CN107939415A - Stay the micro- two step constructions method of Core Soil in the soft plastic clay tunnel of Shallow-buried Large-span - Google Patents
Stay the micro- two step constructions method of Core Soil in the soft plastic clay tunnel of Shallow-buried Large-span Download PDFInfo
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- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 55
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 55
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011378 shotcrete Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
- E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
- E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
- E21D11/107—Reinforcing elements therefor; Holders for the reinforcing elements
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D20/00—Setting anchoring-bolts
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D9/00—Tunnels or galleries, with or without linings; Methods or apparatus for making thereof; Layout of tunnels or galleries
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及隧道施工领域，具体是涉及一种浅埋大跨软塑粘土隧道留核心土微二台阶施工方法。The invention relates to the field of tunnel construction, in particular to a method for constructing shallow-buried large-span soft plastic clay tunnels with core soil micro-two steps.
背景技术Background technique
随着社会经济的快速发展，公路交通流量的增长速度越来越快，国内修建的浅埋大跨土质隧道越来越多，因而所遇到的水文地质情况也越来越复杂，有时还会遇到穿越高含水量粘性土隧道。对于高含水量粘性土隧道，Ⅴ、Ⅵ级围岩段采用单侧壁导坑法(CD法)、双侧壁导坑法、交叉中隔壁法(CRD法)、三台阶七步开挖法等方法可以有效地控制隧道变形收敛和地表下沉，但其具有施工工序复杂、对围岩扰动次数多、施工速度慢、作业空间小、仰拱不能及时封闭、造价高等缺点。因此在高含水量粘性土隧道Ⅴ、Ⅵ级围岩段如何采取恰当的施工方法，安全、经济、快速地完成隧道的开挖与支护，将成为隧道界亟待解决的问题。With the rapid development of social economy, the growth rate of highway traffic flow is getting faster and faster, and more and more shallow buried large-span soil tunnels are built in China, so the hydrogeological conditions encountered are becoming more and more complicated, and sometimes Encountered tunnels crossing cohesive soils with high water content. For tunnels in cohesive soil with high water content, single-side-wall pilot-ditch method (CD method), double-side-wall pilot-ditch method, cross-middle partition method (CRD method), and three-step seven-step excavation method are adopted for the surrounding rock sections of grades V and VI. Such methods can effectively control tunnel deformation convergence and surface subsidence, but they have disadvantages such as complex construction procedures, frequent disturbances to surrounding rock, slow construction speed, small work space, inverts cannot be closed in time, and high cost. Therefore, how to adopt appropriate construction methods in the V and VI surrounding rock sections of high-moisture cohesive soil tunnels to safely, economically and quickly complete tunnel excavation and support will become an urgent problem to be solved in the tunnel industry.
发明内容Contents of the invention
有鉴于此，本发明提供一种浅埋大跨软塑粘土隧道留核心土微二台阶施工方法，本方法能保证施工安全，工程质量，且各步序施工相互干扰小，施工进度快。In view of this, the present invention provides a method for constructing shallow-buried large-span soft plastic clay tunnels with core soil micro-two steps. This method can ensure construction safety and project quality, and the construction of each step has little interference with each other and the construction progress is fast.
