CN108235509B - A kind of single-stage LED drive circuit of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC circuit - Google Patents

A kind of single-stage LED drive circuit of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC circuit Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108235509B
CN108235509B CN201711468880.5A CN201711468880A CN108235509B CN 108235509 B CN108235509 B CN 108235509B CN 201711468880 A CN201711468880 A CN 201711468880A CN 108235509 B CN108235509 B CN 108235509B
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current
cuk
power
power diode
resonance
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CN108235509A (en
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林维明
曾璐
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Fuzhou University
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Fuzhou University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/30—Driver circuits
    • H05B45/37—Converter circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
    • H02M1/007—Plural converter units in cascade
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/4815—Resonant converters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B20/00—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps
    • Y02B20/30—Semiconductor lamps, e.g. solid state lamps [SSL] light emitting diodes [LED] or organic LED [OLED]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

Abstract

The present invention relates to the single-stage LED drive circuits of a kind of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC circuit.Including single phase ac input power Vin, the first power diode D1, the second power diode D2, third power diode D3, the 4th power diode D4, the 5th power diode D5, the 6th power diode D6, the 7th power diode D7, the 8th power diode Ds1, the 9th power diode Ds2, the first power switch tube S1, the second power switch tube S2, high frequency capacitance C1, bus capacitor Cbus, output capacitance Co, resonant capacitance Cr, Cuk inductance L1, Cuk inductance L2, resonant inductance Lr, high frequency transformer T(include primary side winding Np, vice-side winding Ns1, vice-side winding Ns2), LED light load.The present invention is by proposing a kind of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit, towards high input voltage application, realization High Power Factor and soft switch conversion, and improve the LED drive circuit ratio of performance to price.

Description

A kind of single-stage LED drive circuit of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC circuit
Technical field
The present invention relates to the single-stage LED drive circuits of a kind of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC circuit, apply defeated in ac high-voltage Enter occasion, is more specifically a kind of by integrating voltage-dropping type Cuk translation circuit and LLC translation circuit to realize high input voltage, height Power factor and soft switch conversion.
Background technique
25 watts or more electric lightings need to meet a series of mandatory relevant criterions, such as IEC555-2, IEC1000-3-2 Standard.Therefore PFC (Power Factor Correction-PFC) technology becomes in LED drive circuit field A key technology.And occasion is inputted in high-voltage alternating, efficient voltage-dropping type pfc circuit is studied as a hot spot.
The switching tube of LLC resonant converter can work in sofe switch pattern, and switching loss is able to maintain at one very Low level is widely used in middle great power LED drive system.Under normal circumstances, independent LLC resonant transformation The efficiency of device is all 90% or more.Traditional exchange input LED drive power generallys use two-level configuration, and prime is power factor Correcting circuit, rear class are DC-DC conversion circuit.The driving power of two-level configuration needs to be respectively adopted two sets of independent control systems System, therefore its is at high cost, and poor reliability.In recent years, more and more scholars begin to focus on single-stage LED drive power.Single-stage The switching tube multiplexing of two-stage circuit to be integrated into single-stage, is reduced the quantity of switching tube and only needs a set of control system by circuit System, improves reliability and reduces costs, and has important theory significance and engineering application value.
In addition, being depressured Cuk circuit in input and output side compared with conventional buck Buck active power factor correction circuit There is filter inductance, therefore reduce input and output electric current ripple and electromagnetic interference, improves the efficiency and function of buck convertor Rate factor simultaneously reduces THD.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide the single-stage LED drive circuits of a kind of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC circuit, make circuit Reach high efficiency, High Power Factor, reduce DC bus-bar voltage, and improves the driving circuit ratio of performance to price.
