CN108064201A - 片材 - Google Patents
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- CN108064201A CN108064201A CN201680033586.9A CN201680033586A CN108064201A CN 108064201 A CN108064201 A CN 108064201A CN 201680033586 A CN201680033586 A CN 201680033586A CN 108064201 A CN108064201 A CN 108064201A
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Abstract
一种片材，例如用于游泳池覆盖物12，包括中红外吸收材料的上层14和具有气泡18吸收可见光的下层16。该材料通过近红外区域中至少25％的辐射，从而促进了水的加热，同时抑制了藻类的生长。无机颗粒用于阻挡可见光辐射，颜料用于阻挡中红外辐射。
Description
本发明涉及具有选择性光学特性的片材，并且优选地用于制造游泳池和其他大型液体容器的覆盖物。特别涉及用于在优化热增益和保温的同时抑制藻类生长的液体覆盖物的材料。
游泳池和储水器的可移动覆盖物的使用具有各种优点。其中一些几乎独立于覆盖物类型和质量，就像通过用不透水材料覆盖水来简单影响水分蒸发的减少，或者由于碎片污染造成较高的过滤速率。另一方面，在覆盖物的优点之中，其中有两个高度依赖于其光学性质。藻类生长是水池和储水环境中的常见问题，据报道，不透明的覆盖物通过抑制光合作用发生所需的可见光来限制这种现象。其次，水温也受光学性质的影响。虽然透明的覆盖物使得太阳辐射能够直接穿透水并提高其温度，但不透明的覆盖物会吸收太阳能并通过由于覆盖物的空气隔离而不太有效传导过程将其透射到水中。因此覆盖物目前有一个限制，即其可选地为透明的，并且促进水的加热过程，但是在防止藻类生长方面是无效的；或者为不透明的，并且由于限制藻类生长而降低了化学成本，但是并不有助于最佳温度升高或降低加热成本。
一些现有覆盖物的问题是当其吸收热量时收缩。这被认为是由于在生产线上的拉力造成挤出过程期间覆盖物的聚合物材料在应力下结晶的倾向。在不透明的覆盖物吸收大量的太阳能时，材料中的聚合物链能够获得足够的分子流动性来缓解应力，这能够导致覆盖物在漂浮在水面上时的收缩。这会导致尺寸不稳定，并能够导致覆盖层不再匹配其拟覆盖的水体的范围。
光合作用是一个涉及400到720纳米之间可见光的过程。在该波长范围内的所有光子都被包括藻类在内的植物的各种色素吸收，并以对应于波长680和720nm的光子能量转移到光合系统。具有较高波长的光子不被植物用于光合作用过程。
来自太阳的辐射是波长依赖性的，并且地球表面处的太阳辐射的不同曲线是众所周知的。太阳的能量谱密度在可见光范围中500nm附近具有最大值，并且96％的太阳能量在270nm至2600nm范围内。这个范围只有一部分用于光合作用，另一部分则构成了在720与2600nm之间的近红外区。
文章“Photo-Selective Plastic Film for Mulch(用于地膜的光选择性塑料膜)-JARQ Vol.7，No.4，1973-Katsumi Inada”公开了一种半透明膜，其阻挡用于光合作用的可见光，但允许红外波长通过以提高土壤温度。该公开涉及通过提高土壤温度和控制杂草生长来促进作物生长发育的不同技术领域。
US 6,637,046公开了一种仅用于保温的游泳池覆盖物。上部平坦层和下部气泡层可以分别具有不同的添加物。
US 2005/0125887公开了一种也用于阻碍藻类生长的类似覆盖物。该覆盖物阻止藻类生长所需的可见光波长的特定波段的通过，其余波长的光允许通过。
在FR 2334708A1、JP H07149086A、US 2010/103507A1和WO 2008/014597A1中也公开了塑料片材和薄膜以及塑料合成物。
本发明的各方面试图提供一种抑制藻类生长的片材。
本发明的各方面试图提供一种促进下面的液体加热的片材。
本发明的各方面试图提供一种保持下面液体中的热量的片材。
本发明的各方面试图提供一种具有改善的尺寸稳定性的片材，即具有高的抗收缩性。
根据本发明的一个方面，提供了一种片材，其选择性地透射电磁辐射，通过近红外区域的辐射，但是在邻近近红外区域的可见光范围内以及在邻近近红外区域的中红外范围内的辐射大体上透射较少。
优选地，该材料通过近红外区域中的至少25％的辐射，并且更优选地通过至少30％的辐射。
片材基本上不透射可见范围内的辐射；优选地阻挡至少90％，更优选地至少98％。吸收是阻挡辐射的优选方法，但是有一些被反射。
该材料可以反射和/或吸收中红外范围内的辐射。
优选地，该材料透射至少达13000nm的中红外范围内少于20％，更优选地少于5％的辐射。
优选地，片材包括至少第一层和第二层，用于防止可见光范围内的辐射透射的添加剂包含在第一层中，以及用于防止中红外范围内的辐射透射的添加剂包含在第二层中。
