CN108005690A - Boot last pedestal domes are without the lining cutting of inverted arch type and its drainage system - Google Patents
Boot last pedestal domes are without the lining cutting of inverted arch type and its drainage system Download PDFInfo
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- CN108005690A CN108005690A CN201711438441.XA CN201711438441A CN108005690A CN 108005690 A CN108005690 A CN 108005690A CN 201711438441 A CN201711438441 A CN 201711438441A CN 108005690 A CN108005690 A CN 108005690A
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- tunnel
- pedestal
- drainage system
- arch
- arch wall
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Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/14—Lining predominantly with metal
- E21D11/18—Arch members ; Network made of arch members ; Ring elements; Polygon elements; Polygon elements inside arches
- E21D11/26—Shoes for connecting arch members to longitudinal struts
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/14—Lining predominantly with metal
- E21D11/18—Arch members ; Network made of arch members ; Ring elements; Polygon elements; Polygon elements inside arches
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
- E21F16/00—Drainage
- E21F16/02—Drainage of tunnels
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
Abstract
Boot last pedestal domes are without the lining cutting of inverted arch type and its drainage system, reduce and even eliminate effect of the underground water to tunnel-liner polycrystalline substance, effectively solve the problems, such as karst or the regional tunnel inverted arch floating deformation of underground water development or tunnel bottom structure cracking destruction, it is ensured that constructing tunnel and the stabilization and security of operation.Arch wall secondary liner structure both sides abutment wall bottom sets the pedestal for consolidating be integrated therewith, and pedestal section is the boot last structure with boots internal cavity, and bearing structure of the pedestal as arch wall secondary liner structure, boots internal cavity is as tunnel longitudinal drainage passage.The water penetration graded broken stone base filled on the excavation table of tunnel bottom is set between pedestal described in both sides.Drainage system includes arch wall scope drainage system and tunnel bottom drainage system, arch wall scope drainage system, tunnel bottom drainage system are connected with boots internal cavity.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to tunnel-liner and drainage system to construct, more particularly to one kind apply to underground water development location or
Underground water is by the irregular location of seasonal effect or karst area, and the tunnel lining structure that tunnel bottom is weak~severely-weathered hard rock
And its waterproof and water drainage system construction.
Background technology
Come into 21st century, railway construction in China high speed development, speed per hour 200km above high standard double track railways are repaiied
Build more and more.Especially in Southwest Mountainous Areas, on the one hand, since lime rock stratum is widely distributed；On the other hand, to high-speed railway,
Circuit show line is restricted by many factors such as big, the topographic and geologic complicated conditions of sweep, causes Karst Tunnel scale (quantity
And length) increase sharply.Since karst and karst water development have the characteristics that complexity, diversity and irregularities, rock of growing up
Molten tunneling risk particularly operations risks are higher and higher.
In recent years, suitable ten thousand, during Shanghai elder brother, the expensive Railway Tunnel operation such as wide there occurs some ballastless track beds deformations,
The water damage event such as inverted arch and filling protuberance, causes Railway Design, construction, construction and the great attention for runing each side.Through adjusting
Look into, both wired water damage was broadly divided into two classes：
(1) inverted arch filling, which is floated, deforms.The construction joint that the construction in layer of its performance predominantly tunnel bottom structure is brought is in hydraulic pressure
Deformation, expansion under effect.
1. code requirement inverted arch should be separated with inverted arch filling and poured.This engineering method forms construction joint between inverted arch and filling,
But underground water penetrates into inverted arch by inverted arch circular construction joint and fills bottom, and about 3~4m heads can cause filling to be floated.
2. in practice of construction, to prevent railway roadbed construction surface from being destroyed by Construction traffic, inverted arch filling often uses placement layer by layer
Mode, inverted arch filling top layer (or regulating course) thickness about 0.2~0.4m of placing before railway roadbed construction, it is only necessary to 0.5~1m
High head can cause to fill top layer floating, and then cause railway roadbed to deform.
