes are punched on the mulching film to be used as leading-out holes of dandelion seedlings, and meanwhile, the effects of adjusting the humidity in the drainage ditch and further adjusting the humidity of soil on two sides of the drainage ditch can be achieved;
7. the pesticide is mixed in the livestock manure to prevent and control grub, mole cricket, cutworm and other pests; the release of the pesticide is a slow process, and as the time is prolonged, namely the water in the drainage ditch is diffused, the pesticide mixed in the livestock manure is gradually diffused into the straws or the soil, so that the effect is more durable;
8. the mulching film adopted in the invention is a biodegradable CPP film, and is coated in autumn in the first year, and is completely degraded after 12 months;
9. according to the method, the yield of the potatoes can be improved by 5-10% on the basis of the prior art, the mass of rotten potatoes in each ton of harvested potatoes is only 1-4 kg, the mass of green potatoes is only 2-4 kg, the stem and leaf of dandelion can be harvested 4-6 times per year by the intercropped dandelion provided by the invention, the root of the dandelion can be harvested 1 time, the yield per mu of the stem and leaf of the dandelion reaches 1800-2000 kg, and the yield per mu of the root of the dandelion reaches 600-800 kg; meanwhile, 600-800 cubic meters of straw can be consumed per hectare.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a planting method for intercropping dandelion from potatoes in an embodiment, wherein a is a drainage ditch, b is livestock manure, c is straw of a previous crop, d is soil dug in the drainage ditch, e is a center position of a ridge, and f is a mechanical walking channel;
fig. 2 is a schematic view of ridge directions in the first embodiment, wherein a is an included angle between the ridge and the front south direction.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
the technical scheme of the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments listed below, and any reasonable combination of the specific embodiments is included.
The first embodiment is as follows: the planting method for intercropping the dandelion from the potatoes in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
soil preparation
Collecting straws of the previous crops after the previous crops are harvested, then deeply ploughing, wherein the deep ploughing depth is 17-19 cm, and then ridging, harrowing and pressing; wherein the ridge distance is 55-59 cm, the ridge height is 25-29 cm, and the ridge direction is 15-30 degrees in the south east;
digging drainage ditch
Digging a drainage ditch between two ridges, wherein a mechanical walking channel is formed between the ridge on the two sides of the drainage ditch and the adjacent ridge; the depth of the drainage ditch is 30-35 cm; the width is 20 cm; transferring the soil dug in the drainage ditch to the upper surface of the ridge at two sides, which is far away from the drainage ditch;
filling drainage ditch, sowing dandelion and coating
Taking the two ridges as a planting unit, stacking the collected previous crop straws at the bottom of the drainage ditch, wherein the thickness of the collected previous crop straws is 5-6 cm, stacking 2-3 layers, stacking one layer of livestock manure between every two layers of previous crop straws, and the thickness of each layer of livestock manure is 2-4 cm; then soil dug in the drainage ditch is paved on the upper-layer previous crop straws, the thickness of the paved soil is 2-3 cm, then 5-6 layers of previous crop straws are continuously stacked on the upper layer of the soil, the thickness is 5-6 cm, the soil dug in the drainage ditch is stacked between every two layers of previous crop straws, the stacking thickness of the soil is 2-3 cm, finally the soil dug in the drainage ditch is paved on the upper surface of the uppermost-layer straw, the thickness is 2-3 cm, dandelion seeds are sown on the soil fully paved on the uppermost-layer straw, seeds for each mu are 1.1-1.5 kg, and then soil is covered for 1 cm; covering a mulching film on the upper surface of the drainage ditch, wherein two side edges of the mulching film extend to a position 5cm away from the center of the ridge, and covering the residual soil dug in the drainage ditch to the edges of the two side edges of the mulching film; punching holes on the mulching film; the aperture is 0.5-1 cm, and the hole spacing is 8-10 cm;
fourthly, after the dandelion seedlings emerge, leading out the dandelion seedlings from the holes on the mulching film, and covering soil around the dandelion seedling roots after leading out;
planting of potatoes