To achieve the above object, the technical scheme is that the single-stage LED of a kind of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC circuit drives Dynamic circuit, including single phase ac input power Vin, the first power diode D1, the second power diode D2, two pole of third power Pipe D3, the 4th power diode D4, the 5th power diode D5, the 6th power diode D6, the 7th power diode D7, the 8th function Rate diode Ds1, the 9th power diode Ds2, the first power switch tube S1, the second power switch tube S2, high frequency capacitance C1, bus Capacitor Cbus, output capacitance Co, resonant capacitance Cr, Cuk inductance L1, Cuk inductance L2, resonant inductance Lr, high frequency transformer T, LED light Load；The first power diode D1Cathode and third power diode D3Cathode and Cuk inductance L1One end be connected, The second power diode D2Cathode and single phase ac input power VinOne end, the first power diode D1Anode phase Connection, the second power diode D2Anode and high frequency capacitance C1One end, the 4th power diode D4Anode, second Power switch tube S2Source electrode and the 6th power diode D6Anode be connected, the single phase ac input power vinIt is another End and third power diode D3Anode, the 4th power diode D4Cathode be connected, the Cuk inductance L1The other end With Cuk inductance L2One end, bus capacitor CbusAnode, the second power switch tube S1Drain electrode and resonant inductance LrOne end phase Connection, the Cuk inductance L2The other end and the 5th power diode D5Cathode, high frequency capacitance C1The other end be connected, it is described Bus capacitor CbusNegative terminal and the 7th power diode D7Anode, the 5th power diode D5Two pole of anode and the 6th power Pipe D6Cathode be connected, first power switch tube S1Source electrode and the second power switch tube S2Drain electrode, two pole of the 7th power Pipe D7Cathode and resonant capacitance CrOne end be connected, the resonant inductance LrThe other end and high frequency transformer T primary side around Group NpSame Name of Ends be connected, the resonant capacitance CrThe other end and high frequency transformer T primary side winding NpDifferent name end be connected It connects；The vice-side winding N of the high frequency transformer Ts1Different name end and high frequency transformer T vice-side winding Ns2Same Name of Ends, output Capacitor CoNegative terminal and LED light load one end be connected, the vice-side winding N of the high frequency transformer Ts1Same Name of Ends and the 8th Power diode Ds1Anode be connected, the vice-side winding N of the high frequency transformer Ts2Different name end and the 9th power diode Ds2Anode be connected, the 8th power diode Ds1Cathode and the 9th power diode Ds2Cathode, output capacitance Co Anode and LED light load the other end be connected.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the Cuk inductance L1, Cuk inductance L2, the 5th power diode D5, the 7th power two Pole pipe D7, the second power switch tube S2, high frequency capacitance C1, bus capacitor CbusConstitute decompression Cuk circuit；First power switch Pipe S1, the second power switch tube S2, the 7th power diode D7, the 6th power diode D6, output capacitance Co, resonant capacitance Cr、 Resonant inductance Lr, high frequency transformer T, the 8th power diode Ds1, the 9th power diode Ds2, LED light load constitute LLC electricity Road；Decompression Cuk circuit can work under DCM mode, BCM mode or CCM mode, and LLC circuit works in the region ZVS.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the first power diode D1, the second power diode D2, two pole of third power Pipe D3, the 4th power diode D4For rectifier diode, the 5th power diode D5, the 6th power diode D6, the 7th function Rate diode D7, the 8th power diode Ds1, the 9th power diode Ds2For fast recovery diode.
In an embodiment of the present invention, first power switch tube S1, the second power switch tube S2For power MOSFET Pipe, and use PFM control mode.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the resonant capacitance Cr, high frequency capacitance C1For high frequency capacitance；The bus capacitor Cbus, output capacitance CoFor electrolytic capacitor.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the resonant inductance LrIt is made of leakage inductance, or is separate inductor.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the operation mode of the circuit is as follows:
If being depressured the work of Cuk circuit in DCM mode, LLC circuit works in fr1<fs<frRegion, fsFor switching tube frequency；? In the positive negative cycle of AC power source power frequency, the working condition of circuit is symmetrically that this illustrates for sentencing power frequency positive half period, bears half Period is similar；
(1) as input voltage VinLess than DC bus-bar voltage VCbusWhen situation:
1 [t of mode0<t<t1]: switching tube S1Shutdown, switching tube S2Zero current turning-on, input voltage VinLess than DC bus Voltage VCbus, rectifier bridge is in an off state at this time, and prime decompression Cuk circuit does not work, dc-link capacitance CbusTo rear class LLC provides energy；This stage, resonance frequency areResonance current is greater than exciting current, secondary side diode Ds1It leads It is logical；Transformer primary winding both end voltage is clamped at nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLinear rise；
2 [t of mode1<t<t2]: switching tube S1Shutdown, switching tube S2It is open-minded, input voltage VinLess than DC bus-bar voltage VCbus, prime decompression Cuk circuit do not work, dc-link capacitance CbusEnergy is provided to rear class LLC；At this point, resonance current with encourage Magnetoelectricity stream is equal, at this time secondary side diode Ds1Zero-current switching；Transformer primary winding is no longer clamped by output voltage, excitation electricity Feel Lm, resonant inductance Lr, resonant capacitance CrResonance is participated in, in this stage, resonance frequency isDue to excitation Inductance is very big, and it is approximately steady state value that so harmonic period is very big, resonance current, which is consistent in this stage with exciting current,；
3 [t of mode2<t<t3]: switching tube S1、S2Shutdown, into dead time；This stage, resonance frequency areResonance current is greater than exciting current, secondary side diode Ds2Conducting；Resonance current a part gives switching tube S2's Junction capacity charging；Resonance current a part gives switching tube S1Junction capacity electric discharge, until switching tube S1Junction capacity both end voltage be Zero；Later, resonance current all flows through switching tube S1Body diode, be switching tube S1No-voltage open and prepare；
4 [t of mode3<t<t4]: switching tube S1No-voltage conducting, switching tube S2Shutdown, input voltage VinLess than DC bus Voltage VCbus, rectifier bridge is in an off state at this time, and prime decompression Cuk circuit does not work, and in this stage, resonance frequency isResonance current is greater than exciting current, secondary side diode Ds2Conducting；Transformer primary winding both end voltage is by pincers Position is in-nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLinear rise；