3. ballastless track bed to road bed board and inverted arch fill surface using the connectionless way of contact, it is right there are construction interface
It is more notable in the sensitiveness of tunnel bottom infiltration, often also there is " gap " lifting phenomenon and wear phenomenon, under the action of water,
Disease Characters are particularly evident.Its stiffness difference huge with tunnel structure, deformation and track structure are to foundation deformation pole
The adaptability of difference has been further exacerbated by adverse effect and difficulty of governance of the tunnel bottom water damage to operation security.
(2) liner structure is mainly inverted arch strain cracking.
1. limited by vertical, the circumferential blind pipe and abutment wall spilled water hole drainability that are set in tunnel, after work drainage system by
Physical (silt, fine grained deposition are silted up), (soluble matter separates out, concrete and slurry reaction residue coagulate for chemical type blocking
Knot) etc. reason will all cause impeded drainage, hydraulic pressure change dramatically, causes liner structure cracking failure.
2. the structures such as abutment wall longitudinal direction construction joint, circular construction joint, inverted arch bottom and waterproof weak link recurring structure become
Shape, cracking and waterproof failure；There is water spray, gushes silt etc. in local location.
3. level of ground water seasonal fluctuations, cause lining cutting to bear " dynamic load " influence.In continuous rainfall or Severe rainstorm weather
Under the conditions of, level of ground water increases suddenly, and lining cutting bears higher hydraulic pressure.
The tunnel designed at present is largely to have inverted arch lining cutting.By taking one-tunnel two-tracks tunnel as an example, its drainage system is with " tunnel
Draining in road body " is Main Patterns, and underground water discharge path is：Country rock → preliminary bracing → draining blind pipe → lateral sulcus → transverse direction
Drainpipe → Central drain, the i.e. water on tunnel structure periphery are permeated by preliminary bracing enters tunnel via the ejectment of draining blind pipe
Central drain within structural body, it is final to discharge outside hole.
Drainage system in tunnel body main drawback is that：
It is arranged on 1. the pressure release point for having pressure underground water is respectively positioned on inside lining cutting agent structure, causes lining cutting agent structure to hold
It is larger by hydrostatic pressing or hydrodynamic scope.
2. Central drain (or lateral sulcus) is arranged within tunnel structure, the periphery underground water of main ejectment arch wall scope, tunnel
Ponding below inverted arch can not effective ejectment, once under continuous rainfall or rainstorm weather, under Local topography inverted arch crevice water or
Pipeline water because can not ejectment in time cause hydraulic pressure drastically to raise.Under the effect of high hydraulic pressure, cause tunnel bottom inverted arch cracking failure.
3. tunnel is in underground water seasonal fluctuation zone etc. and the close region of extraneous hydraulic connection, in continuous rainfall or sudden and violent
Under rainy day gas, because of groundwater run off abruptly increase, limited by abutment wall sluicing pore size and spacing, it is difficult in time by its ejectment to tunnel knot
In gutter in structure body, so as to cause level of ground water drastically to raise.Under the effect of high hydraulic pressure, Lining cracks are caused to destroy.
4. being needed by ballast bed structure, hole auxiliary structures and tunnel cross-section engineering economy being restricted, consider that construction is difficult
The cross-section of river free degree of easy degree, hole medial sulcus or Central drain is little, and discharge capacity is limited, and often causes water damage in hole.
5. since tunnel bottom is arc-shaped, excavate that control is more difficult, and it is big that tunnel bottom void slag cleans out difficulty completely, run the phase
Between due to tunnel bottom underground water can not ejectment, Train induced load repeated action in addition, easily causes tunnel bottom the disaster such as to rise soil.
Therefore, optimize liner structure and drainage system, ensure that draining is unobstructed, reduce and even eliminate tunnel bottom hydraulic pressure, become drop
Low underground water development location, underground water are ensured operation peace by the irregular location of seasonal effect and karst area tunnel water damage risk
It is complete there is an urgent need to.