优选地，第一层包含低密度聚乙烯和一种或多种颜料。对于340微米厚的层的一个示例性配方包含低密度聚乙烯和低线性密度聚乙烯的共混物、0至0.6wt％的颜料黄181、0至0.6wt％的颜料红122以及0至1.2wt％的颜料蓝15：3。
第二层优选包含低密度聚乙烯和玻璃微球。对于160微米厚的层的一个示例性配方包含低密度聚乙烯和低线性密度聚乙烯的共混物以及1至10wt％以及优选地2至6wt％的玻璃微球。
优选地第一层具有280至420微米范围内的厚度，优选地第二层具有120至200微米范围内的厚度。各个配方的浓度可以与每个材料层的厚度成比例地调节以产生期望的过滤效果。
本发明还提供了一种用于包含上述片材的液体表面的覆盖物。在这种覆盖物中，优选地，第二层是覆盖物的上层；这种布置的优点在于阻挡由液体再发射的热辐射借助于第二层与液体之间的气隙更有效。而且，在这种覆盖物中，优选地，第一层是覆盖物的下层；这种布置的优点在于吸收来自更靠近液体的可见光的能量是更有效的。
现在将参照附图仅以举例的方式描述本发明的优选实施方式，其中：
图1是用作游泳池覆盖物的根据本发明实施方式的片材的示意性截面图；以及
图2是图1的材料的光透射率相对于波长绘制的曲线图。
参照附图，图1示出了在其表面上具有聚乙烯片材的覆盖物12的游泳池的横截面。该材料包括基本平坦的上层14和包含含空气气泡18的下层16。气泡排列成阵列，例如如在我们的国际专利申请WO 2011/039520中所公开的那样。
上层14是中红外吸收层，通常含有有机化合物和阻挡与热损失相关的波长的填料的混合物。与温室效应类似的该特征由图2中的吸收曲线L表示。
吸收波长在3000至20000nm范围内但对近红外范围内较短波长透明的特定添加剂包括具有特定键的有机分子，优选地与基质共混的聚合物。这些包括硝基化合物、卤素化合物、胺和腈化合物，以及更优选地，醇、羧酸、酯、醚、酮和醛。这些添加剂也能够是选自二氧化硅、碳酸盐、硫酸盐、粘土、高岭土、霞石正长岩、硅铝酸盐、硅酸盐、云母、云母涂覆的薄片、石英、氢氧化物、铟锡氧化物和锑锌氧化物中的一种或多种的颗粒或纳米颗粒。
添加剂或添加剂之一可以包括呈现C-O、O-H、N-H、C-X、C-N或N-O键的聚合物或呈现C-O、O-H、N-H、C-X、CN或N-O键的有机分子的颗粒或纳米颗粒、。
添加剂或添加剂之一可以包括乙酸乙烯乙酯或乙酸乙烯丁酯，或其共聚物；这些添加剂与聚乙烯具有良好的混溶性。
由层14吸收的热量通过辐射的传导和再发射而回到水池10。
可选地或另外地，层14可以包含一种或多种添加剂，其使得在3000至20000nm的波长范围内从水池中射出的辐射直接反射回水池中，同时允许透射在720nm到3000nm的波长范围内的太阳辐射。
上层14的示例性配方是以低密度聚乙烯和低线性密度聚乙烯的混合物作为基质并含有3wt％的玻璃微球，例如Spheriglass 7010(Spheriglass是注册商标)。配方还包含取决于应用和暴露的添加剂，比如稳定剂，比如UV稳定剂，特别是HALS(受阻胺光稳定剂)和/或吸收剂。该示例性配方设置为160微米的层厚度和500微米的总覆盖厚度。
然而，优选地，确切的浓度根据层厚度和各种添加剂的存在进行调整。
上层的吸收和透射效果都通过其隔热效果来补充。
下层16是可见光吸收层，其具有阻挡可见光的一种或多种添加剂，从而防止藻类生长。该层允许近红外范围的太阳辐射从其通过。其还向水传导来自上层14的热以及通过光吸收过程产生的任何热量。
层16中的添加剂通常是特定染料、特定颜料、半导体、量子点和导电聚合物中的一种或多种。更特别地，这些可选自苝、蒽醌、醌、苯甲酰胺、酞菁和偶氮颜料，或者诸如非晶硅的半导体或诸如聚苯胺的导电聚合物。
下层16的示例性配方是以低密度聚乙烯和低线性密度聚乙烯的混合物作为基质，并含有0.21wt％的颜料黄181、0.21wt％的颜料红122、0.42wt％的颜料蓝15：3。此外，可以根据应用和暴露来以UV稳定剂，特别是HALS和/或吸收剂的形式来添加稳定剂。该示例性配方设置为340微米的层厚度和500微米的总覆盖厚度。然而，优选地，确切的浓度根据层厚度和各种添加剂的存在进行调整。
由于层14、16两者都通过近IR波长，所以水的热增益得到优化，并且覆盖物内的温度保持相对较低，从而避免了与收缩相关的问题。
图2示出了表示材料10的光学透光行为T的理想化曲线图。将会认识到的是，实际上，随着精确波长值在其改变处开始和结束，材料的性能曲线的形状将在一定程度上变化。表示系统增益的太阳辐射光谱由曲线G表示。
各种电磁辐射带之间的边界多少有些主观。参考图2，边界如下：
紫外/可见光–400nm
可见/近红外–720nm
近红外/中红外–2600-7000nm
可选地，可采用国际标准化组织对红外范围的定义，即：
近红外–780至3000nm
中红外–3000至5000nm
通常使用紫外线吸收剂或清除剂来减少UV范围内的透射。其还用于减少由于外部环境引起的聚合物降解。材料在400至720nm的可见光范围内也基本上是完全不透明的，尽管可存在有限量的透射率，例如在该范围内达到20％，并且优选地不超过5％。