5 [t of mode4<t<t5]: switching tube S1Still it is connected；At this point, resonance current is equal with exciting current, secondary side two at this time Pole pipe Ds2Zero-current switching；Transformer primary winding is no longer clamped by output voltage, magnetizing inductance Lm, resonant inductance Lr, resonance Capacitor CrResonance is participated in, in this stage, resonance frequency isSince magnetizing inductance is very big, so resonance is all Phase is very big, and resonance current is consistent in this stage with exciting current, is approximately steady state value；
6 [t of mode5<t<t6]: switching tube S1Cut-off, in this stage, resonance frequency isResonance current is greater than Exciting current, secondary side diode Ds1Conducting；Switching tube S1Junction capacity both end voltage be equal to DC bus-bar voltage, diode D7It leads It is logical, it is switching tube S2Zero current turning-on is prepared；
(2) as input voltage VinGreater than DC bus-bar voltage VCbusWhen situation:
Mode 1a [t0<t<t1]: switching tube S1Shutdown, switching tube S2Zero current turning-on, input voltage VinGreater than DC bus Voltage VCbus, prime decompression Cuk circuit work, Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2With slope (Vin-Vcbus)/L1Linear rise, and drop Press Cuk grades of electric current icukGreater than LLC grades electric current ir, input energy a part is transmitted to rear class LLC by Cuk grades of decompression, and a part is to mother Line capacitance CbusIt charges；Meanwhile LLC resonance frequency isResonance current is greater than exciting current, secondary side two Pole pipe Ds1Conducting；Transformer primary winding both end voltage is clamped at nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLinear rise；
Mode 1b [t0<t<t1]: switching tube S1Shutdown, switching tube S2It is open-minded, input voltage VinGreater than DC bus-bar voltage VCbus, prime decompression Cuk circuit work, Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2With slope (Vin-Vcbus)/L1Linear rise, and it is depressured Cuk Grade electric current icukLess than LLC grades electric current ir, bus capacitor CbusIn discharge condition；Meanwhile LLC resonance frequency isResonance current is greater than exciting current, secondary side diode Ds1Conducting；Transformer primary winding both end voltage is by pincers Position is in nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLinear rise；
2 [t of mode1<t<t2]: switching tube S1Shutdown, switching tube S2It is open-minded, input voltage VinGreater than DC bus-bar voltage VCbus, prime decompression Cuk circuit work, Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2With slope (Vin-Vcbus)/L1Continue linear rise；At this point, Resonance current is equal with exciting current, at this time secondary side diode Ds1Zero-current switching；Transformer primary winding is no longer by output electricity Pressure clamp, magnetizing inductance Lm, resonant inductance Lr, resonant capacitance CrResonance is participated in, in this stage, resonance frequency isSince magnetizing inductance is very big, so harmonic period is very big, resonance current is in this stage and excitation electricity Stream is consistent, and is approximately steady state value；
3 [t of mode2<t<t3]: switching tube S1、S2Shutdown, into dead time；Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2Afterflow；This rank Section, resonance frequency areResonance current is greater than exciting current, secondary side diode Ds2Conducting；Resonance current one Give switching tube S2Junction capacity charging；Resonance current a part gives switching tube S1Junction capacity electric discharge, until switching tube S1Knot Capacitor both end voltage is zero；Later, resonance current all flows through switching tube S1Body diode, be switching tube S1No-voltage open It is logical to prepare；
4 [t of mode3<t<t4]: switching tube S1No-voltage is open-minded, switching tube S2Shutdown；Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2Continue to continue Stream；In this stage, resonant inductance Lr, resonant capacitance CrWith resonance frequencyResonance, resonance current are greater than excitation electricity Stream, secondary side diode Ds2Conducting；Transformer primary winding both end voltage is clamped at-nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLine Property rise；
5 [t of mode4<t<t5]: switching tube S1Still it is connected；Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2Afterflow terminates；It is humorous in this stage Shake inductance Lr, resonant capacitance CrWith resonance frequencyResonance, resonance current are greater than exciting current, secondary side diode Ds2Conducting；Transformer primary winding both end voltage is clamped at-nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLinear rise；
6 [t of mode5<t<t6]: switching tube S1Still it is connected；At this point, resonance current is equal with exciting current, secondary side two at this time Pole pipe Ds2Zero-current switching；Transformer primary winding is no longer clamped by output voltage, magnetizing inductance Lm, resonant inductance Lr, resonance Capacitor CrResonance is participated in, in this stage, resonance frequency isSince magnetizing inductance is very big, so resonance is all Phase is very big, and resonance current is consistent in this stage with exciting current, is approximately steady state value；
7 [t of mode6<t<t7]: switching tube S1Cut-off, in this stage, resonance frequency isResonance current is greater than Exciting current, secondary side diode Ds1Conducting；Switching tube S1Junction capacity both end voltage be equal to DC bus-bar voltage, diode D7It leads It is logical, it is switching tube S2Zero current turning-on is prepared.
Compared to the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1, the invention proposes the integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuits of one kind, it is only necessary to a set of control Circuit processed, can be improved circuit reliability, reduce cost；
2, input and output filter inductance of the present invention advantageously reduces ripple, is conducive to so that input and output electric current pulsation is small EMI improves the efficiency of buck convertor and reduces THD.
3, the present invention can realize High Power Factor and obtain lower DC bus electricity in high-voltage alternating input voltage occasion Pressure.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the single-stage LED drive circuit schematic diagram of the integrated decompression Cuk and llc circuit of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the corresponding key waveforms of positive half period mode of the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit work of one kind of the specific embodiment of the invention Stage equivalent circuit diagram one.