Accelerating germination of seed potatoes to prepare bud blocks before planting the potatoes, and then planting; the planting time is four months at the end of the next year, the seeding depth is 10-12 cm, the seeding plant spacing is 15-20 cm, and the planting row position is a position which is 5cm away from the center of the ridge to one side of the drainage ditch; the thickness of the cultivated hilling is 3.5-5 cm; the base fertilizer and the seed fertilizer are applied together during sowing, and the additional fertilizer is applied during the seedling stage, the bud stage, the tuber expansion stage and the intertillage ridging of the potatoes;
sixthly, field management
Pruning after seedling emergence of the potatoes, reserving a main stem with thick and strong stems and dark green leaves during pruning, removing other stems from the base, and removing branches and branched leaves of less than 15-20 cm on the main stem of the potatoes when the growth period of the potatoes is finished;
seventhly, harvesting the potatoes
Killing seedlings after stem leaves of the potatoes wither, and mechanically breaking ridges, wherein the ridge breaking position is right below the potato planting row position, and the ridge breaking depth is the same as the ditch drainage depth;
eight, staged harvest of dandelion
Harvesting dandelion with the leaf length of 10-15 cm from the end of the tenth month to the middle ten days of the eleventh month in the first autumn, cutting the plants above the ground by using a blade during harvesting, and keeping the root;
or before the potatoes are planted in the fourth step, harvesting the dandelion with the leaf length of 10-15 cm, cutting the plants above the ground by using a blade during harvesting, and keeping the roots;
or harvesting the dandelion with the leaf length of 10-15 cm in the potato growth process, cutting the plants above the ground by using a blade during harvesting, and keeping the roots;
or after potato harvesting, the dandelion roots are harvested.
The principle and the beneficial effects of the implementation mode are as follows:
1. when the soil is prepared, the harrowing is carried out while ridging, the problem that soil is easy to run out of soil moisture when unfreezing in early spring can be solved by carrying out pressing after harrowing, the soil can be leveled after pressing, large pores on the surface layer are reduced, the soil moisture preservation effect is achieved, and meanwhile, the soil moisture preservation effect can be enhanced by film coating;
2. in the embodiment, the ridge distance is 55-59 cm, which is smaller than that of the existing potato planting, and the yield per unit area can be improved;
3. the embodiment reduces the ridge spacing and offsets the potato planting row position from the center of the ridge to one side of the drainage ditch by 5cm, so that the potato tuber growing position is biased to the drainage ditch, and the straws filled in the drainage ditch are decomposed to be more favorable for providing humus nutrients for the growth of potato plants; because the fillers in the drainage ditch are loose, the lateral pressure of the fillers on soil in ridges at two sides of the drainage ditch is small, so that the expansion blockage of potato tubers and the deformity of the potato tubers are avoided, and the yield can be improved; in the prior art, the rolling compaction on ridges caused by mechanical walking causes the soil quality to be hardened and influences the growth of potato tubers; in the embodiment, the potato planting row position deviates 5cm from the center of the ridge to one side of the drainage ditch, so that the growth area of the potato tubers is far away from the rolling area of mechanical walking, and the expansion blockage and potato tuber deformity of the potato tubers are further avoided;
4. the drainage ditch is arranged in the embodiment, the height of fillers filled in the drainage ditch is higher than that of the ridge, the height of the fillers in the drainage ditch is lower than that of the ridge along with the decomposition of straws and the compression of soil, and the drainage ditch has the functions of preparing fertilizers, draining water, ventilating and adjusting soil humidity; in the embodiment, the drainage ditch is manufactured after the previous crops are harvested, the previous crop straws and the livestock manure filled in the drainage ditch form a compost structure, and after long-time decomposition in autumn of the first year, winter of the first year and spring festival of the second year, the previous crop straws and the livestock manure are changed into organic fertilizers with humus components, so that the organic fertilizer contains rich nutrient substances, increases organic matter components of soil, loosens the soil, promotes the air