The localization method of underground piping non-excavation rehabilitation defect point
Technical field
The present invention relates to pipeline rehabilitation, in particular to a kind of localization method of underground piping non-excavation rehabilitation defect point.
Background technique
In the past, when the underground pipings such as municipal drainage pipeline, agricultural water, industrial water and water supply pipe, gas piping
And inspection shaft is repaired to be damaged section to it when being damaged, it is often necessary to by above-mentioned Pipeline damage section ground into
Row excavates, and is replaced to the damage segment pipe.Obviously, above-mentioned laggard to the underground piping of damage and inspection shaft location excavation
The method integrally repaired of row takes a lot of work, time-consuming and low efficiency, cost are big.
In recent years, someone has developed and has used the underground piping and inspection shaft to above-mentioned damage in practical applications
The no-dig technique integral restoration method that Duan Jinhang is integrally repaired.A kind of pipeline trenchless repairing method as shown in Figure 1, passes through drawing
The pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 that surface is coated with patching material 95 is delivered to the underground for determining defective point 94 by rope 92 from gully 1
In pipeline 91, the power transmission line or gas tube connecting with pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 can be used as the use of drawstring 92, in pipeline rehabilitation
It after air bag 93 reaches defect point 94, is inflated by gas tube into pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93, patching material 95 is made to be close to buried pipe
The inner wall in road 91, until pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 is deflated extensive by gas tube after patching material 95 and 91 internal curing of underground piping
Shape is restored, pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 is taken out at this time, that is, completes the reparation to underground piping 91.Since people cannot be introduced into pipeline
The position of defect point is checked in portion, therefore how to determine that the defect point 94 of underground piping 91 is always a difficulty in repair process
Point.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of localization methods of underground piping non-excavation rehabilitation defect point, can once determine more
A defect point is repaired one by one, is saved time and number that remote operated vehicle searches defect point, is improved work efficiency, letter
Reparation process is changed.
Above-mentioned technical purpose of the invention has the technical scheme that
A kind of localization method of underground piping non-excavation rehabilitation defect point, includes the following steps:
Step1 blocks the underground piping both ends repaired of needs, and the dredging spray head by dredging vehicle is to needing to repair
Dredging cleaning is carried out inside segment pipe, and rubbish is cleared up by dredging spray head to pipeline opening, and pipeline opening will be located at by gully
Rubbish take out;
Connecting rope is arranged in Step2 on the remote operated vehicle for be installed with camera, and remote operated vehicle is sent into pipeline from gully
Inside, one end that connecting rope is not connected with remote operated vehicle are always positioned at ground or more, and control remote operated vehicle moves in pipeline, and leads to
Cross the defect point inside camera lookup pipeline;
When Step3, remote operated vehicle are moved to camera and are located at immediately below defect point, connecting rope is tensioned to connecting rope both ends
It is in exceptionally straight state and remote operated vehicle is remain stationary, and the first positioning of setting on the position that connecting rope is located at gully opening
Label;
Step4, until passing through company after the defect point inside pipeline is provided with corresponding first telltale mark in connecting rope
Splicing takes out remote operated vehicle out of pipeline;
Step5 binds positioning rope on pipeline rehabilitation air bag, makes connecting rope and remote operated vehicle connecting pin and positioning rope and pipe
The alignment of air bag connecting pin is repaired in road, then connecting rope and positioning rope is straightened simultaneously and in parastate, positioning rope be located at
The second telltale mark corresponding with the first telltale mark is arranged in the corresponding position of connecting rope;
One end binding for being threaded through the traction rope inside pipeline is not connected with positioning rope in pipeline rehabilitation air bag by Step6
One end coats patching material in pipeline rehabilitation balloon surface;
Pipeline rehabilitation air bag is sent into pipeline by traction rope, pulls traction rope, pipeline rehabilitation air bag is made to exist by Step7
Pipeline interior slip adjusts position of the pipeline rehabilitation air bag in pipeline by traction rope and positioning rope, when the second telltale mark
After gully opening, pipeline rehabilitation air bag is located at defect of pipeline point;
Step8 is inflated to pipeline rehabilitation inside air bag, expands pipeline rehabilitation air bag, patching material is pressed on pipeline
