CN108345241A - A kind of agricultural wireless sensor network node - Google Patents
A kind of agricultural wireless sensor network node Download PDFInfo
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- CN108345241A CN108345241A CN201711483040.6A CN201711483040A CN108345241A CN 108345241 A CN108345241 A CN 108345241A CN 201711483040 A CN201711483040 A CN 201711483040A CN 108345241 A CN108345241 A CN 108345241A
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- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 206010033799 Paralysis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000010086 Hypertelorism Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005059 dormancy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007958 sleep Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B19/00—Programme-control systems
- G05B19/02—Programme-control systems electric
- G05B19/04—Programme control other than numerical control, i.e. in sequence controllers or logic controllers
- G05B19/042—Programme control other than numerical control, i.e. in sequence controllers or logic controllers using digital processors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01D21/00—Measuring or testing not otherwise provided for
- G01D21/02—Measuring two or more variables by means not covered by a single other subclass
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
- H04W4/30—Services specially adapted for particular environments, situations or purposes
- H04W4/38—Services specially adapted for particular environments, situations or purposes for collecting sensor information
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W84/00—Network topologies
- H04W84/18—Self-organising networks, e.g. ad-hoc networks or sensor networks
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of design of super low-power consumption agricultural wireless sensor network node and the methods for reducing its power consumption.The node includes sensor module, AD acquisition chips, MCU control module, wireless transport module and power supply circuit, and wherein wireless transport module includes low-power radio frequency circuit and high power RF circuit.Due to the case where being unevenly distributed in the prevalence of sensor node in agriculture sensor network, to the phenomenon of transmission power surplus and transmission power deficiency occur, MCU control module can be according to packet loss and signal strength control analog switch gating low-power radio frequency circuit or high power RF circuit.On the other hand, the present invention makes sensor be in discontinuous operation pattern, substantially reduces the working time of sensor, to achieve the purpose that reduce power consumption.The present invention can solve current wireless sensor network node and be unevenly distributed caused energy consumption problem conscientiously, provide a kind of firm, efficient, energy-efficient wireless sensor network node, can largely improve the battery of sensor node.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to agriculture field of sensing technologies, more particularly, to wireless sensor field.
Background technology
In agriculture field, agriculture feelings information is agricultural modernization production and management one on a large scale, in real time, is efficiently obtained
A important link.Traditional dependence manually acquires and the data acquiring mode of wired measuring is in real-time, accuracy and convenience
Etc. cannot be satisfied the requirement of precision agriculture.The application of wireless sensor network technology compensates for these deficiencies, allows just
Grower can rapidly grasp the information of various monitoring objects, accomplish scientifically and rationally to carry out agricultural planting and production.Meanwhile
In face of agricultural environment complicated and changeable, wireless sensor network technology stability, data processing and transmission performance etc. still
There are many deficiencies, still need the research in deeper face.
Communication quality in agriculture wireless sensor network between two nodes depends on path loss and transmission power, wherein
Path loss and communication distance are related with whether there are obstacles on communication path.Environment residing for agriculture wireless sensor network
Have the characteristics that topography is various, weather conditions are complicated, area of detection reaches, sensor node quantity is more.Therefore wireless sensor node
Potential range the case where either presence can block the barrier of signal between excessively close or node too far between point.So as to cause
Wireless sensor signal covering is uneven, and transmission power, which crosses conference, causes power consumption superfluous, and transmission power is too low to cannot be satisfied communication
Quality.The distribution that wireless sensor is also resulted in when a certain node paralysis in sensor network has unevenness, therefore agriculture nothing
Line sensor network has power consumption and communication quality very high requirement.
Invention content
In order to solve the above technical problems, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of super low-power consumption agricultural wireless sensor networks
The design method of node and its method for reducing power consumption can be solved conscientiously since agriculture wireless sensor node placement environment is multiple
Miscellaneous, energy consumption waste caused by distribution distance unevenness and the problems such as error of transmission provides a kind of reliable, low-power consumption agricultural wirelessly
Sensor network nodes.
An embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of agriculture wireless sensor network nodes, including sensor module, AD to acquire core
Piece, MCU control module, wireless transport module and power supply circuit, the sensor module is by collected data through the AD
Acquisition chip is transmitted to the MCU control module and is handled, and data that treated are sent through the wireless transport module,
The MCU control module controls the agriculture wireless sensor network node working time and selection radio frequency path simultaneously, described
Sensor module includes the sensor of multiple types.
Further, the wireless transport module includes radio frequency chip, single pole double throw analog switch, low-power radio frequency circuit
With high power RF circuit.
Further, the packet loss and signal strength that the MCU control module is fed back according to the wireless transport module, control
The single pole double throw analog switch selection radio frequency path is made, the situation of transmission power deficiency and transmission power surplus is avoided.
Further, the sensor module includes multiple sensors, and the sensor is reserved in the sensor module
Interface, the sensor is separately connected the passage portion of the AD acquisition chips, and the AD acquisition chips passage portion is used for
Reserved dilatation.
Further, the sensor uses discontinuous operation pattern, works X seconds within often rest N seconds.
Further, it is controlled by the power supply side of the MCU control module whether sensor module work, it is described
MCU control module controls the grid of triode, when MCU control module exports high level, the triode ON, and the sensing
Device module power supply is connected, and the sensor is in running order.
Further, the power supply circuit includes lithium battery, charging circuit and regulator circuit.
Further, when agriculture wireless sensor network node works normally, low-power radio frequency circuit is used；
When signal is weak between two agriculture wireless sensor network nodes of communication, the MCU control module is lost by detection
When packet rate and signal strength are less than certain threshold value, the single pole double throw analog switching is controlled to the high power RF circuit.
Further, agriculture wireless sensor network node is under multi-hop communication pattern, and signal is by the first agriculture nothing
Line sensor network nodes are transmitted to the second agriculture wireless sensor network node, then by the described second agriculture wireless sensor network
Network node-node transmission is to third agricultural wireless sensor network node, when event occurs in the described second agriculture wireless sensor network node
When barrier, when the MCU control module is by detecting packet loss and signal strength less than certain threshold value, the single pole double throw analog is controlled
Switching is to the high power RF circuit.
Further, the sensor module includes the sensor of multiple types, and the sensor is carbon dioxide, illumination
Intensity, aerial temperature and humidity, soil moisture or soil temperature sensor.
The present invention can meet information data and adopt in real time by controlling each sensor timing working in sensor module
Collection, and can be by the lower power consumption of sensor module to original X/ (X+N) times.Such as the work of carbon dioxide sensor TGS4160
It is about 250mA as electric current, if sensor often works 1 second, suspend mode 9 seconds, then it is original 1/10 that power consumption, which substantially reduces,.
The node that the present invention designs can adaptively selected low-power radio frequency circuit and high power RF circuit, on the one hand can be with
The a certain node in sensor network is set to break down, it is automatic by power when making to occur in sensor network signal weak area
Adjustment, skips malfunctioning node, ensures the robustness of whole network.On the other hand when the Node distribution unevenness in network, pass through
Power self-adjusting avoids all nodes from using the excessive caused power wastage of radio-frequency power caused by same power emission and transmitting
Underpower causes communication quality poor.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the system block diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is power supply circuit construction block diagram.
Fig. 3 is the working method schematic diagram of sensor assembly.
Fig. 4 is that MCU controls sensor module working method circuit diagram.
Fig. 5 is the Inner Constitution and its connection relation of wireless transport module.
Fig. 6 is the circuit diagram of low-power radio frequency circuit.
Fig. 7 is the circuit diagram of high power RF circuit.
Fig. 8 is the processing mode schematic diagram when signal is weak between two nodes.
Fig. 9 is the processing mode schematic diagram when failure node in sensor network.
Specific implementation mode
In order to make the purpose , technical scheme and advantage of the present invention be clearer, with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, right
The present invention is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that described herein, specific examples are only used to explain the present invention, not
For limiting the present invention.