permeability of the soil, improves the water retention capacity, and can adsorb elements such as ammonium, potassium, sodium and the like, so that the soil fertilizer is not lost; the depth of the drainage ditches is 30-35 cm, tubers of common potatoes are distributed underground by 8-20 cm, the positions of the drainage ditches are lower than the potato tuber growth area, and when heavy rainfall occurs, the drainage ditches can collect rainwater and discharge the rainwater out of the cultivation area, so that the potato tubers are prevented from rotting and the yield is greatly reduced; meanwhile, the filler in the drainage ditch also has the capacity of adsorbing water, and plays a role in adjusting the soil humidity;
5. generally, the solar radiation is strongest at about 12 days, the time period from 12 points to 13 points is the time period with the fastest temperature rise and the highest temperature, the ventilation of crops can be improved in the ridges in the north and south directions, but dandelion is planted between two ridges of potatoes in the embodiment, the dandelion is covered with a mulching film, and when the sunlight irradiates the mulching film when the solar radiation is strongest, the mulching film can generate reflected light which can generate baking damage to branches and leaves of the growing dandelion; excessive sunlight irradiation on the mulching film can also cause excessive evaporation loss of high moisture at excessive temperature in the drainage ditch under the mulching film; the ridge direction is 15-30 degrees in the south-east direction, the lower dandelion plants and the mulching film can be shielded by the potato plants with the main stems being more than 15-20 cm between 12 and 13 points, and the problems can be avoided; meanwhile, pruning is carried out after the potatoes emerge, the main stem with thick and strong stems and dark green leaves is reserved during pruning, other stems are removed from the base, branches and branch leaves with the length of 15-20 cm below on the main stem of the potatoes are removed when the potato growth period is finished, ventilation at the lower part of the potato plant can be improved after pruning, and poor ventilation of the dandelion plant is avoided; when the sun is low in height, the sun can enter the main stem of the potato by less than 15-20 cm, so that the dandelion plant can receive enough illumination;
6. according to the embodiment, holes are punched in the mulching film to serve as leading-out holes of dandelion seedlings, and meanwhile, the effects of adjusting the humidity in the drainage ditch and further adjusting the humidity of soil on two sides of the drainage ditch can be achieved;
7. in the embodiment, the mixed insecticide in the livestock manure can prevent and control grub, mole cricket, cutworm and other pests; the release of the pesticide is a slow process, and as the time is prolonged, namely the water in the drainage ditch is diffused, the pesticide mixed in the livestock manure is gradually diffused into the straws or the soil, so that the effect is more durable;
8. the mulching film adopted in the embodiment is a biodegradable CPP film, and is coated in autumn in the first year, and is completely degraded after 12 months;
9. according to the method, the yield of the potatoes can be improved by 5-10% on the basis of the prior art, the mass of rotten potatoes in each ton of harvested potatoes is only 1-4 kg, the mass of green potatoes is only 2-4 kg, dandelion stems and leaves can be harvested 4-6 times per year by the intercropped dandelion in the embodiment, dandelion roots can be harvested 1 time, the yield per mu of the dandelion stems and leaves reaches 1800-2000 kg, and the yield per mu of the dandelion roots reaches 600-800 kg; meanwhile, 600-800 cubic meters of straw can be consumed per hectare. The second embodiment is as follows: the first difference between the present embodiment and the specific embodiment is: the first step is that the previous crop is millet, wheat, corn, sorghum or soybean. Other steps and parameters are the same as in the first embodiment.
The third concrete implementation mode: the present embodiment differs from the first or second embodiment in that: and step three, the mulching film is a biodegradable CPP film. Other steps and parameters are the same as in the first or second embodiment.
The fourth concrete implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment mode and one of the first to third embodiment modes is: thirdly, pesticide is mixed in the livestock manure; the dosage of the pesticide is 1.5-2 kg of phoxim granules added into every 50 cubic cubes of livestock manure. Other steps and parameters are the same as in one of the first to third embodiments.