The content of the invention
The technical problems to be solved by the invention are to provide a kind of boot last pedestal domes without the lining cutting of inverted arch type and its row
Water system, by transforming conventional tunnel lining cutting tunnel bottom structure form, changes tunnel bottom structure stress form and draining system
System, reduces and even eliminates effect of the underground water to tunnel-liner polycrystalline substance, effectively solves karst or the regional tunnel of underground water development
The problem of road inverted arch floating deformation or tunnel bottom structure cracking destruction, it is ensured that constructing tunnel and the stabilization and security of operation.
The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problems is as follows：
The boot last pedestal domes of the present invention are without the lining cutting of inverted arch type and its drainage system, including arch wall preliminary bracing knot
Structure, arch wall secondary liner structure and arch wall scope waterproof layer, and drainage system, it is characterized in that：The arch wall secondary lining knot
Structure both sides abutment wall bottom is set consolidates the pedestal that is integrated therewith, and pedestal section is the boot last structure with boots internal cavity, pedestal
As the bearing structure of arch wall secondary liner structure, boots internal cavity is as tunnel longitudinal drainage passage；Between pedestal described in both sides
The water penetration graded broken stone base filled on the excavation table of tunnel bottom is set；The drainage system includes arch wall scope draining system
System and tunnel bottom drainage system, arch wall scope drainage system, tunnel bottom drainage system are connected with boots internal cavity.
The arch wall scope drainage system includes circle draining blind pipe and abutment wall tapping pipe, and circle draining blind pipe is along tunnel
Direction interval is excavated to be laid between non-woven geotextile and splash guard and be introduced directly into boots internal cavity in abutment wall lower part；The side
Wall tapping pipe is laid in pedestal along tunnel excavation direction interval and stretches into country rock certain length, with drainage abutment wall scope underground
Water and pressure release.
Tunnel bottom drainage system includes tunnel bottom longitudinal direction french drain and tunnel bottom tapping pipe, and tunnel bottom longitudinal direction french drain is arranged in permeable
Property graded broken stone base below both sides by pedestal, to collect and drainage tunnel bottom underground water；Tunnel bottom tapping pipe is opened along tunnel
Excavation is laid in pedestal to interval, and tunnel bottom longitudinal direction french drain is stretched into one end, and the other end is stretched into boots internal cavity, with ejectment tunnel bottom
Longitudinal french drain charge for remittance.
The beneficial effects are mainly as follows following aspects：
1st, tunnel bottom is excavated into plane, is excavated operation and is more convenient, overcomes traditional lining types inverted arch foundation excavation curvature not
The problems such as easy to control, be compared to the liner structure that traditional tunnel bottom is inverted arch form, save construction material, effectively reduce engineering
Construction investment；
2nd, conventional tunnel lining cutting, tunnel bottom structure and lower part country rock are closely connected, once heavy rain season, tunnel bottom hydraulic pressure drastically raises.
Under the effect of high hydraulic pressure, cause tunnel bottom inverted arch cracking failure.Liner structure using the present invention, tunnel bottom set water penetration grading
Crushed rock base course, ensures that whole tunnel bottom has drain function.Railway roadbed water and tunnel bottom underground water can pass through " water penetration grading in hole
Outside the drainage path discharge hole of crushed rock base course → both sides tunnel bottom longitudinal direction french drain → tunnel bottom tapping pipe → boots internal cavity "；
3rd, tunnel bottom both sides set bearing structure of the boot last pedestal as arch wall secondary lining, add substrate forced area,
Section bending stiffness is improved, weak surrounding rock location is locally lain in for tunnel side wall bottom, can effectively control arch wall supporting construction
Sedimentation and deformation；
4th, pedestal section uses boot last structure, can save bricklaying, and boots internal cavity may replace biography as longitudinal drainage passage
Underground water of uniting develops the drain cavern that Tunnel Engineering is set, and average every kilometer of Tunnel Engineering can save project cost more than 10,000,000,
Economic benefit is very notable；
5th, the drainage system that the present invention is set, compared to traditional double -coil output liner structure drainage system, reliability
Higher, drainability are stronger.Both sides longitudinal drainage passage is respectively positioned on below the absolute altitude of tunnel bottom, can effectively drainage arch wall scope and tunnel
Bottom underground water, avoids traditional liner structure because ground water discharge is not smooth or heavy rain season groundwater run off abruptly increase causes inverted arch backsight
Structure crack is built to destroy.