As shown in Figure 1, a kind of agriculture wireless sensor network node provided in an embodiment of the present invention includes sensor module,
AD acquisition chips, MCU control module, wireless transport module and power supply circuit.Wherein wireless transport module includes radio frequency chip, list
Dpdt double-pole double-throw (DPDT) analog switch, low-power radio frequency circuit and high power RF circuit.
For convenience of the explanation of technical solution, in power supply circuit as shown in Figure 2, including microUSB, charging circuit, lithium battery
And regulator circuit, for microUSB as charging interface, charging circuit chooses CN3065 chips, and lithium battery chooses capacity and is
400mAh, output voltage 4.2V, regulator circuit select AP1117E33G, output voltage 3.3V.Also there is low electricity in the module
Detection function is pressed, when cell voltage is less than 3.5V, warning information can be sent to control centre, remind charging.
Include the sensings such as carbon dioxide, intensity of illumination, aerial temperature and humidity, soil moisture, the soil moisture in sensor module
Device, due to the sensitivity of various sensors, response characteristic（Reaction time, stability, precision）, distributional environment difference（Such as soil
In earth, in water, in air）, so only reserving the interface of each sensor in sensor module, each sensor is separately connected
The channels 1-5 of AD acquisition chips, remaining 3 channels AD are for reserving dilatation.
As shown in figure 3, the working method of each sensor is set as every suspend mode in work X seconds N seconds, according to carbon dioxide, illumination
The sensitivity of the sensors such as intensity, aerial temperature and humidity, soil moisture, the soil moisture and individual features can meet when X=1 second
The minimum data acquisition time of all the sensors does not ensure that accuracy of data acquisition, dormancy time N are set as 9 seconds, i.e. sensor module
Often work suspend mode in 1 second 9 seconds.Under such working method, the power consumption of sensor module can be reduced to original X/ (X+N), i.e., former
1/10 come.
When host node want obtain from the data of node when, from node from suspend mode under wake up, work X seconds after entering
Dormant state, such working method are remote control mode.
As shown in figure 4, the working condition of sensor module controls triode PMOS to realize by the pin CTL of MCU.When
When CTL is low-voltage, the power end VCC of triode shutdown, sensor module is low level, and sensor module is in suspend mode shape
State；When CTL is high voltage, the power end VCC of triode ON, sensor module is drawn high, and sensor module is in work shape
State.
This method substantially reduces the working time of sensor, can meet data acquisition demand and reduction work(
The purpose of consumption.
The collected analog signal of sensor module is converted to digital signal, A/D chip and MCU controls by AD conversion chip
Module is connected using spi bus.Collected data are real-time transmitted to MCU control module and handled by A/D chip.
MCU control module be the present invention control core, carry the storage to sensing data, wireless communication data and
Processing, controls the working method of sensor, while also to select to penetrate according to the wireless signal strength and packet loss of node
Frequency circuit.The ATmega128L microcontrollers that the MCU of the present invention is used are micro- using the high-performance 8 of Low-Power CMOS technique productions
Processing, is operable with 6 kinds of sleep patterns, has abundant resource and low-down power consumption, is well suited for wireless sensor node pair
The requirement of low energy consumption.
Wireless transport module is used in the present invention as most important part in the present invention, including a radio frequency chip
It is CC2530 chips, two single pole double throw analog switches, low-power radio frequency circuit and high power RF circuit.
Its connection type is as shown in figure 5, the ends Q of single pole double throw analog switch 1 connect the ends radio frequency P of radio frequency chip CC2530
（RF_P）, the ends A connect the ends high power RF circuit P（HIGH_RF_P）, the ends B connect the ends low-power radio frequency circuit P（LOW_RF_
P）, control terminal S connections MCU.Likewise, the radio frequency N-terminal of the ends the Q connection radio frequency chip CC2530 of single pole double throw analog switch 2
（RF_N）, the ends A connect high power RF circuit N-terminal（HIGH_RF_N）, the ends B connect low-power radio frequency circuit N-terminal（LOW_RF_
N）, control terminal S connections MCU.