材料对近红外辐射基本上是透明的，尽管其他效果可以将其降低到例如25％的透射率，并且优选地不少于30％。
接下来是近红外与中红外范围之间的过渡区域；图中显示了2600nm和7000nm的典型最终值，尽管这些值可有所变化。材料在从7000nm至13000nm及更高的中红外范围内基本上是完全不透明的，尽管可存在有限量的透射率，例如在该区域达到20％，并且优选地不超过15％。在13000nm以上波长处的热损失在实践中发现相对较小。
上述材料具有许多优点。特别是其将有效的藻类抑制与显著的热增益相结合。由于两个层对于近红外辐射都是透明的，所以当其漂浮在或固定在水体之上时，覆盖物自身的吸热减少(并且相应降低在覆盖物内部的温度)。与传统的覆盖物相比，这导致收缩量的显著减少。
游泳池的化学处理既费时又昂贵，因此减少藻类的物理措施具有减少或避免需要化学干预来抑制藻类的优点。
基本上阻挡所有可见光范围的优点是甚至US 2005/0125887中阻挡的波长带外的可见光对藻类的生长也有一定的促成作用。
对上述实施方式可以进行各种修改。覆盖物12可以由任何合适的塑料材料制成，通常是热塑性基质，例如聚烯烃材料，比如聚乙烯或聚丙烯。可以使用其它合适类型的近红外透明的热塑性材料，比如聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯或聚氯乙烯材料。其可以包含聚合物共混物，或者聚合物复合物或纳米复合材料。
添加剂的分布可以在两层之间互换；可选地可以使一些或全部的添加剂成为每层的基质材料的一部分。
覆盖物可以包括两个平坦层(如层14)或两个气泡层(如16)。其可以包括单个平坦层或单个泡沫层；在这些修改中，当然，所有的添加剂都处于单个层中。可以提供三个或更多的塑料层。覆盖物可以是防水布或泡沫体的形式。
片材适用于游泳池和水疗中心，但也可用于其它目的，例如覆盖池塘、水库或任何其他大的水体或其他液体。覆盖物可以全部或部分地浮在液体上和/或可以全部或部分地悬浮在液面上；在后一种情况下可以提供增强的温室效应。覆盖物可以包括用作安全罩的布置或附加部分。
Claims (20)
1.一种选择性地透射电磁辐射的片材，通过近红外区域中的辐射，但在邻近近红外区域的可见光范围内以及在邻近近红外区域的中红外范围内的辐射基本上透射较少。
2.根据权利要求1所述的片材，包括聚合物、选择性阻挡可见光辐射的一种或多种第一添加剂和选择性阻挡中红外辐射的一种或多种第二添加剂。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的片材，其中所述聚合物是聚乙烯，所述一种或多种第一添加剂是无机颗粒，并且所述一种或多种第二添加剂是一种或多种颜料。
4.根据权利要求3所述的片材，包括低密度聚乙烯和玻璃微球。
5.根据权利要求4所述的片材，包括低密度聚乙烯和低线性密度聚乙烯的共混物、0至10wt％的玻璃微球体、0至1wt％的颜料黄、0至1wt％的颜料红和0至2wt％的颜料蓝。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的片材，通过近红外区域中至少25％的辐射。
7.根据权利要求4所述的片材，通过近红外区域中至少30％的辐射。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的片材，基本上阻止可见光范围内的辐射透射。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的片材，透射可见光范围内小于10％的辐射。
10.根据权利要求9所述的片材，透射可见光范围内小于2％的辐射。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的片材，基本上阻止中红外范围内的辐射透射。
12.根据权利要求11所述的片材，透射至少达13000nm的中红外范围内小于20％的辐射。
13.根据权利要求12所述的片材，透射至少达13000nm的中红外范围内小于15％的辐射。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的片材，包括至少第一层和第二层、用于阻止可见光范围内的辐射透射的包含在所述第一层中的添加剂和用于阻止中红外范围内的辐射透射的包含在所述第二层中的添加剂。
15.根据权利要求14所述的片材，其中所述第二层包含气泡。
16.根据权利要求14或15所述的片材，其中所述第一层包括低密度聚乙烯和一种或多种颜料，并且所述第二层包括低密度聚乙烯和玻璃微球。
17.一种包括根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的片材的用于液体表面的覆盖物。
18.根据权利要求17所述的覆盖物，至少包括第一层和第二层、用于阻止可见光范围内的辐射透射的包含在所述第一层中的添加剂和用于阻止中红外范围内的辐射透射的包含在所述第二层中的添加剂，
其中所述第二层是所述覆盖物的上层。
19.根据权利要求17或18所述的覆盖物，其中所述第二层包含气泡。