The fifth concrete implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to fourth embodiments is: and step three, the straws of the previous crops comprise complete straws of the previous crops and branches and leaves of the previous crops. Other steps and parameters are the same as in one of the first to fourth embodiments.
The sixth specific implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to fifth embodiments is: fifthly, the base fertilizer is organic fertilizer and farmyard manure, and the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 200 kilograms per mu; the application amount of the farmyard manure is 2 tons per mu; the seed fertilizer comprises a special fertilizer for potatoes, diamine and potassium sulfate, wherein the application amount of the diamine is 25 kilograms per mu, the application amount of the potassium sulfate is 10 kilograms per mu, and the application amount of the special fertilizer for potatoes is 15-20 kilograms. Other steps and parameters are the same as in one of the first to fifth embodiments.
The seventh embodiment: the difference between this embodiment and one of the first to sixth embodiments is: the process for preparing the bud blocks by accelerating germination of the seed potatoes comprises the following steps: accelerating germination is carried out 20-30 days before sowing; spreading the seed potatoes in a light greenhouse to avoid direct irradiation of sunlight, keeping the temperature at 15-18 ℃, stacking the seed potatoes for 2-3 layers, turning the seed potato stack once every 3-5 days, cutting the seed potatoes into bud blocks when the bud length on the seed potatoes is 0.3-0.4 cm and the bud bodies are changed from white to green or purple, disinfecting the used cutters with 75% of alcohol, wherein the weight of each bud block is 25-35 g, and 1-3 bud bodies are left in each bud block; the seed potatoes are virus-free seed potatoes. Other steps and parameters are the same as in one of the first to sixth embodiments.
The following examples were used to demonstrate the beneficial effects of the present invention:
example 1:
in the embodiment, a farmland with one hectare in one town of Shulan city, Jilin province is selected as an experimental field, and the previous crop of the experimental field is used as corn; the planting method for intercropping the dandelion from the potatoes in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
soil preparation
Collecting straws of the previous crops after the previous crops are harvested, then deeply ploughing, wherein the deep ploughing depth is 17cm, and carrying out ridging, harrowing and pressing; wherein the ridge distance is 55cm, the ridge height is 25cm, and the ridge direction is 15 degrees to the south and the east;
digging drainage ditch
Taking two ridges as a planting unit, digging a drainage ditch between the two ridges, and forming a mechanical walking channel between the ridge on the two sides of the drainage ditch and the adjacent ridge; the depth of the drainage ditch is 35 cm; the width is 20 cm; transferring the soil dug in the drainage ditch to the upper surface of the ridge at two sides, which is far away from the drainage ditch;
filling drainage ditch, sowing dandelion and coating
Stacking the collected previous crop straws at the bottom of the drainage ditch, wherein the thickness of the collected previous crop straws is 5cm, stacking 3 layers, stacking one layer of livestock manure between every two layers of previous crop straws, and the thickness of each layer of livestock manure is 2 cm; then soil dug in the drainage ditch is paved on the straws of the previous stubble crops on the upper layer, the thickness of the paved soil is 3cm, then 5 layers of the straws of the previous stubble crops are piled on the upper layer of the soil, the thickness of the soil is 5cm, the soil dug in the drainage ditch is piled between the straws of the previous stubble crops on each layer, the piling thickness of the soil is 3cm, finally the soil dug in the drainage ditch is paved on the upper surface of the straws on the uppermost layer, the thickness of the soil is 3cm, dandelion seeds are sown on the soil paved on the straws on the uppermost layer, each mu is used for planting 1.5kg, and then the soil is covered by 1 cm; covering a mulching film on the upper surface of the drainage ditch, wherein two side edges of the mulching film extend to a position 5cm away from the center of the ridge, and covering the residual soil dug in the drainage ditch to the edges of the two side edges of the mulching film; punching holes on the mulching film; the aperture is 0.5cm, and the hole distance is 8 cm;