The present invention by transforming conventional tunnel lining cutting tunnel bottom structure form, change tunnel bottom structure stress form and
Drainage system, reduces and even eliminates effect of the underground water to tunnel-liner polycrystalline substance, effectively solves karst or underground water development
The problem of regional tunnel inverted arch floating deformation or tunnel bottom structure cracking destruction, it is ensured that constructing tunnel and the stabilization and safety of operation
Property.
Brief description of the drawings
This specification includes following five width attached drawing：
Fig. 1 is sectional drawing of the boot last pedestal domes of the present invention without the lining cutting of inverted arch type and its drainage system；
Fig. 2 is the enlarged drawing of A parts in Fig. 1；
Fig. 3 is that I-I lines cut open figure along Fig. 1；
Fig. 4 is that II-II line cuts open figure along Fig. 1；
Fig. 5 is that III-III line cuts open figure along Fig. 3.
Component, toponym and corresponding mark are shown in figure：Boots internal cavity B, the first cable trough C, the second cable D,
Three cable E, check well head F；First cable trough cover boards 51, the second cable trough cover boards 52, the 3rd cable trough cover boards 53, cover board 54,
Arch wall preliminary bracing structure 10, arch wall shotcrete layer 10a, arch wall steelframe 10b, arch wall system anchor bolt 10c, screed-coat 11,
Arch wall scope waterproof layer 20, geotextiles 20a, splash guard 20b, circle draining blind pipe 31a, abutment wall tapping pipe 31b, tunnel bottom longitudinal direction
French drain 32a, tunnel bottom tapping pipe 32b, arch wall secondary liner structure 40, water penetration graded broken stone base 41, pedestal 42, support plate
43。
Embodiment
The present invention is described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
With reference to Fig. 1 and Fig. 5, boot last pedestal domes of the invention are without the lining cutting of inverted arch type and its drainage system, including arch
Wall preliminary bracing structure 10, arch wall secondary liner structure 40 and arch wall scope waterproof layer 20, and drainage system.The arch wall
40 both sides abutment wall bottom of secondary liner structure sets the pedestal 42 for consolidating be integrated therewith, and pedestal 42 is used as arch wall secondary lining
The bearing structure of structure 40, had not only improved section bending stiffness, but also considerably increased substrate forced area, for tunnel side wall
Bottom locally lies in weak surrounding rock location, can effectively control arch wall supporting construction sedimentation and deformation.
42 section of pedestal is the boot last structure with boots internal cavity B, can not only save bricklaying, but also make using boots internal cavity B
For tunnel longitudinal drainage passage, so as to substitute drain cavern in traditional underground water development Tunnel Engineering design, be averaged every kilometer of tunnel
Engineering can save project cost more than 10,000,000.Setting is filled saturating on the excavation table of tunnel bottom between pedestal 42 described in both sides
Water-based graded broken stone base 41, the drainage system include arch wall scope drainage system and tunnel bottom drainage system, arch wall scope row
Water system, tunnel bottom drainage system are connected with boots internal cavity B.Tunnel bottom, which is excavated, is essentially a plane, overcomes traditional lining cutting shape
Formula inverted arch foundation excavation curvature is difficult to control the problems such as leading, and excavates operation and is more convenient.And it is inverted arch shape to be compared to traditional tunnel bottom
The liner structure of formula, saves construction material, effectively reduces engineering construction investment.Traditional inverted arch structure is cancelled at tunnel bottom, is not required to thereon
Concrete Filled body is applied, traditional bent wall band inverted arch lining cutting is effectively prevent and is faced upward since underground water is entered by inverted arch construction joint
Extruding destroys obturator between arch and inverted arch blind, causes track structure to destroy.