Fig. 4 is the integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit work of one kind of the specific embodiment of the invention Stage equivalent circuit diagram two.
Fig. 5 is the integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit work of one kind of the specific embodiment of the invention Stage equivalent circuit diagram three.
Fig. 6 is the integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit work of one kind of the specific embodiment of the invention Stage equivalent circuit diagram four.
Fig. 7 is the integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit work of one kind of the specific embodiment of the invention Stage equivalent circuit diagram five.
Fig. 8 is the integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit work of one kind of the specific embodiment of the invention Stage equivalent circuit diagram six.
Fig. 9 is the integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit work of one kind of the specific embodiment of the invention Stage equivalent circuit diagram seven.
Figure 10 is the integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit work of one kind of the specific embodiment of the invention Stage equivalent circuit diagram eight.
Figure 11 is the integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit work of one kind of the specific embodiment of the invention Stage equivalent circuit diagram nine.
Figure 12 is the integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit work of one kind of the specific embodiment of the invention Stage equivalent circuit diagram ten.
Figure 13 is the integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit work of one kind of the specific embodiment of the invention Stage equivalent circuit diagram 11.
Figure 14 is the integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit work of one kind of the specific embodiment of the invention Stage equivalent circuit diagram 12.
Figure 15 is the integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit work of one kind of the specific embodiment of the invention Stage equivalent circuit diagram 13.
Figure 16 is the integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit work of one kind of the specific embodiment of the invention Stage equivalent circuit diagram 14.
Specific embodiment
With reference to the accompanying drawing, technical solution of the present invention is specifically described.
As shown in Figure 1, present embodiments providing a kind of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit, packet Include single phase ac input power vin, the first power diode D1, the second power diode D2, third power diode D3, the 4th function Rate diode D4, the 5th power diode D5, the 6th power diode D6, the 7th power diode D7, the 8th power diode Ds1, the 9th power diode Ds2, the first power switch tube S1, the second power switch tube S2, high frequency capacitance C1, bus capacitor Cbus、 Output capacitance Co, resonant capacitance Cr, Cuk inductance L1, Cuk inductance L2, resonant inductance Lr, high frequency transformer T, LED light load.
The first power diode D1Cathode and third power diode D3Cathode and Cuk inductance L1One end phase Even, the second power diode D2Cathode and single phase ac input power vinOne end, the first power diode D1Sun Pole is connected, the second power diode D2Anode and high frequency capacitance C1One end, the 4th power diode D4Anode, Second power switch tube S2Source electrode and the 6th power diode D6Anode be connected, the single phase ac input power vin's The other end and third power diode D3Anode, the 4th power diode D4Cathode be connected, the Cuk inductance L1It is another One end and Cuk inductance L2One end, bus capacitor CbusAnode, the second power switch tube S1Drain electrode and resonant inductance LrOne End is connected, the Cuk inductance L2The other end and the 5th power diode D5Cathode, high frequency capacitance C1The other end be connected, The bus capacitor CbusNegative terminal and the 7th power diode D7Anode, the 5th power diode D5Anode and the 6th power Diode D6Cathode be connected, first power switch tube S1Source electrode and the second power switch tube S2Drain electrode, the 7th power Diode D7Cathode and resonant capacitance CrOne end be connected, the resonant inductance LrThe other end and high frequency transformer T original Side winding NpSame Name of Ends be connected, the resonant capacitance CrThe other end and high frequency transformer T primary side winding NpDifferent name End is connected；The vice-side winding N of the high frequency transformer Ts1Different name end and high frequency transformer T vice-side winding Ns2It is of the same name End, output capacitance CoNegative terminal and LED light load one end be connected, the vice-side winding N of the high frequency transformer Ts1It is of the same name End and the 8th power diode Ds1Anode be connected, the vice-side winding N of the high frequency transformer Ts2Different name end and the 9th function Rate diode Ds2Anode be connected, the 8th power diode Ds1Cathode and the 9th power diode Ds2Cathode, defeated Capacitor C outoAnode and LED light load the other end be connected.
In the present embodiment, the Cuk inductance L1, Cuk inductance L2, the 5th power diode D5, the 7th power diode D7, the second power switch tube S2, high frequency capacitance C1, bus capacitor CbusConstitute decompression Cuk circuit；First power switch tube S1, the second power switch tube S2, the 7th power diode D7, the 6th power diode D6, output capacitance Co, resonant capacitance Cr, it is humorous Shake inductance Lr, high frequency transformer T, the 8th power diode Ds1, the 9th power diode Ds2, LED light load constitute LLC circuit； Decompression Cuk circuit can work under DCM mode, BCM mode or CCM mode, and LLC circuit works in the region ZVS.
In the present embodiment, the first power diode D1, the second power diode D2, third power diode D3, Four power diode D4For rectifier diode, the 5th power diode D5, the 6th power diode D6, two pole of the 7th power Pipe D7, the 8th power diode Ds1, the 9th power diode Ds2For fast recovery diode.
In the present embodiment, first power switch tube S1, the second power switch tube S2For power MOSFET tube, and adopt With PFM control mode.