step three, the mulching film is used for biodegrading the CPP film;
thirdly, pesticide is mixed in the livestock manure; the dosage of the pesticide is that 2kg of phoxim granules are added into every 50 cubic cubes of livestock manure;
thirdly, the straws of the previous crops comprise complete straws of the previous crops and branches and leaves of the previous crops;
fourthly, after the dandelion seedlings emerge, leading out the dandelion seedlings from the holes on the mulching film, and covering soil around the dandelion seedling roots after leading out;
planting of potatoes
Accelerating germination of seed potatoes to prepare bud blocks before planting the potatoes, and then planting; the planting time is four months at the end of the next year, the seeding depth is 12cm, the seeding plant spacing is 15cm, and the planting row position is a position which is 5cm away from the center of the ridge to one side of the drainage ditch; the thickness of the hilling is 3.5 cm after planting; the base fertilizer and the seed fertilizer are applied together during sowing, and the additional fertilizer is applied during the seedling stage, the bud stage, the tuber expansion stage and the intertillage ridging of the potatoes;
fifthly, the base fertilizer is organic fertilizer and farmyard manure, and the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 200 kilograms per mu; the application amount of the farmyard manure is 2 tons per mu; the seed fertilizer comprises a special fertilizer for potatoes, diamine and potassium sulfate, wherein the application amount of the diamine is 25 kilograms per mu, the application amount of the potassium sulfate is 10 kilograms per mu, and the application amount of the special fertilizer for potatoes is 15 kilograms;
the process for preparing the bud blocks by accelerating germination of the seed potatoes comprises the following steps: accelerating germination is carried out 20 days before sowing; spreading the seed potatoes in a light greenhouse to avoid direct sunlight, keeping the temperature at 15 ℃, stacking 3 layers of the seed potatoes, turning the seed potato stack once every 3 days, cutting the seed potatoes into bud blocks when the bud length on the seed potatoes is 0.3cm and the bud bodies are changed from white to green or purple, disinfecting the used cutters with 75% of alcohol, wherein the weight of each bud block is 25g, and 1-3 bud bodies are left in each bud block; the seed potatoes are virus-free seed potatoes;
sixthly, field management
Pruning after seedling emergence of the potatoes, wherein a main stem with thick and strong stems and dark green leaves is reserved during pruning, other stems are removed from the base, and branches and branch leaves below 15cm on the main stem of the potatoes are removed when the growth period of the potatoes is finished;
seventhly, harvesting the potatoes
Killing seedlings after stem leaves of the potatoes wither, and mechanically breaking ridges, wherein the ridge breaking position is right below the potato planting row position, and the ridge breaking depth is the same as the ditch drainage depth;
eight, staged harvest of dandelion
Or before the potatoes are planted in the fourth step, harvesting the dandelion with the leaf length of 10-15 cm, cutting the plants above the ground by using a blade during harvesting, and keeping the roots;
or harvesting the dandelion with the leaf length of 10-15 cm in the potato growth process, cutting the plants above the ground by using a blade during harvesting, and keeping the roots;
or after potato harvesting, the dandelion roots are harvested.
Comparative experiment: this comparative example differs from example 1 in that: a drainage ditch is not arranged between the two ridges, the potato planting row position is the center of the ridge, the ridge direction is positive and south, pruning is not carried out after the potatoes emerge, and other steps and parameters are the same as those in the first embodiment;
fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of a planting method for intercropping dandelion from potatoes in an embodiment, wherein a is a drainage ditch, b is livestock manure, c is previous crop straws, d is soil dug in the drainage ditch, e is a ridge center position, f is a mechanical walking channel, and fig. 2 is a schematic ridge direction view of the embodiment.
