CN108222018A - The construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam and linking beam - Google Patents
The construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam and linking beam Download PDFInfo
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- CN108222018A CN108222018A CN201810122774.XA CN201810122774A CN108222018A CN 108222018 A CN108222018 A CN 108222018A CN 201810122774 A CN201810122774 A CN 201810122774A CN 108222018 A CN108222018 A CN 108222018A
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- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 147
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008093 supporting effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 230000005641 tunneling Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000686 essence Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
- E02D17/02—Foundation pits
- E02D17/04—Bordering surfacing or stiffening the sides of foundation pits
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D2600/00—Miscellaneous
- E02D2600/20—Miscellaneous comprising details of connection between elements
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to the technical fields of double-row pile retaining structure, disclose the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam and linking beam, and (1) pile pile is equipped with pile body main reinforcement and pile body stirrup;When processing pile body main reinforcement, the upper weld of pile body main reinforcement has multiple reinforcement main reinforcements;(2) when pile pile pore-forming placing concrete is constructed, the pile body main reinforcement for being welded with reinforcement main reinforcement is put into stake holes, pours pile concrete;(3) pile body protective layer is chiseled in the top of pile pile close to the side of linking beam, triangle pit slot of backbreaking downward along stake bottom, exposes the reinforcement main reinforcement of former welding;(4) linking beam has downside, strengthens main reinforcement and wears the downside of linking beam and extend to the inside of linking beam;(5) in triangle pit slot, stirrup is strengthened in binding, and surrounds each reinforcement main reinforcement;(6) it to Guan Liang, linking beam, haunch part one-piece casting concrete and conserves.In this way, effectively improve the supporting and firm effect for strengthening main reinforcement to the connector of Guan Liang and linking beam.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the technical fields of double-row pile retaining structure, the more particularly to connector of double-row pile apical cap beam and linking beam
Construction method.
Background technology
At present, the two-tube stake retaining structure in foundation pit supporting project, due to two-tube stake retaining structure insufficient rigidity or
The reasons such as person's soil pressure is excessive, Guan Liang and coupling beam often cracking phenomenon, influence the supporting of foundation pit.
At this point, although Guan Liang is cracking with coupling beam, pile body but stands intact, not cracking, and pile body is still
Preferable support action can be played.
In the prior art, Guan Liang cracks with coupling beam in order to prevent, often through the concrete strength for increasing Guan Liang and coupling beam
Grade, meanwhile, increase considerably the sectional dimension and arrangement of reinforcement of Guan Liang and coupling beam, although which prevents opening for Guan Liang and coupling beam
It splits, still, because Guan Liang and cross-section of coupling beam size and quantity of reinforcement increase too much, project cost is caused to be significantly increased;From economical
From the perspective of and it is undesirable.
Invention content
The purpose of the present invention is to provide the construction methods of double-row pile apical cap beam and the connector of linking beam, it is intended to solve existing
Double-row pile retaining structure in technology prevents Guan Liang and the joint cracking problem of linking beam.
The invention is realized in this way the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam and linking beam, including two row patterns
Pile pile row, pile pile row includes multiple pile piles in a row-shaped arrangement, and the top of the pile pile row is connected with Guan Liang, and two are managed
It is connected between the Guan Liang of row of piles by multiple linking beams;
The construction method of the connector of Guan Liang and linking beam is as follows:
(1) pile pile is internally provided with pile body steel reinforcement cage, the pile body steel reinforcement cage include multiple pile body main reinforcements and
Pile body stirrup;When processing the pile body main reinforcement, the upper weld of the pile body main reinforcement has multiple reinforcement main reinforcements, described to strengthen master
Muscle uses single-sided welding or two-sided welding with the pile body main reinforcement;
(2) during the pile pile pore-forming placing concrete construction, the pile body main reinforcement for strengthening main reinforcement will be welded with and put
Enter in stake holes, then pour pile concrete;
(3) top of the pile pile is close to the side of the linking beam, and downward along stake bottom, triangle pit slot of backbreaking is chiseled
Pile body protective layer exposes the reinforcement main reinforcement of former welding;
(4) linking beam has the downside arranged downward, and the pile body main reinforcement is welded in described one end for strengthening main reinforcement,
The other end for strengthening main reinforcement wears the downside of the linking beam and extends to the inside of the linking beam;
(5) in the triangle pit slot, U-shaped reinforcement stirrup, also, U-shaped reinforcement stirrup packet are bound to the pile pile bar planting
Enclose each reinforcement main reinforcement;
(6) it to Guan Liang, linking beam, haunch part one-piece casting concrete and conserves.