In the defect point of inner wall, until discharge line repairs inside air bag gas after material solidification, pipeline rehabilitation air bag, completion pair are taken out
The reparation of inner wall of the pipe defect point.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, when underground piping needs to repair, the dredging spray head dredging of Step1 can be to pipe
It is cleared up inside road, avoids the operation of rubbish influence later step inside pipeline;The design of connecting rope can be used in positioning distant
Control moving distance of the trolley inside pipeline, by being arranged the first telltale mark in connecting rope, and by be straightened connecting rope and
Positioning rope makes the first telltale mark in connecting rope be transferred to the second telltale mark on positioning rope and passes through in repair process
Second telltale mark and gully opening positioning, can determine moving distance of the pipeline rehabilitation air bag in pipeline whether with it is distant
The moving distance for controlling trolley is consistent, is the defect point that remote operated vehicle is found when apart from consistent, at this, can be repaired by pipeline
Multiple air bag is repaired, and the non-excavation rehabilitation to underground piping is completed, settable in connecting rope and positioning rope for this kind of mode
Multiple first telltale marks and the second telltale mark only need to coat patching material on pipeline rehabilitation air bag in repair process,
It is positioned according to the position of the second telltale mark and gully opening, determines defect point without remote operated vehicle is used for multiple times, it can
It once determines multiple defect points, repairs one by one, save time and number that remote operated vehicle searches defect point, improve work
Make efficiency, simplifies reparation process.
Preferably, the remote operated vehicle is connected to power supply by connecting rope.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, the design of remote operated vehicle connected to power supply by connecting rope is compared to in-built electrical
The remote operated vehicle in source, can to avoid remote operated vehicle pipeline internal fault or it is out of power when can not take out remote operated vehicle the problem of,
The setting connect remote operated vehicle with external power supply, and external power supply can power to remote operated vehicle duration, avoids remote operated vehicle
Problem out of power, meanwhile, when remote operated vehicle is when pipeline breaks down, can by connecting rope by remote operated vehicle from pipeline
Inside is taken out, and the control of remote operated vehicle is facilitated.
Preferably, binding one end of traction rope on remote operated vehicle in Step2, wear traction rope by remote operated vehicle
It is located inside pipeline.
It, can be with by the movement of remote operated vehicle by traction rope binding on remote operated vehicle by using above-mentioned technical proposal
It realizes and traction rope is threaded through the purpose inside pipeline, and since traction rope binding is on remote operated vehicle, gone really in remote operated vehicle
While determining defect point, it will be able to which the step of progress wears traction rope in pipeline saves the time for wearing traction rope, improves
Construction efficiency.
Preferably, making to draw by dredging spray head drive in Step1 by one end binding of traction rope on dredging spray head
Rope is threaded through inside pipeline.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, dredging spray head is able to drive traction rope and moves in pipeline, realizes traction rope
The purpose being threaded through inside pipeline avoids rubbish residue from remaining in pipe meanwhile, it is capable to carry out cleaning again to inner wall of the pipe
The attaching of patching material is influenced on road inner wall, and then is avoided since rubbish residue causes repairing effect to decline.
Preferably, by traction rope binding in one end of the not set connecting rope of remote operated vehicle, when remote operated vehicle is by camera
When being moved to immediately below defect point, traction rope is tensioned to traction rope both ends and is in exceptionally straight state and remote operated vehicle holding
It is static, third telltale mark is set on the position that traction rope is located at gully opening, after the completion by traction rope from remote operated vehicle
On unlock.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, third telltale mark, which is arranged, on traction rope be can be realized to pipeline rehabilitation air bag
Two-point locating pipeline rehabilitation air bag in mending course is improved by the design of the second telltale mark and third telltale mark
The accuracy of positioning.
Preferably, in Step7 when the second telltale mark be located at gully opening after, if third telltale mark whether with row
Within the distance ± 10cm of well opening, Step8 is carried out;If be more than at a distance from third telltale mark and gully opening ±
10cm then re-starts Step3-Step7.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, in Step7 after the second telltale mark is located at gully opening, if third positions
Label is located within ± 10cm at a distance from gully opening, carries out Step8;If third telltale mark and gully opening away from
From being more than ± 10cm, then Step3-Step7 is re-started.