为解决现有技术存在的问题，本发明的技术方案是：一种浅埋大跨软塑粘土隧道留核心土微二台阶施工方法，其特征在于：所述的方法步骤为：In order to solve the problems existing in the prior art, the technical solution of the present invention is: a shallow-buried large-span soft plastic clay tunnel leaving a core soil micro two-step construction method, characterized in that: the method steps are:
第1步，上台阶拱部预留核心土开挖：利用上一循环架立的钢架施作隧道拱部Ф50超前小导管，再人力配合挖掘机开挖上台阶拱部，然后施作上台阶拱部的初期支护，即初喷3～4cm厚混凝土，钢架底部设置槽钢托梁，架立型钢钢架，并设锁脚锚管，铺设钢筋网片，复喷混凝土至设计厚度；Step 1: Excavate the core soil reserved for the arch of the upper step: use the steel frame erected in the previous cycle to construct the Ф50 advanced small conduit in the arch of the tunnel, and then manpower cooperates with the excavator to excavate the arch of the upper step, and then construct the upper arch The initial support of the step arch, that is, initial spraying of 3-4cm thick concrete, setting up channel steel joists at the bottom of the steel frame, erecting vertical steel steel frames, and setting locking foot anchor pipes, laying steel mesh, and re-spraying concrete to the design thickness ;
第2步，下台阶左侧开挖：滞后上台阶拱部3～5m，挖掘机开挖下台阶左侧，随后人工持风镐整修表面，施作下台阶左侧初期支护，即初喷3～4cm厚混凝土，拱脚处设置槽钢托梁，架立型钢钢架，并设锁脚锚管，铺设钢筋网片，复喷混凝土至设计厚度；Step 2, Excavation on the left side of the lower step: Lag behind the arch of the upper step by 3-5m, the excavator excavates the left side of the lower step, and then manually repair the surface with a pneumatic pick, and apply the initial support on the left side of the lower step, that is, the initial spraying Concrete with a thickness of 3 to 4 cm, set channel steel joists at the arch feet, set up vertical steel frames, and set lock foot anchor pipes, lay steel mesh, and re-spray concrete to the design thickness;
第3步，下台阶右侧开挖：滞后下台阶左侧1～2m，挖掘机开挖下台阶右侧，随后人工持风镐整修表面，施作下台阶右侧的初期支护，即初喷3～4cm厚混凝土，钢架底部设置槽钢托梁，架立型钢钢架，并设锁脚锚管，铺设钢筋网片，复喷混凝土至设计厚度；Step 3, Excavation on the right side of the lower step: lagging behind the left side of the lower step by 1-2m, the excavator excavates the right side of the lower step, and then manually repairs the surface with a pneumatic pick, and implements the initial support on the right side of the lower step, that is, the initial Spray concrete with a thickness of 3 to 4 cm, set up channel steel joists at the bottom of the steel frame, set up a vertical steel frame, and set up locking foot anchor pipes, lay steel mesh, and re-spray concrete to the design thickness;
第4步，核心土开挖：滞后下台阶右侧3～5m，挖掘机开挖核心土；Step 4, core soil excavation: lag behind the right side of the lower step 3-5m, excavate the core soil;
第5步，仰拱开挖：滞后核心土开挖3m，挖掘机开挖仰拱，随后人工持风镐整修表面，施作仰拱初期支护，使初期支护成环，然后利用仰拱栈桥灌筑仰拱与边墙基础。Step 5, excavation of the inverted arch: excavate the lagging core soil for 3m, excavate the inverted arch with the excavator, then manually repair the surface with a pneumatic pick, apply the initial support of the inverted arch, make the initial support form a ring, and then use the inverted arch trestle bridge to irrigate Build inverted arches and side wall foundations.
与现有技术相比，本发明的优点如下：Compared with prior art, advantage of the present invention is as follows:
(1)施作隧道拱部超前小导管预支护,有效控制了隧道掌子面前方的先行位移，保证了施工安全。(1) The pre-support of small conduits in the arch of the tunnel is used to effectively control the advance displacement in front of the tunnel face and ensure the safety of the construction.
(2)上、下台阶预留核心土开挖，有效控制了掌子面挤出位移，施工安全性好。(2) The core soil is reserved for excavation on the upper and lower steps, which effectively controls the extrusion displacement of the tunnel face, and the construction safety is good.
(3)施工作业空间大，可采用大型机械施工，多工作面交叉平行作业，工作效率高，有效缩短了施工工期。(3) The construction work space is large, and large-scale machinery can be used for construction. Multiple working surfaces are cross-parallel, and the work efficiency is high, which effectively shortens the construction period.
(4)能适应不同跨度和多种断面形式，不需拆除临时支护，初期支护断面圆顺，无应力集中点，安全性强。(4) It can adapt to different spans and various cross-section forms, without removing temporary support, the initial support section is round and smooth, there is no stress concentration point, and the safety is strong.
(5)仰拱初期支护及时封闭成环，仰拱衬砌混凝土超前施作，确保了施工安全。(5) The initial support of the inverted arch is closed in time to form a ring, and the concrete lining of the inverted arch is constructed in advance to ensure construction safety.