Further, the diameter length for strengthening main reinforcement is between 80mm~120mm.
Further, the depth of the triangle pit slot is between 0.5m~1.0m
Further, the width of the triangle pit slot is not less than the stake diameter of the pile pile.
Further, described one end for strengthening main reinforcement connects the pile body stirrup, and the other end for strengthening main reinforcement is in 40
Degree -50 is spent towards the linking beam, and the inside of the embedded linking beam.
Further, the other end best angle for strengthening main reinforcement is the inside in 45 degree of embedded linking beams.
Further, the main reinforcement of strengthening has the anchoring section extended into inside the linking beam, the length of the anchoring section
Degree is not less than 35mm.
Further, the both sides of the linking beam connect the pile pile respectively, and two pile piles distinguish above-mentioned construction
Method.
Compared with prior art, the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam and linking beam provided by the invention, pile pile
Pile body main reinforcement and linking beam by being respectively fixedly connected with reinforcement main reinforcement, enhance the support capacity of the connector of Guan Liang and linking beam,
The connector of Guan Liang and linking beam is avoided to generate cracking;In the pile body main reinforcement processing of pile pile, strengthen main reinforcement and welded with pile body main reinforcement
Connection, meanwhile, the later stage in pile pile bar planting, increases and strengthens stirrup, and therefore, the connection for strengthening main reinforcement and pile pile is more secured, has
Effect improves the supporting and firm effect for strengthening main reinforcement to the connector of Guan Liang and linking beam;Compared to only in the friendship of pile pile and linking beam
Boundary position, which increases armored concrete, either increases merely tunneling boring Guan Liang or the sectional dimension and amount of reinforcement of linking beam,
Project cost greatly reduces by strengthening main reinforcement progress supporting.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the three-dimensional signal of the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam and linking beam provided in an embodiment of the present invention
Figure;
Fig. 2 is the three-dimensional signal of the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam and linking beam provided in an embodiment of the present invention
Figure;
Fig. 3 is the A-A sections of the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam and linking beam provided in an embodiment of the present invention
Schematic diagram;
Fig. 4 is the B-B sections of the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam and linking beam provided in an embodiment of the present invention
Schematic diagram
Fig. 5 is the C-C sections of the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam and linking beam provided in an embodiment of the present invention
Schematic diagram
Fig. 6 is the plane signal of the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam and linking beam provided in an embodiment of the present invention
Figure.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the purpose , technical scheme and advantage of the present invention be clearer, with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, it is right
The present invention is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention, and
It is not used in the restriction present invention.
The same or similar label correspond to the same or similar components in the attached drawing of the present embodiment;In description of the invention
In, it is to be understood that if having the instructions such as term " on ", " under ", "left", "right" orientation or position relationship for based on attached drawing institute
The orientation or position relationship shown is for only for ease of the description present invention and simplifies description rather than instruction or imply signified dress
Put or element must have specific orientation, with specific azimuth configuration and operation, therefore described in attached drawing position relationship use
Language is only for illustration, it is impossible to the limitation to this patent is interpreted as, it for the ordinary skill in the art, can be with
The concrete meaning of above-mentioned term is understood as the case may be.
The realization of the present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with specific embodiment.
With reference to shown in Fig. 1-6, preferred embodiment is provided for the present invention.
The construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam and linking beam, includes the pile pile row of two row patterns, and pile pile row includes
Multiple pile piles in a row-shaped arrangement, the top of pile pile row are connected with Guan Liang, are connected between the Guan Liang of pile pile row by multiple linking beams
It connects;
The construction method of the connector of Guan Liang and linking beam is as follows:
(1) pile pile 10 is internally provided with pile body steel reinforcement cage, and pile body steel reinforcement cage includes multiple pile body main reinforcements 11 and pile body
Stirrup 60;When processing pile body main reinforcement 11, the upper weld of pile body main reinforcement 11 has multiple reinforcement main reinforcements 40, strengthens main reinforcement 40 and stake
Body main reinforcement 11 uses single-sided welding or two-sided welding;
(2) when 10 pore-forming placing concrete of pile pile is constructed, the pile body main reinforcement 11 for being welded with reinforcement main reinforcement 40 is put into stake holes
It is interior, then pour pile concrete;
(3) top of pile pile 10 is close to the side of linking beam 20, and downward along stake bottom, triangle pit slot 50 of backbreaking chisels stake
Body protective layer exposes the reinforcement main reinforcement 40 of former welding;
(4) linking beam 20 has the downside arranged downward, and the one end for strengthening main reinforcement 40 is welded in pile body main reinforcement 11, is added
The other end of strong main reinforcement 40 wears the downside of linking beam 20 and extends to the inside of linking beam 20;
(5) in triangle pit slot 50, to 10 bar planting of pile pile, U-shaped reinforcement stirrup 70 is bound, also, U-shaped reinforcement stirrup 70 wraps
Enclose each reinforcement main reinforcement 40;
(6) it to Guan Liang 30, linking beam 20, haunch part one-piece casting concrete and conserves.
The construction method of above-mentioned double-row pile apical cap beam 30 and the connector of linking beam 20, the pile body main reinforcement 11 of pile pile 10 is with connecting
Binder 20 strengthens main reinforcement 40 by being respectively fixedly connected with, and enhancing Guan Liang 30 and the support capacity of the connector of linking beam 20 avoid being preced with
Beam 30 and the connector of linking beam 20 generate cracking;When the pile body main reinforcement 11 of pile pile 10 is processed, strengthen main reinforcement 40 and pile body main reinforcement
11 are welded to connect, meanwhile, the later stage in 10 bar planting of pile pile, increases and strengthens stirrup 60, therefore, strengthens main reinforcement 40 and the company of pile pile 10
Connect the supporting and firm effect for more securely, effectively improving and strengthening main reinforcement 40 to Guan Liang 30 and the connector of linking beam 20;It compares
Armored concrete is only increased at the boundary position of pile pile 10 and linking beam 20 either to be increased merely tunneling boring Guan Liang 30 or connects
Project cost greatly reduces by strengthening the progress supporting of main reinforcement 40 in the sectional dimension and amount of reinforcement of binder 20.
Strengthen 40 diameter length of main reinforcement between 50mm~120mm;In this way, ensure strengthen main reinforcement 40 to linking beam 20 with
And while under the booster action of pile pile 10, the cost of engineering is reduced.
Along the top down of pile pile 10, the depth of triangle pit slot 50 backbreak is between 0.5m~1.0m;Convenient for setting
Strengthen the arranged direction of main reinforcement 40, and expand the setting range for strengthening main reinforcement 40.
The width of triangle pit slot 50 is not less than the stake diameter of pile pile 10;Ensure to strengthen main reinforcement 40 to linking beam 20 and pile pile
10 supporting intensity.
Strengthen on one end connection pile body stirrup 60 of main reinforcement 40, the other end for strengthening main reinforcement 40 is in 40-50 degree angle towards even
Binder 20 extends, and wears to the inside of linking beam 20;Strengthen supporting of the main reinforcement 40 to pile pile 10, Guan Liang 30 and linking beam 20
Degree more uniformly, also, more comprehensively can carry out supporting to the connector of Guan Liang 30 and linking beam 20, so as to be not easy it
Cracking.
The other end for strengthening main reinforcement 40 extends in 45 degree towards linking beam 20, and wears to the inside of linking beam 20,45 degree
When best angle;In this way, can supporting be carried out to the connector of Guan Liang 30 and linking beam 20 to the greatest extent, so as to be not easy out it
It splits.
Strengthening main reinforcement 40 has the anchoring section extended into inside linking beam 20, and the length of anchoring section is not less than 35mm;Effectively
Avoid anchoring section power insufficient, influence to strengthen the supporting effect of main reinforcement 40.