In the present embodiment, the resonant capacitance Cr, high frequency capacitance C1For high frequency capacitance；The bus capacitor Cbus, output Capacitor CoFor electrolytic capacitor.
In the present embodiment, the resonant inductance LrIt can be and be made of leakage inductance, be also possible to separate inductor；
In the present embodiment, the integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage LED drive circuit of described one kind, the height The equivalent magnetizing inductance of frequency power transformer T is Lm。
Particularly, as shown in Fig. 2 to Figure 16, the present embodiment additionally provides a kind of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC converter single-stage The physical circuit operation mode of LED drive circuit.
In DCM mode, LLC circuit works in f for design decompression Cuk circuit workr1<fs<frRegion, fsFor switching tube frequency. In the positive negative cycle of AC power source power frequency, the working condition of circuit is symmetrically, to illustrate by taking power frequency positive half period as an example here, is born Half period does not repeat one by one, and Fig. 2 is corresponding key waveforms, and Fig. 3 to Figure 16 is 14 mode isoboles of positive half period.
Fig. 3 to Fig. 8 is input voltage V in Fig. 2inLess than DC bus-bar voltage VCbusMode isoboles when situation.
1 [t of mode0<t<t1]: such as Fig. 3, switching tube S1Shutdown, switching tube S2Zero current turning-on, input voltage VinLess than straight Flow busbar voltage VCbus, rectifier bridge is in an off state at this time, and prime decompression Cuk circuit does not work, dc-link capacitance CbusIt gives Rear class LLC provides energy.This stage, resonance frequency areResonance current is greater than exciting current, secondary side diode Ds1Conducting.Transformer primary winding both end voltage is clamped at nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLinear rise.
2 [t of mode1<t<t2]: such as Fig. 4, switching tube S1Shutdown, switching tube S2It is open-minded, input voltage VinLess than DC bus Voltage VCbus, prime decompression Cuk circuit do not work, dc-link capacitance CbusEnergy is provided to rear class LLC.At this point, resonance current It is equal with exciting current, secondary side diode D at this times1Zero-current switching.Transformer primary winding is no longer clamped by output voltage, is encouraged Magnetoelectricity sense Lm, resonant inductance Lr, resonant capacitance CrResonance is participated in, in this stage, resonance frequency isDue to Magnetizing inductance is very big, and it is approximately constant that so harmonic period is very big, resonance current, which is consistent in this stage with exciting current, Value.
3 [t of mode2<t<t3]: such as Fig. 5, switching tube S1、S2Shutdown, into dead time.This stage, resonance frequency areResonance current is greater than exciting current, secondary side diode Ds2Conducting.Resonance current a part gives switching tube S2's Junction capacity charging；Resonance current a part gives switching tube S1Junction capacity electric discharge, until switching tube S1Junction capacity both end voltage be Zero.Later, resonance current all flows through switching tube S1Body diode, be switching tube S1No-voltage open and prepare.
4 [t of mode3<t<t4]: such as Fig. 6, switching tube S1No-voltage conducting, switching tube S2Shutdown, input voltage VinLess than straight Flow busbar voltage VCbus, rectifier bridge is in an off state at this time, and prime decompression Cuk circuit does not work, and in this stage, resonance frequency isResonance current is greater than exciting current, secondary side diode Ds2Conducting.Transformer primary winding both end voltage is by pincers Position is in-nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLinear rise.
5 [t of mode4<t<t5]: such as Fig. 7, switching tube S1Still it is connected.At this point, resonance current is equal with exciting current, at this time Secondary side diode Ds2Zero-current switching.Transformer primary winding is no longer clamped by output voltage, magnetizing inductance Lm, resonant inductance Lr, resonant capacitance CrResonance is participated in, in this stage, resonance frequency isSince magnetizing inductance is very big, institute Very big with harmonic period, resonance current is consistent in this stage with exciting current, is approximately steady state value.
6 [t of mode5<t<t6]: such as Fig. 8, switching tube S1Cut-off, in this stage, resonance frequency isResonance electricity Stream is greater than exciting current, secondary side diode Ds1Conducting.Switching tube S1Junction capacity both end voltage be equal to DC bus-bar voltage, two poles Pipe D7Conducting is switching tube S2Zero current turning-on is prepared.
Fig. 9 to Figure 16 is input voltage V in Fig. 2inGreater than DC bus-bar voltage VCbusMode isoboles when situation.
Mode 1a [t0<t<t1]: such as Fig. 9, switching tube S1Shutdown, switching tube S2Zero current turning-on, input voltage VinGreater than straight Flow busbar voltage VCbus, prime decompression Cuk circuit work, Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2With slope (Vin-Vcbus)/L1On linear It rises, and is depressured Cuk grades of electric current icukGreater than LLC grades electric current ir, input energy a part is transmitted to rear class LLC by Cuk grades of decompression, and one Part is to bus capacitor CbusIt charges.Meanwhile LLC resonance frequency isResonance current is greater than excitation electricity Stream, secondary side diode Ds1Conducting.Transformer primary winding both end voltage is clamped at nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLinearly Rise.