After the second year of harvest, statistics show that the yield of the high potatoes in the first example is improved by 10% compared with that of the comparative example, the mass of rotten potatoes in each ton of potatoes harvested in the first example is only 4 kilograms, the mass of green potatoes in each ton of potatoes harvested in the comparative example is only 4 kilograms, the mass of rotten potatoes in each ton of potatoes harvested in the comparative example is only 70 kilograms, the mass of green potatoes in each ton of potatoes is only 90 kilograms, the yield per mu of stems and leaves of dandelion in the first example is 2000 kilograms, and the yield per mu of roots of dandelion reaches 600 kilograms; meanwhile, the first embodiment consumes about 800 cubic meters of straw.
Except for the scheme recorded in the application, the method does not record that the potatoes and the dandelions can be used for weeding, intertillage management, irrigation, pest control and other field management according to the prior art.
Claims (6)
1. A planting method for intercropping potatoes with dandelion is characterized by comprising the following steps: the planting method of intercropping the potatoes with the dandelion specifically comprises the following steps:
soil preparation
Collecting straws of the previous crops after the previous crops are harvested, then deeply ploughing, wherein the deep ploughing depth is 17-19 cm, and then ridging, harrowing and pressing; wherein the ridge distance is 55-59 cm, the ridge height is 25-29 cm, and the ridge direction is 15-30 degrees in the south east;
digging drainage ditch
Taking two ridges as a planting unit, digging a drainage ditch between the two ridges, and forming a mechanical walking channel between the ridge on the two sides of the drainage ditch and the adjacent ridge; the depth of the drainage ditch is 30-35 cm; the width is 20 cm; transferring the soil dug in the drainage ditch to the upper surface of the ridge at two sides, which is far away from the drainage ditch;
filling drainage ditch, sowing dandelion and coating
Stacking the collected previous crop straws at the bottom of the drainage ditch, wherein the thickness of the collected previous crop straws is 5-6 cm, stacking 2-3 layers, stacking one layer of livestock manure between every two layers of previous crop straws, and the thickness of each layer of livestock manure is 2-4 cm; then soil dug in the drainage ditch is paved on the upper-layer previous crop straws, the thickness of the paved soil is 2-3 cm, then 5-6 layers of previous crop straws are continuously stacked on the upper layer of the soil, the thickness is 5-6 cm, the soil dug in the drainage ditch is stacked between every two layers of previous crop straws, the stacking thickness of the soil is 2-3 cm, finally the soil dug in the drainage ditch is paved on the upper surface of the uppermost-layer straw, the thickness is 2-3 cm, dandelion seeds are sown on the soil fully paved on the uppermost-layer straw, seeds for each mu are 1.1-1.5 kg, and then soil is covered for 1 cm; covering a mulching film on the upper surface of the drainage ditch, wherein two side edges of the mulching film extend to a position 5cm away from the center of the ridge, and covering the residual soil dug in the drainage ditch to the edges of the two side edges of the mulching film; punching holes on the mulching film; the aperture is 0.5-1 cm, and the hole spacing is 8-10 cm;
the front crop straws comprise complete front crop straws and front crop branches and leaves;
fourthly, after the dandelion seedlings emerge, leading out the dandelion seedlings from the holes on the mulching film, and covering soil around the dandelion seedling roots after leading out;
planting of potatoes
Accelerating germination of seed potatoes to prepare bud blocks before planting the potatoes, and then planting; the planting time is four months at the end of the next year, the seeding depth is 10-12 cm, the seeding plant spacing is 15-20 cm, and the planting row position is a position which is 5cm away from the center of the ridge to one side of the drainage ditch; the thickness of the cultivated hilling is 3.5-5 cm; the base fertilizer and the seed fertilizer are applied together during sowing, and the additional fertilizer is applied during the seedling stage, the bud stage, the tuber expansion stage and the intertillage ridging of the potatoes;
sixthly, field management
Pruning after seedling emergence of the potatoes, reserving a main stem with thick and strong stems and dark green leaves during pruning, removing other stems from the base, and removing branches and branched leaves of less than 15-20 cm on the main stem of the potatoes when the growth period of the potatoes is finished;
seventhly, harvesting the potatoes
Killing seedlings after stem leaves of the potatoes wither, and mechanically breaking ridges, wherein the ridge breaking position is right below the potato planting row position, and the ridge breaking depth is the same as the ditch drainage depth;
eight, staged harvest of dandelion
Harvesting dandelion with the leaf length of 10-15 cm from the end of the tenth month to the middle ten days of the eleventh month in the first autumn, cutting the plants above the ground by using a blade during harvesting, and keeping the root;
or before the potatoes are planted in the fourth step, harvesting the dandelion with the leaf length of 10-15 cm, cutting the plants above the ground by using a blade during harvesting, and keeping the roots;
or harvesting the dandelion with the leaf length of 10-15 cm in the potato growth process, cutting the plants above the ground by using a blade during harvesting, and keeping the roots;
or after potato harvesting, the dandelion roots are harvested.