The both sides of linking beam 20 connect the pile pile 10 respectively, and above-mentioned construction technology is respectively adopted in two pile piles 10, this
Sample, the top of two pile piles 10 and the both sides of linking beam 20 can by the supporting for strengthening main reinforcement 40, in Double-row-piles Structure,
The both sides of linking beam 20 is effectively avoided to generate cracking with the connector of Guan Liang 30.
Pile pile 10 is equipped with pile body stirrup 60, and pile body stirrup 60 is used to surround pile body main reinforcement 11 and pile body main reinforcement 11 be played solid
Firm effect is determined, so as to enhance the overall stability of pile pile 10.
Furthermore for the ease of strengthen main reinforcement 40 install and stability, strengthen main reinforcement 40 one end be welded on pile body hoop
On muscle 60, in this way, under the action of pile body stirrup 60, strengthen main reinforcement 40 and form entirety with pile body main reinforcement 11, strengthen so as to enhance
The link stability of main reinforcement 40 carries out supporting so as to ensure to strengthen main reinforcement 40 to the connector of Guan Liang 30 and linking beam 20.
By the construction method of Guan Liang 30 and the connector of linking beam 20, after construction, formed double-row pile apical cap beam 30 with
The joint structure of linking beam 20.
The joint structure of double-row pile apical cap beam 30 and linking beam 20, including two 10 rows of pile pile, 10 row of pile pile is in a row-shaped, pipe
10 rows of stake include multiple pile piles 10, and multiple pile piles 10 are in a row-shaped arrangement;Guan Liang 30, two pile piles are connected at the top of 10 row of pile pile
It is connected between the Guan Liang 30 of 10 rows by multiple linking beams 20.
Pile pile 10 is internally provided with pile body steel reinforcement cage, and pile body steel reinforcement cage includes multiple pile body main reinforcements 11 and multiple pile bodies
Stirrup 60, pile body steel reinforcement cage are connected with multiple reinforcement main reinforcements 40 being arranged side by side with pile body main reinforcement 11, strengthen main reinforcement 40 and pile body
Stirrup 60 connects;Pile pile 10 has the medial surface towards linking beam 20, and linking beam 20 has the downside arranged downward, pile pile 10
Medial surface and linking beam 20 downside between be provided with reinforcement block, the top for strengthening main reinforcement 40 bends cloth towards linking beam 20
It puts, forms bending segment, bending segment passes through the inside of reinforcement block, extends to the inside of linking beam 20.
The joint structure of above-mentioned double-row pile apical cap beam 30 and linking beam 20, the top connection of 10 row of pile pile of two row patterns
There is Guan Liang 30, connected between the Guan Liang 30 of two 10 rows of pile pile by multiple linking beams 20, pile pile 10 is internally provided with pile body
Steel reinforcement cage, steel reinforcement cage are connected with multiple reinforcement main reinforcements 40, and pile pile 10 has the medial surface towards linking beam 20, and linking beam 20 has
The downside arranged downward is provided with reinforcement block between the medial surface of pile pile 10 and the downside of linking beam 20, strengthen main reinforcement 40
Across the inside of reinforcement block, the inside of linking beam 20 is extended to;Under the action of main reinforcement 40 is strengthened, to reinforcement block play support with
And fixed function, so as to which reinforcement block plays support action to the junction of Guan Liang 30 and linking beam 20, so prevent Guan Liang 30 with
Linking beam 20 cracks, in addition, only in the boundary position and rear pile pile 10 of preceding pile pile 10 and linking beam 20 and the friendship of linking beam 20
Boundary position increases armored concrete respectively, compared to the simple sectional dimension and steel for increasing tunneling boring Guan Liang 30 or linking beam 20
Muscle dosage, greatly reduces project cost
The foregoing is merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, is not intended to limit the invention, all essences in the present invention
All any modification, equivalent and improvement made within refreshing and principle etc., should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam and linking beam, which is characterized in that include the pile pile row of two row patterns, institute
It states pile pile row and includes multiple pile piles in a row-shaped arrangement, the top of the pile pile row is connected with Guan Liang, and two pile piles are arranged described
It is connected between Guan Liang by multiple linking beams;
The construction method of the connector of Guan Liang and linking beam is as follows:
(1) pile pile is internally provided with pile body steel reinforcement cage, and the pile body steel reinforcement cage includes multiple pile body main reinforcements and pile body
Stirrup;When processing the pile body main reinforcement, the upper weld of the pile body main reinforcement has multiple reinforcement main reinforcements, the reinforcement main reinforcement with
The pile body main reinforcement uses single-sided welding or two-sided welding;
(2) during the pile pile pore-forming placing concrete construction, the pile body main reinforcement for strengthening main reinforcement will be welded with and be put into stake
In hole, pile concrete is then poured;
(3) top of the pile pile is close to the side of the linking beam, and downward along stake bottom, triangle pit slot of backbreaking chisels pile body
Protective layer exposes the reinforcement main reinforcement of former welding;
(4) linking beam has the downside arranged downward, and the pile body main reinforcement is welded in described one end for strengthening main reinforcement, described
The other end for strengthening main reinforcement wears the downside of the linking beam and extends to the inside of the linking beam;
(5) in the triangle pit slot, U-shaped reinforcement stirrup is bound to the pile pile bar planting, also, U-shaped reinforcement stirrup surrounds respectively
A reinforcement main reinforcement;
(6) it to Guan Liang, linking beam, haunch part one-piece casting concrete and conserves.