Mode 1b [t0<t<t1]: such as Figure 10, switching tube S1Shutdown, switching tube S2It is open-minded, input voltage VinGreater than direct current mother Line voltage VCbus, prime decompression Cuk circuit work, Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2With slope (Vin-Vcbus)/L1Linear rise, and It is depressured Cuk grades of electric current icukLess than LLC grades electric current ir, bus capacitor CbusIn discharge condition.Meanwhile LLC resonance frequency isResonance current is greater than exciting current, secondary side diode Ds1Conducting.Transformer primary winding both end voltage is by pincers Position is in nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLinear rise.
2 [t of mode1<t<t2]: such as Figure 11, switching tube S1Shutdown, switching tube S2It is open-minded, input voltage VinGreater than DC bus Voltage VCbus, prime decompression Cuk circuit work, Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2With slope (Vin-Vcbus)/L1Continue linear rise. At this point, resonance current is equal with exciting current, secondary side diode D at this times1Zero-current switching.Transformer primary winding is no longer defeated Voltage clamp out, magnetizing inductance Lm, resonant inductance Lr, resonant capacitance CrResonance is participated in, in this stage, resonance frequency isSince magnetizing inductance is very big, so harmonic period is very big, resonance current is in this stage and excitation electricity Stream is consistent, and is approximately steady state value.
3 [t of mode2<t<t3]: such as Figure 12, switching tube S1、S2Shutdown, into dead time.Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2It is continuous Stream.This stage, resonance frequency areResonance current is greater than exciting current, secondary side diode Ds2Conducting.Resonance electricity Stream a part gives switching tube S2Junction capacity charging；Resonance current a part gives switching tube S1Junction capacity electric discharge, until switching tube S1Junction capacity both end voltage be zero.Later, resonance current all flows through switching tube S1Body diode, be switching tube S1Zero Voltage, which is opened, prepares.
4 [t of mode3<t<t4]: such as Figure 13, switching tube S1No-voltage is open-minded, switching tube S2Shutdown.Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2 Continue afterflow.In this stage, resonant inductance Lr, resonant capacitance CrWith resonance frequencyResonance, resonance current are greater than Exciting current, secondary side diode Ds2Conducting.Transformer primary winding both end voltage is clamped at-nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLinear rise.
5 [t of mode4<t<t5]: such as Figure 14, switching tube S1Still it is connected.Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2Afterflow terminates.Herein Stage, resonant inductance Lr, resonant capacitance CrWith resonance frequencyResonance, resonance current is greater than exciting current, secondary Side diode Ds2Conducting.Transformer primary winding both end voltage is clamped at-nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmOn linear It rises.
6 [t of mode5<t<t6]: such as Figure 15, switching tube S1Still it is connected.At this point, resonance current is equal with exciting current, this When secondary side diode Ds2Zero-current switching.Transformer primary winding is no longer clamped by output voltage, magnetizing inductance Lm, resonant inductance Lr, resonant capacitance CrResonance is participated in, in this stage, resonance frequency isSince magnetizing inductance is very big, institute Very big with harmonic period, resonance current is consistent in this stage with exciting current, is approximately steady state value.
7 [t of mode6<t<t7]: such as Figure 16, switching tube S1Cut-off, in this stage, resonance frequency isResonance Electric current is greater than exciting current, secondary side diode Ds1Conducting.Switching tube S1Junction capacity both end voltage be equal to DC bus-bar voltage, two Pole pipe D7Conducting is switching tube S2Zero current turning-on is prepared.
The above are preferred embodiments of the present invention, all any changes made according to the technical solution of the present invention, and generated function is made When with range without departing from technical solution of the present invention, all belong to the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. a kind of single-stage LED drive circuit of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC circuit, it is characterised in that: input electricity including single phase ac Source Vin, the first power diode D1, the second power diode D2, third power diode D3, the 4th power diode D4, the 5th Power diode D5, the 6th power diode D6, the 7th power diode D7, the 8th power diode Ds1, the 9th power diode Ds2, the first power switch tube S1, the second power switch tube S2, high frequency capacitance C1, bus capacitor Cbus, output capacitance Co, resonance electricity Hold Cr, Cuk inductance L1, Cuk inductance L2, resonant inductance Lr, high frequency transformer T, LED light load；The first power diode D1 Cathode and third power diode D3Cathode and Cuk inductance L1One end be connected, the second power diode D2Cathode With single phase ac input power VinOne end, the first power diode D1Anode be connected, the second power diode D2 Anode and high frequency capacitance C1One end, the 4th power diode D4Anode, the second power switch tube S2Source electrode and the 6th function Rate diode D6Anode be connected, the single phase ac input power VinThe other end and third power diode D3Sun Pole, the 4th power diode D4Cathode be connected, the Cuk inductance L1The other end and Cuk inductance L2One end, bus electricity Hold CbusAnode, the second power switch tube S1Drain electrode and resonant inductance LrOne end be connected, the Cuk inductance L2The other end With the 5th power diode D5Cathode, high frequency capacitance C1The other end be connected, the bus capacitor CbusNegative terminal and the 7th Power diode D7Anode, the 5th power diode D5Anode and the 6th power diode D6Cathode be connected, described One power switch tube S1Source electrode and the second power switch tube S2Drain electrode, the 7th power diode D7Cathode and resonant capacitance Cr One end be connected, the resonant inductance LrThe other end and high frequency transformer T primary side winding NpSame Name of Ends be connected, institute State resonant capacitance CrThe other end and high frequency transformer T primary side winding NpDifferent name end be connected；The high frequency transformer T's Vice-side winding Ns1Different name end and high frequency transformer T vice-side winding Ns2Same Name of Ends, output capacitance CoNegative terminal and LED light it is negative One end of load is connected, the vice-side winding N of the high frequency transformer Ts1Same Name of Ends and the 8th power diode Ds1Anode phase Connection, the vice-side winding N of the high frequency transformer Ts2Different name end and the 9th power diode Ds2Anode be connected, it is described 8th power diode Ds1Cathode and the 9th power diode Ds2Cathode, output capacitance CoAnode and LED light load The other end be connected.