2. The method for planting intercropped potatoes as recited in claim 1, wherein: the first step is that the previous crop is millet, wheat, corn, sorghum or soybean.
3. The method for planting intercropped potatoes as recited in claim 1, wherein: and step three, the mulching film is a biodegradable CPP film.
4. The method for planting intercropped potatoes as recited in claim 1, wherein: thirdly, pesticide is mixed in the livestock manure; the dosage of the pesticide is 1.5-2 kg of phoxim granules added into every 50 cubic cubes of livestock manure.
5. The method for planting intercropped potatoes as recited in claim 1, wherein: fifthly, the base fertilizer is organic fertilizer and farmyard manure, and the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 200 kilograms per mu; the application amount of the farmyard manure is 2 tons per mu; the seed fertilizer comprises a special fertilizer for potatoes, diamine and potassium sulfate, wherein the application amount of the diamine is 25 kilograms per mu, the application amount of the potassium sulfate is 10 kilograms per mu, and the application amount of the special fertilizer for potatoes is 15-20 kilograms.
6. The method for planting intercropped potatoes as recited in claim 1, wherein: the process for preparing the bud blocks by accelerating germination of the seed potatoes comprises the following steps: accelerating germination is carried out 20-30 days before sowing; spreading the seed potatoes in a light greenhouse to avoid direct irradiation of sunlight, keeping the temperature at 15-18 ℃, stacking the seed potatoes for 2-3 layers, turning the seed potato stack once every 3-5 days, cutting the seed potatoes into bud blocks when the bud length on the seed potatoes is 0.3-0.4 cm and the bud bodies are changed from white to green or purple, disinfecting the used cutters with 75% of alcohol, wherein the weight of each bud block is 25-35 g, and 1-3 bud bodies are left in each bud block; the seed potatoes are virus-free seed potatoes.
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| CN110140582A (en) * | 2019-06-14 | 2019-08-20 | 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 | A kind of cultural method for making between more season roses of conceding the land to forestry and dandelion |
| CN110169316A (en) * | 2019-06-19 | 2019-08-27 | 山东省农业科学院蔬菜花卉研究所 | A kind of method of tomato interplanting dandelion |
| CN111713366A (en) * | 2020-05-12 | 2020-09-29 | 贵州省农作物品种资源研究所(贵州省现代中药材研究所) | High-emergence-rate planting method for ice hockey |
| CN111771646B (en) * | 2020-07-21 | 2021-11-05 | 李利华 | Ecological interplanting method for blackberrylily rhizome and fructus aurantii |
| CN115362884A (en) * | 2022-08-05 | 2022-11-22 | 辽源市禹然农业发展有限公司 | Planting method of taraxacum kok-saghyz |
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| CN105103826A (en) * | 2014-05-18 | 2015-12-02 | 赵东宁 | Dry land broad bean and potato interplanting method |
| CN104813769B (en) * | 2015-04-14 | 2016-08-24 | 湖南农业大学 | A kind of tobacco-growing soil ecology modification method |
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| CN107211679A (en) * | 2017-05-26 | 2017-09-29 | 张小红 | A kind of method of straw-returning interplanting corn potato |
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