Preferably, scale is provided on the traction rope and positioning rope, in Step7, when the second telltale mark is located at row
After well opening, traction rope and positioning rope are adjusted, keeps traction rope and positioning rope consistent at a distance from gully opening.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, scale is set on traction rope and positioning rope, when third telltale mark and second
When there is deviation in the positioning result of telltale mark, by scale make the distance of third telltale mark and the second telltale mark with
The distance of gully opening is consistent, and is finely adjusted, to further increase the accuracy for repairing site.
Preferably, the patching material in Step6 includes the curable epoxide oxidant layer being sticked outside air bag and epoxy resin
Layer.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, after epoxy resin and epoxy hardener combination, curable epoxide can be made, after solidification
Epoxy resin there is good physics, chemical property, it has excellent bonding strong on the surface of metal and nonmetallic materials
Degree, dielectric properties are good, and deformation retract rate is small, and product size stability is good, and hardness is high, and flexibility is preferable, to alkali and major part
Solvent-stable, good weatherability, defect point inside pipeline repair in its repairing effect it is good, it is not easy to there is secondary defect,
It is long using the time after reparation.
Preferably, being provided with preservative film separation layer between the pipeline rehabilitation air bag and patching material.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, the design of preservative film can be avoided epoxy resin and be adhered on pipeline rehabilitation air bag
Cause pipeline rehabilitation air bag that can not separate with epoxy resin, facilitates the dismounting of pipeline rehabilitation air bag.
Preferably, the patching material is connect by elastic string with pipeline rehabilitation air bag.
By using above-mentioned technical proposal, patching material is bound on pipeline rehabilitation air bag, can be avoided and repair by elastic string
It mends material to fall down from pipeline before being delivered to defect point, simultaneously because having elasticity, be expanded in pipeline rehabilitation air bag
When, elastic string can be stretched with pipeline rehabilitation air bag, compared to rigid cords such as wirerope, to the obstruction of pipeline rehabilitation air bag
It is smaller.
In conclusion the invention has the following advantages: the localization method of the underground piping non-excavation rehabilitation defect point
It can once determine multiple defect points, repair one by one, save time and number that remote operated vehicle searches defect point, improve
Working efficiency simplifies reparation process.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is underground piping restorative procedure schematic diagram in the prior art;
Fig. 2 is embodiment 1a pipeline cleaning schematic diagram;
Fig. 3 is embodiment 1a defect point location schematic diagram;
Fig. 4 is that embodiment 1a pipeline rehabilitation air bag positions schematic diagram;
Fig. 5 is that embodiment 1a pipeline rehabilitation air bag repairs schematic diagram;
Fig. 6 is the diagrammatic cross-section of patching material;
Fig. 7 is defect point location schematic diagram in embodiment 2a;
Fig. 8 is that pipeline rehabilitation air bag repairs schematic diagram in embodiment 2a.
In figure, 1, gully;11, the first gully;12, the second gully;21, roadblock;22, warning mark;23, it seals
Plate;3, dredging vehicle;31, spray head is dredged;4, remote operated vehicle;41, camera;51, connecting rope;511, the first telltale mark;52, it leads
Messenger;521, third telltale mark;53, positioning rope;531, the second telltale mark;61, preservative film separation layer;62, curable epoxide
Oxidant layer;63, epoxy resin layer;64, elastic string;91, underground piping;92, drawstring;93, pipeline rehabilitation air bag;94, defect point;
95, patching material.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with attached drawing, invention is further described in detail.