2. the single-stage LED drive circuit of a kind of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC circuit according to claim 1, feature exist In: the Cuk inductance L1, Cuk inductance L2, the 5th power diode D5, the 7th power diode D7, the second power switch tube S2、 High frequency capacitance C1, bus capacitor CbusConstitute decompression Cuk circuit；First power switch tube S1, the second power switch tube S2, Seven power diode D7, the 6th power diode D6, output capacitance Co, resonant capacitance Cr, resonant inductance Lr, high frequency transformer T, Eight power diode Ds1, the 9th power diode Ds2, LED light load constitute LLC circuit；Decompression Cuk circuit can work Under DCM mode, BCM mode or CCM mode, LLC circuit works in the region ZVS.
3. the single-stage LED drive circuit of a kind of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC circuit according to claim 1, feature exist In: the first power diode D1, the second power diode D2, third power diode D3, the 4th power diode D4It is whole Flow diode, the 5th power diode D5, the 6th power diode D6, the 7th power diode D7, the 8th power diode Ds1, the 9th power diode Ds2For fast recovery diode.
4. the single-stage LED drive circuit of a kind of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC circuit according to claim 1, feature exist In: first power switch tube S1, the second power switch tube S2For power MOSFET tube, and use PFM control mode.
5. the single-stage LED drive circuit of a kind of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC circuit according to claim 1, feature exist In: the resonant capacitance Cr, high frequency capacitance C1For high frequency capacitance；The bus capacitor Cbus, output capacitance CoFor electrolytic capacitor.
6. the single-stage LED drive circuit of a kind of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC circuit according to claim 1, feature exist In: the resonant inductance LrIt is made of leakage inductance, or is separate inductor.
7. the single-stage LED drive circuit of a kind of integrated decompression Cuk and LLC circuit according to claim 1, feature exist In: the operation mode of the circuit is as follows:
If being depressured the work of Cuk circuit in DCM mode, LLC circuit works in fr1<fs<frRegion, fsFor switching tube frequency；It is exchanging In the positive negative cycle of power supply power frequency, the working condition of circuit is symmetrically that this illustrates for sentencing power frequency positive half period, negative half-cycle It is similar, following magnetizing inductance LmFor the equivalent magnetizing inductance of high frequency transformer；
(1) when single phase ac input power Vin is less than DC bus-bar voltage VCbusWhen situation:
1 [t of mode0<t<t1]: switching tube S1Shutdown, switching tube S2Zero current turning-on, single phase ac input power Vin are less than direct current Busbar voltage VCbus, rectifier bridge is in an off state at this time, and prime decompression Cuk circuit does not work, dc-link capacitance CbusAfter giving Grade LLC provide energy；This stage, resonance frequency areResonance current is greater than exciting current, two pole of the 8th power Pipe Ds1 conducting；Transformer primary winding both end voltage is clamped at nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLinear rise；
2 [t of mode1<t<t2]: switching tube S1Shutdown, switching tube S2Open-minded, single phase ac input power Vin is less than DC bus electricity Press VCbus, prime decompression Cuk circuit do not work, dc-link capacitance CbusEnergy is provided to rear class LLC；At this point, resonance current with Exciting current is equal, at this time the 8th power diode Ds1 zero-current switching；Transformer primary winding is no longer by output voltage pincers Position, magnetizing inductance Lm, resonant inductance Lr, resonant capacitance CrResonance is participated in, in this stage, resonance frequency isSince magnetizing inductance is very big, so harmonic period is very big, resonance current is in this stage and excitation electricity Stream is consistent, and is steady state value；
3 [t of mode2<t<t3]: switching tube S1、S2Shutdown, into dead time；This stage, resonance frequency are Resonance current is greater than exciting current, the 9th power diode Ds2 conducting；Resonance current a part gives switching tube S2Junction capacity fill Electricity；Resonance current a part gives switching tube S1Junction capacity electric discharge, until switching tube S1Junction capacity both end voltage be zero；Later, Resonance current all flows through switching tube S1Body diode, be switching tube S1No-voltage open and prepare；
4 [t of mode3<t<t4]: switching tube S1No-voltage conducting, switching tube S2Shutdown, single phase ac input power Vin are less than direct current Busbar voltage VCbus, rectifier bridge is in an off state at this time, and prime decompression Cuk circuit does not work, and in this stage, resonance frequency isResonance current is greater than exciting current, the 9th power diode Ds2 conducting；Transformer primary winding both ends electricity Pressure is clamped at-nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLinear rise；
5 [t of mode4<t<t5]: switching tube S1Still it is connected；At this point, resonance current is equal with exciting current, the 9th power two at this time Pole pipe Ds2 zero-current switching；Transformer primary winding is no longer clamped by output voltage, magnetizing inductance Lm, resonant inductance Lr, resonance Capacitor CrResonance is participated in, in this stage, resonance frequency isSince magnetizing inductance is very big, so resonance is all Phase is very big, and resonance current is consistent in this stage with exciting current, is steady state value；