(6)仰拱初期支护和仰拱混凝土全幅施作，确保了防排水系统、仰拱保温层和混凝土的施工质量，减少了隧道运营病害。(6) The initial support of the inverted arch and the full-scale construction of the inverted arch concrete ensure the construction quality of the waterproof and drainage system, the inverted arch insulation layer and the concrete, and reduce the tunnel operation defects.
(7)无需投入特种设备，投入小，操作性强，易推广。(7) There is no need to invest in special equipment, the investment is small, the operability is strong, and it is easy to promote.
附图说明：Description of drawings:
图1为留核心土微二台阶法施工正面二维图；Fig. 1 is the frontal two-dimensional view of the micro two-step method of leaving the core soil;
图2为留核心土微二台阶法施工三维透视图；Figure 2 is a three-dimensional perspective view of the construction of the core soil micro-two-step method;
图3为留核心土微二台阶法施工工艺图；Fig. 3 is the construction technique diagram of leaving the core soil micro-two-step method;
具体实施方式Detailed ways
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。In order to make the object, technical solution and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described here are only used to explain the present invention, not to limit the present invention.
浅埋大跨软塑粘土隧道留核心土微二台阶施工方法是以弧形导坑开挖预留核心土为基本模式，分上台阶拱部、左侧下台阶、右侧下台阶、核心土、仰拱五个开挖面，各部位的开挖与支护沿隧道纵向错开，平行推进的隧道施工方法(参见图1和图3)。留核心土微二台阶法施工工序主要包含超前支护(超前小导管)、开挖、出渣、支护、变形监测、施作仰拱、仰拱填充等(参见图3)。The construction method of shallow-buried large-span soft plastic clay tunnel with core soil and micro-two steps is based on the excavation of arc-shaped pilot pit and reserved core soil. The excavation and support of each part are staggered along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel, and the tunnel construction method is advanced in parallel (see Figure 1 and Figure 3). The construction process of the micro two-step method with core soil mainly includes advance support (advance small conduit), excavation, slag removal, support, deformation monitoring, inversion construction, invert filling, etc. (see Figure 3).
本发明方法步骤为(参见图1—图3)：The inventive method step is (referring to Fig. 1-Fig. 3):
第1步，上台阶拱部预留核心土开挖：利用上一循环架立的钢架施作隧道拱部Ф50超前小导管，再人力配合挖掘机开挖上台阶拱部①部，然后施作上台阶拱部①部初期支护，即初喷3～4cm厚混凝土，钢架底部设置槽钢托梁，架立型钢钢架，并设锁脚锚管，铺设钢筋网片，复喷混凝土至设计厚度。Step 1: Excavation of the core soil reserved for the arch of the upper step: use the steel frame erected in the previous cycle to construct a Ф50 advanced small conduit in the arch of the tunnel, and then manpower cooperates with the excavator to excavate the arch of the upper step ①, and then construct For the initial support of the arch part ① of the upper step, that is, the initial spraying of 3-4cm thick concrete, the channel steel joist at the bottom of the steel frame, the vertical steel steel frame, the locking foot anchor pipe, the laying of steel mesh, and the re-spraying of concrete to the design thickness.
第2步，下台阶左侧开挖：滞后上台阶拱部①部3～5m，挖掘机开挖下台阶左侧，随后人工持风镐整修表面，施作下台阶左侧②部初期支护，即初喷3～4cm厚混凝土，拱脚处设置槽钢托梁，架立型钢钢架，并设锁脚锚管，铺设钢筋网片，复喷混凝土至设计厚度。Step 2, Excavation on the left side of the lower step: Lag behind the arch part ① of the upper step by 3-5m, the excavator excavates the left side of the lower step, then manually repair the surface with a pickaxe, and apply the initial support of the left side ② of the lower step , That is, the initial spraying of 3 ~ 4cm thick concrete, the channel steel joist is set at the arch foot, the vertical steel frame is erected, and the locking foot anchor pipe is set, the steel mesh is laid, and the concrete is re-sprayed to the design thickness.