Embodiment 1a
A kind of localization method of underground piping non-excavation rehabilitation defect point, includes the following steps:
Pipeline cleaning
Step1.1 determines the underground piping 91 for needing to repair section, in two gullys 1 being connected to this section of underground piping 91
Two gullys 1 (for convenience of stating, are respectively designated as the first gully below by circumferential setting roadblock 21 and warning mark 22
11 and second gully 12);
Step1.2 is manually entered the first gully 11 and the second gully 12, will need to repair 91 He of underground piping of section
The underground piping 91 that section need not be repaired is separated by the sealing plate 23 with water hole;
Step1.3 parks dredging vehicle 3 to the first gully 11, and dredging spray head 31 is sent by the first gully 11
Enter the pipeline opening of underground piping 91, dredging vehicle 3 is washed by water to dredging spray head 31, by the crunch that high pressure water flow generates wash open by
The underground piping 91 of blocking, and the rubbish inside underground piping 91 is rushed to gully 1, it is artificial to take out;
Step1.4 repeats 1 ~ 3 step1.3 completion and clears up the rubbish inside underground piping 91.
Defect point location
Connecting rope 51, the other end and electricity of connecting rope 51 is arranged in Step2.1 on the remote operated vehicle 4 for be installed with camera 41
Source is connected as remote operated vehicle 4 and provides electric energy;
Step2.2 binds traction rope 52 on remote operated vehicle 4, and remote operated vehicle 4 is sent into buried pipe from the first 11 wells of draining
In road 91, control remote operated vehicle 4 is walked inside pipeline 91, and will be on picture transmission to ground by camera 41;
Step2.3 is when the defect point 94 of 91 inside reparation in need of underground piping occurs in the picture of camera 41, control
Remote operated vehicle 4 is mobile, and camera 41 is made to be located at the underface of defect point 94, tenses under the premise of guaranteeing that remote operated vehicle 4 is static
Connecting rope 51 makes the both ends of connecting rope 51 be in exceptionally straight state;
Step2.4 is located on the position that the first gully 11 is open in connecting rope 51 is arranged the first telltale mark 511, and first
Telltale mark 511 is adhesive tape binding;
Step2.5 repeats Step2.2- Step2.4, and lacking inside several underground pipings 91 is determined in connecting rope 51
Trapping spot 94 takes out remote operated vehicle 4 from the second gully 12, and traction rope 52 is worn through inside piping at this time;
Step2.6 unbinds traction rope 52 and remote operated vehicle 4, by pulling connecting rope 51 to make remote operated vehicle 4 from the second draining
Well 12 returns in underground piping 91, and remote operated vehicle 4 is taken out from the first gully 11, and position is distinguished at the both ends of traction rope 4 at this time
In the opening of the first gully 11 and the second gully 12.
Repair air bag positioning
Step3.1 binds positioning rope 53 on pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93, makes connecting rope 51 and 4 connecting pin of remote operated vehicle and determines
Position rope 53 is aligned with 93 connecting pin of pipeline rehabilitation air bag, and then connecting rope 51 and positioning rope 53 are straightened simultaneously and is in parallel shape
State, positioning rope 53 is located at and the corresponding position of connecting rope 51 is provided with second telltale mark corresponding with the first telltale mark 511
531, the second telltale mark 531 is similarly adhesive tape binding;
Traction rope 52 is bound and is not connected with one end of positioning rope in pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 by Step3.2, in pipeline rehabilitation gas
93 surface of capsule coats patching material 95, and patching material 95 includes the curable epoxide oxidant layer 62 being sticked outside pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93
And the epoxy resin layer 63 outside curable epoxide oxidant layer 62 that is sticked;Curable epoxide oxidant layer 62 and epoxy resin layer 63 are respectively ring
Oxygen curing agent and epoxy resin, epoxy resin and epoxy hardener are that 1:1 mixing is applied on polyethylene film according to mass ratio.And
Preservative film separation layer 61 is additionally provided between pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 and patching material 95;
Step3.3, which adds elastic string 63 in 95 outer surface of patching material, connects pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 and patching material 95
It connects, elastic string 63 can be selected as urethane rubber belt;
Pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 is sent into underground piping 91 by Step3.4 by traction rope 52, is pulled traction rope 52, is made pipe
Air bag 93 is repaired in 91 interior slip of underground piping in road, adjusts pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 on ground by traction rope 52 and positioning rope 53
Position in lower pipeline 91, when the second telltale mark 531 is located at the first gully 11 opening, pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 is located at pipe
At road defect point 94;
Step3.5 expands pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 to 93 inner inflatable of pipeline rehabilitation air bag, and the pressure of patching material 95 is set
In the defect point 94 of 91 inner wall of underground piping, until discharge line repairs 93 internal gas of air bag after patching material 95 solidifies, take
Pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 out completes the reparation to 91 inner wall defect point 94 of underground piping.