2. the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam as described in claim 1 and linking beam, which is characterized in that described to add
Strong main reinforcement diameter length is between 80mm~120mm.
3. the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam as claimed in claim 1 or 2 and linking beam, which is characterized in that institute
The depth of triangle pit slot is stated between 0.5m~1.0m.
4. the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam as claimed in claim 1 or 2 and linking beam, which is characterized in that institute
The width for stating triangle pit slot is not less than the stake diameter of the pile pile.
5. the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam as claimed in claim 1 or 2 and linking beam, which is characterized in that institute
One end connection pile body stirrup for strengthening main reinforcement is stated, the other end for strengthening main reinforcement is linked in 40 degree of -50 degree described in
Beam, and the inside of the embedded linking beam.
6. the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam as claimed in claim 5 and linking beam, which is characterized in that described to add
The other end best angle of strong main reinforcement is the inside in 45 degree of embedded linking beams.
7. the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam as claimed in claim 1 or 2 and linking beam, which is characterized in that institute
It states and strengthens main reinforcement with the anchoring section extended into inside the linking beam, the length of the anchoring section is not less than 35mm.
8. the construction method of the connector of double-row pile apical cap beam as claimed in claim 1 or 2 and linking beam, which is characterized in that institute
The both sides for stating linking beam connect the pile pile respectively, and above-mentioned construction method is respectively adopted in two pile piles.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CN201810122774.XA CN108222018B (en) | 2018-02-07 | 2018-02-07 | Construction method for joint of double-row pile top crown beam and connecting beam |
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CN201810122774.XA CN108222018B (en) | 2018-02-07 | 2018-02-07 | Construction method for joint of double-row pile top crown beam and connecting beam |
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CN108222018A true CN108222018A (en) | 2018-06-29 |
CN108222018B CN108222018B (en) | 2020-04-28 |
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN112095625A (en) * | 2020-09-28 | 2020-12-18 | 武汉华中岩土工程有限责任公司 | Method for improving deformation resistance of support pile |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102691302A (en) * | 2012-06-03 | 2012-09-26 | 蒋凤昌 | Concrete structure for supporting deep foundation pit |
CN204456135U (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2015-07-08 | 上海建工一建集团有限公司 | Basement side bar for controlling deformation of deep excavation strengthens structure |
CN205857691U (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2017-01-04 | 华冠达工程有限公司 | A kind of basement haunch wall form supports |
-
2018
- 2018-02-07 CN CN201810122774.XA patent/CN108222018B/en active Active
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102691302A (en) * | 2012-06-03 | 2012-09-26 | 蒋凤昌 | Concrete structure for supporting deep foundation pit |
CN204456135U (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2015-07-08 | 上海建工一建集团有限公司 | Basement side bar for controlling deformation of deep excavation strengthens structure |
CN205857691U (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2017-01-04 | 华冠达工程有限公司 | A kind of basement haunch wall form supports |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN112095625A (en) * | 2020-09-28 | 2020-12-18 | 武汉华中岩土工程有限责任公司 | Method for improving deformation resistance of support pile |
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