Single pole double throw analog switch operation principle be：When control terminal S is high voltage, the ends Q are connected to the ends A；Work as control
When end S is low-voltage, the ends Q are connected to the ends B, and the single pole double throw analog switch that the present invention uses is ADG1433.
It, as an optimization, can be with to reduce area as shown in fig. 6, low-power radio frequency circuit is built by discrete component
Using balun low-power radio frequency circuit is built instead of discrete device.The maximum transmission distance of low-power radio frequency circuit is up to 100m.
As shown in fig. 7, high power RF circuit has used radio-frequency power amplification chip CC2590.High power RF circuit
Maximum transmission distance up to 500m.
The same control pin of the control terminal S connections MCU of two single pole double throw analogs switch.When S is high level,
The ends the radio frequency P ends connection high power RF circuit P of CC2530, radio frequency N-terminal connect high power RF circuit N-terminal, i.e., whole selection
High power RF circuit；When S is low level, the ends the radio frequency P ends connection low-power radio frequency circuit P of CC2530, radio frequency N-terminal connects
Connect low-power radio frequency circuit N-terminal, i.e., it is whole to have selected low-power radio frequency circuit.
Wireless sensor node selects low-power radio frequency circuit under default situations, when two wireless sensor distances of communication
Too far or centre is across barrier, causes signal strength to decline, packet loss increases, and when influencing communication quality, MCU is received instead
Feedback, high power RF circuit is switched to by control port S by radio circuit.When signal strength improves, then switch back into low work(
Rate radio circuit, to achieve the purpose that reduce power consumption.
Under default situations, wireless sensor network node of the invention selects low-power radio frequency circuit, as shown in figure 8, working as
Node A and node B hypertelorisms or between there are barrier obstructions, it is weak so as to cause signal, when cannot be satisfied communication requirement, section
The MCU control module of point A and node B can be switched to high power RF circuit respectively.
Agriculture wireless sensor network node is under multi-hop communication pattern, and signal is by the first agriculture wireless sensor network
Network node-node transmission is transmitted to the second agriculture wireless sensor network node, then by the described second agriculture wireless sensor network node
It is described when the described second agriculture wireless sensor network node breaks down to third agricultural wireless sensor network node
When MCU control module is by detecting packet loss and signal strength less than certain threshold value, the single pole double throw analog switching is controlled
To the high power RF circuit.
As shown in figure 9, when sensor network is under multi-hop communication pattern, i.e., information is transferred to node B by node A,
Node C is transferred to by node B again, when a certain node in multihop network breaks down, whole network can be caused to paralyse.Work as biography
Node B in sensor network breaks down, and the data of node A can not be transferred to node C.When this occurs, node A and
Node C can't detect the signal of node B, can switch to high power RF circuit under the control of MCU control module, realize section
Direct communications of the point A to node C.
The present invention can meet information data and adopt in real time by controlling each sensor timing working in sensor module
Collection, and can be by the lower power consumption of sensor module to original X/ (X+N) times.Such as the work of carbon dioxide sensor TGS4160
It is about 250mA as electric current, if sensor often works 1 second, suspend mode 9 seconds, then it is original 1/10 that power consumption, which substantially reduces,.
The adaptively selected effect of low-power radio frequency circuit and high power RF circuit, on the one hand can make sensor network
A certain node in network breaks down, and when making to occur in sensor network signal weak area, by power adjust automatically, skips event
Hinder node, ensures the robustness of whole network.On the other hand when the Node distribution unevenness in network, by power self-adjusting,
All nodes are avoided to be led using the excessive caused power wastage of radio-frequency power caused by same power emission and transmission power deficiency
Cause communication quality poor.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, is not intended to restrict the invention, for the skill of this field
For art personnel, various changes and deformation can be carried out to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.It is all in this hair
Within bright spirit and principle, any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement and so on should be included in protection scope of the present invention
Within.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of agricultural wireless sensor network node, which is characterized in that including sensor module, AD acquisition chips, MCU controls
Module, wireless transport module and power supply circuit, the sensor module pass collected data through the AD acquisition chips
It is sent to the MCU control module to be handled, data that treated are sent through the wireless transport module, the MCU controls
Molding block controls the agriculture wireless sensor network node working time and selection radio frequency path, the sensor module simultaneously
Include the sensor of multiple types.