Embodiment 1b
Embodiment 1b provides a kind of localization method of underground piping non-excavation rehabilitation defect point.Embodiment 1b and embodiment
What the difference of 1a was only that traction rope 52 wears mode.
Step1.4 repeats 1 ~ 3 step1.3 completion and clears up the rubbish inside underground piping 91, in last time
In scale removal process, by the binding of traction rope 52 on dredging spray head 31, traction rope 52 is driven to be threaded through underground by dredging spray head 31
In pipeline 91;
Step1.5 unbinds traction rope 52 and dredging spray head 91.
Remote operated vehicle 4 is sent into underground piping 91 by Step2.2 from the first gully 11, controls remote operated vehicle 4 in underground
It walks inside pipeline 91, and will be on picture transmission to ground by camera 41;
Step2.5 repeats Step2.4 and Step2.5, and the defect point 94 inside several pipelines is determined in connecting rope 51,
The second gully 12 is reached to remote operated vehicle 4;
Step2.6 pulls connecting rope 51 to return to remote operated vehicle 4 in underground piping 91 from the second gully 12, is pulling back
Cheng Zhong appraises and decides whether the first telltale mark 511 is located at the first gully 11 opening when remote operated vehicle 4 is by defect point 94, if
It is not to re-start step2.3 ~ 2.4, remote operated vehicle 4 is taken out from the first gully 11.
Embodiment 2a
A kind of localization method of underground piping non-excavation rehabilitation defect point, includes the following steps:
Pipeline cleaning
Step1.1 determines the underground piping 91 for needing to repair section, in two gullys 1 being connected to this section of underground piping 91
Two gullys 1 (for convenience of stating, are respectively designated as the first gully below by circumferential setting roadblock 21 and warning mark 22
11 and second gully 12);
Step1.2 is manually entered the first gully 11 and the second gully 12, will need to repair 91 He of underground piping of section
The underground piping 91 that section need not be repaired is separated by the sealing plate 23 with water hole;
Step1.3 parks dredging vehicle 3 to the first gully 11, and dredging spray head 31 is sent by the first gully 11
Enter the pipeline opening of underground piping 91, dredging vehicle 3 is washed by water to dredging spray head 31, by the crunch that high pressure water flow generates wash open by
The underground piping 91 of blocking, and the rubbish inside underground piping 91 is rushed to gully 1, it is artificial to take out;
Step1.4 repeats 1 ~ 3 step1.3 completion and clears up the rubbish inside underground piping 91, in last time
In scale removal process, by the binding of traction rope 52 on dredging spray head 31, traction rope 52 is driven to be threaded through underground by dredging spray head 31
In pipeline 91;
Step1.5 unbinds traction rope 52 and dredging spray head 91.
Defect point location
Connecting rope 51, the other end and electricity of connecting rope 51 is arranged in Step2.1 on the remote operated vehicle 4 for be installed with camera 41
Source is connected as remote operated vehicle 4 and provides electric energy;
Remote operated vehicle 4 is connect by Step2.2 with traction rope 52, and remote operated vehicle 4 is sent into buried pipe from the first 11 wells of draining
In road 91, control remote operated vehicle 4 is walked inside pipeline 91, and will be on picture transmission to ground by camera 41;
Step2.3 is when the defect point 94 of 91 inside reparation in need of underground piping occurs in the picture of camera 41, control
Remote operated vehicle 4 is mobile, and camera 41 is made to be located at the underface of defect point 94, tenses under the premise of guaranteeing that remote operated vehicle 4 is static
Connecting rope 51 makes the both ends of connecting rope 51 be in exceptionally straight state, is located at the position of the first gully 11 opening in connecting rope 51
The first telltale mark 511 of upper setting, the first telltale mark 511 are adhesive tape binding;
Step2.4 tenses traction rope 52 simultaneously, by traction rope 52 be tensioned to 52 both ends of traction rope be in exceptionally straight state and
Remote operated vehicle 4 is remain stationary, and third telltale mark 521 is arranged on the position that traction rope 52 is located at the second gully 12 opening;
Step2.5 repeats Step2.2-Step2.4, several underground pipings are determined in connecting rope 51 and traction rope 52
Defect point 94 inside 91 is pulled back remote operated vehicle 4, and will be distant until remote operated vehicle 4 reaches the second gully 12 by connecting rope 51
Control trolley 4 takes out from the first gully 11, unbinds remote operated vehicle 4 and traction rope 52.