With reference to Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, the arch wall scope drainage system includes circle draining blind pipe 31a and abutment wall tapping pipe
31b, circle draining blind pipe 31a are laid between non-woven geotextile 20a and splash guard 20b and in side along tunnel excavation direction interval
Wall lower part is introduced directly into boots internal cavity B.The abutment wall tapping pipe 31b is laid in pedestal 42 along tunnel excavation direction interval
And country rock certain length is stretched into, with drainage abutment wall scope underground water and pressure release.
Referring to figs. 1 to Fig. 5, tunnel bottom drainage system includes tunnel bottom longitudinal direction french drain 32a and tunnel bottom tapping pipe 32b, tunnel bottom
Longitudinal french drain 32a is arranged in water penetration graded broken stone base both sides below 41 and leans at pedestal 42, to collect simultaneously drainage tunnel bottom underground
Water.The tunnel bottom tapping pipe 32b is laid in pedestal 42 along tunnel excavation direction interval, and tunnel bottom longitudinal direction french drain is stretched into one end
32a, the other end are stretched into boots internal cavity B, with ejectment tunnel bottom longitudinal direction french drain 32a charges for remittance.
With reference to 1 and Fig. 5, the boots internal cavity B tops set support plate 43, the level branch as 42 liang of coxostermums of pedestal
Support structure.The support plate 43 is laid along tunnel excavation direction interval and checks well head F, checks that well head F tops set cover board 54.
The support plate more than 43 is horizontally arranged at interval for laying electric power, communication and the cable trough of signal cable, each cable trough port
Corresponding cable trough cover boards are set, the wheel platform as Fire prevention in tunnel.
With reference to Fig. 1,42 bottom of pedestal should usually set screed-coat 11.Referring to Figures 1 and 2, the arch wall scope is prevented
Water layer 20 is located between 10 structure of arch wall preliminary bracing and arch wall secondary liner structure 40, including the geotextiles 20a of internal layer and outer
The splash guard 20b of layer.The arch wall preliminary bracing structure 10 include covering arch wall country rock arch wall shotcrete layer 10a and
Along the arch wall system anchor bolt 10c of arch wall quincuncial arrangement.Along between tunnel excavation direction in the arch wall shotcrete layer 10a
Every laying arch wall steelframe 10b, bar-mat reinforcement is added in arch wall shotcrete layer 10a.
The above simply explains through diagrams boot last pedestal domes of the present invention without the lining cutting of inverted arch type and its drainage system
Some principles, be not intended to by the present invention be confined to shown in and the concrete structure and the scope of application in, it is therefore every all
The corresponding modification that may be utilized and equivalent, belong to the apllied the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. boot last pedestal domes are without the lining cutting of inverted arch type and its drainage system, including arch wall preliminary bracing structure (10), arch wall
Secondary liner structure (40) and arch wall scope waterproof layer (20), and drainage system, it is characterized in that：The arch wall secondary lining knot
Structure (40) both sides abutment wall bottom sets the pedestal (42) for consolidating be integrated therewith, and pedestal (42) section is with boots internal cavity (B)
Boot last structure, bearing structure of the pedestal (42) as arch wall secondary liner structure (40), boots internal cavity (B) as tunnel longitudinal direction
Drainage channel；The water penetration graded broken stone base filled on the excavation table of tunnel bottom is set between pedestal described in both sides (42)
(41)；The drainage system includes arch wall scope drainage system and tunnel bottom drainage system, arch wall scope drainage system, the draining of tunnel bottom
System is connected with boots internal cavity (B).