6 [t of mode5<t<t6]: switching tube S1Cut-off, in this stage, resonance frequency isResonance current is greater than excitation Electric current, the 8th power diode Ds1 conducting；Switching tube S1Junction capacity both end voltage be equal to DC bus-bar voltage, diode D7It leads It is logical, it is switching tube S2Zero current turning-on is prepared；
(2) when single phase ac input power Vin is greater than DC bus-bar voltage VCbusWhen situation:
Mode 1a [t0<t<t1]: switching tube S1Shutdown, switching tube S2Zero current turning-on, single phase ac input power Vin are greater than direct current Busbar voltage VCbus, prime decompression Cuk circuit work, Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2With slope (Vin-Vcbus)/L1Linear rise, And Cuk grades of electric current i of decompressioncukGreater than LLC grades electric current ir, input energy a part is transmitted to rear class LLC by Cuk grades of decompression, a part of To bus capacitor CbusIt charges；Meanwhile LLC resonance frequency isResonance current is greater than exciting current, the Eight power diode Ds1 conducting；Transformer primary winding both end voltage is clamped at nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLinearly Rise；
Mode 1b [t0<t<t1]: switching tube S1Shutdown, switching tube S2Open-minded, single phase ac input power Vin is greater than DC bus electricity Press VCbus, prime decompression Cuk circuit work, Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2With slope (Vin-Vcbus)/L1Linear rise, and be depressured Cuk grades of electric current icukLess than LLC grades electric current ir, bus capacitor CbusIn discharge condition；Meanwhile LLC resonance frequency isResonance current is greater than exciting current, the 8th power diode Ds1 conducting；Transformer primary winding both ends electricity Pressure is clamped at nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLinear rise；
2 [t of mode1<t<t2]: switching tube S1Shutdown, switching tube S2Open-minded, single phase ac input power Vin is greater than DC bus electricity Press VCbus, prime decompression Cuk circuit work, Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2With slope (Vin-Vcbus)/L1Continue linear rise；This When, resonance current is equal with exciting current, at this time the 8th power diode Ds1 zero-current switching；Transformer primary winding is no longer It is clamped by output voltage, magnetizing inductance Lm, resonant inductance Lr, resonant capacitance CrResonance is participated in, in this stage, resonance frequency isSince magnetizing inductance is very big, so harmonic period is very big, resonance current is in this stage and excitation electricity Stream is consistent, and is steady state value；
3 [t of mode2<t<t3]: switching tube S1、S2Shutdown, into dead time；Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2Afterflow；It is this stage, humorous Vibration frequency isResonance current is greater than exciting current, the 9th power diode Ds2 conducting；Resonance current one Give switching tube S2Junction capacity charging；Resonance current a part gives switching tube S1Junction capacity electric discharge, until switching tube S1Knot Capacitor both end voltage is zero；Later, resonance current all flows through switching tube S1Body diode, be switching tube S1No-voltage open It is logical to prepare；
4 [t of mode3<t<t4]: switching tube S1No-voltage is open-minded, switching tube S2Shutdown；Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2Continue afterflow；? This stage, resonant inductance Lr, resonant capacitance CrWith resonance frequencyResonance, resonance current are greater than exciting current, the Nine power diode Ds2 conducting；Transformer primary winding both end voltage is clamped at-nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLine Property rise；
5 [t of mode4<t<t5]: switching tube S1Still it is connected；Cuk inductive current iL1、iL2Afterflow terminates；In this stage, resonant inductance Lr, resonant capacitance CrWith resonance frequencyResonance, resonance current are greater than exciting current, the 9th power diode Ds2 Conducting；Transformer primary winding both end voltage is clamped at-nVo, exciting current is with slope nVo/LmLinear rise；
6 [t of mode5<t<t6]: switching tube S1Still it is connected；At this point, resonance current is equal with exciting current, the 9th power two at this time Pole pipe Ds2 zero-current switching；Transformer primary winding is no longer clamped by output voltage, magnetizing inductance Lm, resonant inductance Lr, resonance Capacitor CrResonance is participated in, in this stage, resonance frequency isSince magnetizing inductance is very big, so resonance is all Phase is very big, and resonance current is consistent in this stage with exciting current, is steady state value；
7 [t of mode6<t<t7]: switching tube S1Cut-off, in this stage, resonance frequency isResonance current is greater than excitation Electric current, the 8th power diode Ds1 conducting；Switching tube S1Junction capacity both end voltage be equal to DC bus-bar voltage, diode D7It leads It is logical, it is switching tube S2Zero current turning-on is prepared.
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