Repair air bag positioning
Step3.1 binds positioning rope 53 on pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93, makes connecting rope 51 and 4 connecting pin of remote operated vehicle and determines
Position rope 53 is aligned with 93 connecting pin of pipeline rehabilitation air bag, and then connecting rope 51 and positioning rope 53 are straightened simultaneously and is in parallel shape
State, positioning rope 53 is located at and second telltale mark corresponding with the first telltale mark 511 is arranged in the corresponding position of connecting rope 51
531, the second telltale mark 531 is similarly adhesive tape binding;
Traction rope 52 is bound and is not connected with one end of positioning rope in pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 by Step3.2, in pipeline rehabilitation gas
93 surface of capsule coats patching material 95, and patching material 95 includes the curable epoxide oxidant layer 62 being sticked outside pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93
And the epoxy resin layer 63 outside curable epoxide oxidant layer 62 that is sticked;Curable epoxide oxidant layer 62 and epoxy resin layer 63 are respectively ring
Oxygen curing agent and epoxy resin, epoxy resin and epoxy hardener are that 1:1 mixing is applied on polyethylene film according to mass ratio.And
Preservative film separation layer 61 is additionally provided between pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 and patching material 95;
Step3.3, which adds elastic string 64 in 95 outer surface of patching material, connects pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 and patching material 95
It connects, elastic string 64 can be selected as polyurethane rubber adhesive film;
Pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 is sent into underground piping 93 by Step3.4 by traction rope 52, is pulled traction rope 52, is made pipe
Air bag 93 is repaired in 91 interior slip of underground piping in road, adjusts pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 on ground by traction rope 52 and positioning rope 53
Position in lower pipeline 91 makes the second telltale mark 531 be located at the first gully 11 opening;
Step3.5 observes third telltale mark 521 at a distance from the second gully 12 opening whether within ± 10cm, if
Then to carry out Step3.6, if being more than ± 10cm at a distance from third telltale mark 521 and the second gully 12 opening, again into
Row Step2.1- Step3.5;
Step3.6 expands pipeline rehabilitation air bag 9 to 93 inner inflatable of pipeline rehabilitation air bag, and the pressure of patching material 95 is set
In the defect point 94 of 91 inner wall of underground piping, until discharge line repairs 93 internal gas of air bag after patching material 95 solidifies, take
Pipeline rehabilitation air bag 93 out completes the reparation to 91 inner wall defect point 94 of underground piping.
Embodiment 2b
Embodiment 2b provides a kind of localization method of underground piping non-excavation rehabilitation defect point.Embodiment 2b and embodiment
The difference of 2a is only that Step3.5.The Step5 of embodiment 2b is as follows:
It is provided with scale on Step3.5, traction rope 52 and positioning rope 53, when the second telltale mark 531 is located at first row
When well 11 is open, third telltale mark 521 is observed at a distance from the second gully 12 opening whether within ± 10cm, if
It is then to carry out Step3.6, if third telltale mark 521 is more than ± 10cm at a distance from the second gully 12 opening, adjusts traction
Rope 52 and positioning rope 53, is judged by scale, make traction rope 52 and the second gully 12 be open between and positioning rope 53 and first
The distance that gully 11 is open is consistent.
This specific embodiment is only explanation of the invention, is not limitation of the present invention, those skilled in the art
Member can according to need the modification that not creative contribution is made to the present embodiment after reading this specification, but as long as at this
All by the protection of Patent Law in the scope of the claims of invention.