2. boot last pedestal domes as claimed in claim 1 are without the lining cutting of inverted arch type and its drainage system, it is characterized in that：It is described
Arch wall scope drainage system includes circle draining blind pipe (31a) and abutment wall tapping pipe (31b), and circle draining blind pipe (31a) is along tunnel
Excavate direction interval and be laid between non-woven geotextile (20a) and splash guard (20b) and be introduced directly into abutment wall lower part in boots empty in road
In chamber (B)；The abutment wall tapping pipe (31b) is laid in pedestal (42) along tunnel excavation direction interval and stretches into one fixed length of country rock
Degree, with drainage abutment wall scope underground water and pressure release.
3. boot last pedestal domes as claimed in claim 1 are without the lining cutting of inverted arch type and its drainage system, it is characterized in that：It is described
Tunnel bottom drainage system includes tunnel bottom longitudinal direction french drain (32a) and tunnel bottom tapping pipe (32b), and tunnel bottom longitudinal direction french drain (32a) is arranged in
Pedestal (42) place is leaned in the following both sides of water-based graded broken stone base (41), to collect simultaneously drainage tunnel bottom underground water；The tunnel bottom sluices
Pipe (32b) is laid in pedestal (42) along tunnel excavation direction interval, and tunnel bottom longitudinal direction french drain (32a) is stretched into one end, and the other end is stretched
Enter in boots internal cavity (B), with ejectment tunnel bottom longitudinal direction french drain (32a) charge for remittance.
4. boot last pedestal domes as claimed in claim 1 are without the lining cutting of inverted arch type and its drainage system, it is characterized in that：Institute
State boots internal cavity (B) top and support plate (43), the horizontal support structure as (42) two coxostermum of pedestal are set；The support plate
(43) laid along tunnel excavation direction interval and check well head (F), check that well head (F) top sets cover board (54).
5. boot last pedestal domes as claimed in claim 4 are without the lining cutting of inverted arch type and its drainage system, it is characterized in that：It is described
More than support plate (43) it is horizontally arranged at interval for laying electric power, communication and the cable trough of signal cable, each cable trough port is set
Corresponding cable trough cover boards are put, the wheel platform as Fire prevention in tunnel.
6. boot last pedestal domes as claimed in claim 1 are without the lining cutting of inverted arch type and its drainage system, it is characterized in that：It is described
Pedestal (42) bottom sets screed-coat (11).
7. boot last pedestal domes as claimed in claim 1 are without the lining cutting of inverted arch type and its drainage system, it is characterized in that：It is described
Arch wall scope waterproof layer (20), between arch wall preliminary bracing (10) structure and arch wall secondary liner structure (40), including it is interior
The geotextiles (20a) of layer and the splash guard (20b) of outer layer.
8. boot last pedestal domes as claimed in claim 1 are without the lining cutting of inverted arch type and its drainage system, it is characterized in that：It is described
Arch wall preliminary bracing structure (10) includes the arch wall shotcrete layer (10a) of covering arch wall country rock and along arch wall quincuncial arrangement
Arch wall system anchor bolt (10c).In the arch wall shotcrete layer (10a) arch wall steelframe is laid along tunnel excavation direction interval
(10b), arch wall shotcrete layer (10a) is interior to add bar-mat reinforcement.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201711438441.XA CN108005690B (en) | 2017-12-27 | 2017-12-27 | Arch structure non-inverted arch type lining of boot-shaped base |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201711438441.XA CN108005690B (en) | 2017-12-27 | 2017-12-27 | Arch structure non-inverted arch type lining of boot-shaped base |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108005690A true CN108005690A (en) | 2018-05-08 |
| CN108005690B CN108005690B (en) | 2024-01-19 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN201711438441.XA Active CN108005690B (en) | 2017-12-27 | 2017-12-27 | Arch structure non-inverted arch type lining of boot-shaped base |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112443356A (en) * | 2020-12-09 | 2021-03-05 | 北京市政路桥股份有限公司 | Drainage system and drainage method for tunnel passing through karst cave |
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