2. agricultural wireless sensor network node according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the wireless transport module packet
Include radio frequency chip, single pole double throw analog switch, low-power radio frequency circuit and high power RF circuit.
3. agricultural wireless sensor network node according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the MCU control module root
According to the packet loss and signal strength of wireless transport module feedback, it is logical to control the single pole double throw analog switch selection radio frequency
Road avoids the situation of transmission power deficiency and transmission power surplus.
4. agricultural wireless sensor network node according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the sensor module includes
Multiple sensors, the interface of the sensor is reserved in the sensor module, and the sensor is separately connected the AD acquisitions
The passage portion of chip, the AD acquisition chips passage portion is for reserving dilatation.
5. agricultural wireless sensor network node according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the sensor is using interval
Operating mode works X seconds for often rest N seconds.
6. agricultural wireless sensor network node according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the sensor module work
Whether controlled by the power supply side of the MCU control module, the grid of MCU control module control triode, when MCU is controlled
When molding block exports high level, the triode ON, the sensor module power supply is connected, and the sensor is in work shape
State.
7. agricultural wireless sensor network node according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the power supply circuit includes lithium
Battery, charging circuit and regulator circuit.
8. agricultural wireless sensor network node according to claim 2, which is characterized in that
When the agriculture wireless sensor network node normal work, low-power radio frequency circuit is used；
When signal is weak between two agriculture wireless sensor network nodes of communication, the MCU control module passes through inspection
When surveying packet loss and signal strength less than certain threshold value, the single pole double throw analog switching is controlled to high power RF electricity
Road.
9. agricultural wireless sensor network node according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the agricultural wireless sensor
Network node is under multi-hop communication pattern, and signal is transmitted to the second agriculture nothing by the first agriculture wireless sensor network node
Line sensor network nodes, then third agricultural wireless sensor network is transferred to by the described second agriculture wireless sensor network node
Network node, when the described second agriculture wireless sensor network node breaks down, the MCU control module is by detecting packet loss
When rate and signal strength are less than certain threshold value, the single pole double throw analog switching is controlled to the high power RF circuit.
10. according to any agriculture wireless sensor network nodes of claim 1-9, which is characterized in that the sensor
Module includes the sensor of multiple types, the sensor be carbon dioxide, intensity of illumination, aerial temperature and humidity, soil moisture or
Soil temperature sensor.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201711483040.6A CN108345241A (en) | 2017-12-29 | 2017-12-29 | A kind of agricultural wireless sensor network node |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201711483040.6A CN108345241A (en) | 2017-12-29 | 2017-12-29 | A kind of agricultural wireless sensor network node |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN108345241A true CN108345241A (en) | 2018-07-31 |
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ID=62963438
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| CN201711483040.6A Pending CN108345241A (en) | 2017-12-29 | 2017-12-29 | A kind of agricultural wireless sensor network node |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN109495882A (en) * | 2018-12-17 | 2019-03-19 | 广州大学 | Wireless sensor network node power selection and the control method of high-low power work |
| CN114640979A (en) * | 2022-03-14 | 2022-06-17 | Oppo广东移动通信有限公司 | Wi-Fi signal transmission control method, device, electronic device and storage medium |
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| CN103052146A (en) * | 2012-12-24 | 2013-04-17 | 太原理工大学 | Low-power-consumption embedded type wireless sensor network node device |
| CN104185307A (en) * | 2014-09-05 | 2014-12-03 | 苏州大学 | Agricultural-greenhouse-oriented integrated WSN intelligent sensor uniform interface system |
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| CN101026472A (en) * | 2006-12-07 | 2007-08-29 | 中国科学院计算技术研究所 | Radio frequency head end device for wireless sensor network node application |
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Application publication date: 20180731 |