20.根据权利要求17至19中任一项所述的覆盖物，其中所述第一层包括低密度聚乙烯和一种或多种颜料，并且所述第二层包括低密度聚乙烯和玻璃微球。
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| ZA (1) | ZA201800376B (zh) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3094993A1 (fr) | 2019-04-11 | 2020-10-16 | Joel Lesser | Dispositif maintenant couverts des hydrobiontes photosynthétiques dérivants, les privant de lumière, et les procédés d’élimination et de récolte associés. |
| JP6982129B2 (ja) * | 2020-04-27 | 2021-12-17 | 田中貴金属工業株式会社 | 抗水痘帯状疱疹ウイルス抗体、免疫学的測定方法及び免疫学的測定用装置 |
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| WO2004019084A1 (ja) | 2001-03-28 | 2004-03-04 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co.,Ltd. | 可視光吸収膜とこの可視光吸収膜を有する構造体および可視光吸収膜を形成する可視光吸収インク |
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| GB0917308D0 (en) | 2009-10-02 | 2009-11-18 | Plastipack Limted | Plastic sheeting |
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2016
- 2016-06-03 EP EP16738844.6A patent/EP3302971A1/en active Pending
- 2016-06-03 MX MX2017015721A patent/MX2017015721A/es unknown
- 2016-06-03 US US15/580,954 patent/US10738493B2/en active Active
- 2016-06-03 WO PCT/GB2016/051643 patent/WO2016198840A1/en active Application Filing
- 2016-06-03 CA CA2988668A patent/CA2988668A1/en active Pending
- 2016-06-03 BR BR112017026462-5A patent/BR112017026462B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2016-06-03 CN CN201680033586.9A patent/CN108064201A/zh active Pending
- 2016-06-03 AU AU2016276121A patent/AU2016276121B2/en active Active
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2018
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20180195301A1 (en) | 2018-07-12 |
| BR112017026462B1 (pt) | 2022-05-10 |
| ZA201800376B (en) | 2020-09-30 |
| GB201509903D0 (en) | 2015-07-22 |
| AU2016276121B2 (en) | 2020-08-13 |
| BR112017026462A2 (zh) | 2018-08-21 |
| AU2016276121A1 (en) | 2018-01-04 |
| GB2539201B (en) | 2022-04-06 |
| GB2539201A (en) | 2016-12-14 |
| EP3302971A1 (en) | 2018-04-11 |
| US10738493B2 (en) | 2020-08-11 |
| WO2016198840A1 (en) | 2016-12-15 |
| MX2017015721A (es) | 2018-08-15 |
| CA2988668A1 (en) | 2016-12-15 |
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