第3步，下台阶右侧开挖：滞后下台阶左侧②部1～2m，挖掘机开挖下台阶右侧③部，随后人工持风镐整修表面，施作③部初期支护，即初喷3～4cm厚混凝土，钢架底部设置槽钢托梁，架立型钢钢架，并设锁脚锚管，铺设钢筋网片，复喷混凝土至设计厚度。Step 3, excavation on the right side of the lower step: lagging behind the left side ② of the lower step by 1-2m, the excavator excavates the right side ③ of the lower step, and then manually repairs the surface with a pickaxe, and applies the initial support of the ③ part, that is Initially spray 3-4cm thick concrete, install channel steel joist beams at the bottom of the steel frame, set up vertical steel frames, set up locking foot anchor pipes, lay steel mesh, and re-spray concrete to the design thickness.
第4步，核心土开挖：滞后下台阶右侧③部3～5m，挖掘机开挖核心土④部。Step 4, excavation of the core soil: lagging behind the right side of the lower step ③ part 3 ~ 5m, the excavator excavates the core soil ④ part.
第5步，仰拱开挖：滞后核心土④部开挖3m，挖掘机开挖仰拱⑤部，随后人工持风镐整修表面，施作仰拱初期支护，使初期支护成环，然后利用仰拱栈桥灌筑仰拱与边墙基础。Step 5, excavation of the inverted arch: excavate the ④ part of the lagging core soil for 3m, and excavate the ⑤ part of the inverted arch by the excavator. The inverted arch trestle bridge pours the inverted arch and side wall foundation.
2施工控制要点：2 Key points of construction control:
利用上一循环架立的钢架施作隧道超前小导管预支护。超前小导管外插脚、首尾搭接长度、间距应符合设计要求，小导管尾部必须置于钢架之上，共同构成支护系统。小导管超前支护的施工严格按照小导管施工工艺要求进行。The steel frame erected in the previous cycle is used as the pre-support of the small tunnel ahead of the tunnel. The outer pins of the leading small conduits, the length of the head-to-tail overlap, and the spacing should meet the design requirements, and the tails of the small conduits must be placed on the steel frame to form a support system together. The construction of small conduit advance support is carried out in strict accordance with the construction process requirements of small conduits.
(2)开挖与支护(2) Excavation and support
①上台阶拱部预留核心土开挖① Excavation of core soil reserved for the arch of the upper steps
开挖上台阶拱部①部时采用人工配合挖掘机开挖，在挖掘机开挖时沿轮廓线预留50cm土体，人工手持风镐进行修边，避免挖掘机破坏既有初支，防止挖掘机开挖对隧道周围土体产生过大的扰动，并可以控制超挖。开挖时根据围岩级别不同每次进尺为0.5～0.75m(即设计一榀拱架间距)。When excavating the arch part ① of the upper step, the excavator shall be used manually to excavate. When the excavator is excavating, 50cm of soil shall be reserved along the contour line, and the edge shall be manually trimmed with a pneumatic pick to avoid damage to the existing initial support by the excavator. Excavator excavation produces excessive disturbance to the soil around the tunnel and can control overexcavation. During excavation, the footage is 0.5-0.75m per time according to the different grades of the surrounding rocks (that is, the distance between one arch frame and the other is designed).
②上台阶拱部初期支护②Initial support for the arch of the upper step
开挖后初喷3～4cm厚C25钢纤维混凝土对开挖面进行封闭，以免孔隙水从断面处渗出，而使土体失稳，然后在上台阶拱脚处设置槽钢托梁，架设型钢拱架，布设钢筋网，及时施作锁脚锚管。拱架与开挖轮廓之间的所有间隙用C25混凝土喷射充填密实，先喷拱架与轮廓之间空隙，再喷拱架，然后再喷拱架之间，直至喷到规定的厚度。After the excavation, spray 3-4cm thick C25 steel fiber concrete to seal the excavation surface, so as to prevent the pore water from seeping out from the section and make the soil unstable. Shaped steel arch frame, laying steel mesh, timely implementation of locking foot anchor pipe. All the gaps between the arch frame and the excavation profile are filled and compacted with C25 concrete spraying. First spray the gap between the arch frame and the profile, then spray the arch frame, and then spray between the arch frames until the specified thickness is sprayed.
①下台阶交错开挖支护① Staggered excavation support for lower steps
在上台阶初期支护稳定的条件下，开始交错开挖②部和③部(错开距离1～2m)。左侧开挖②部和下台阶右侧③部左右错开开挖，开挖长度以能支立一榀拱架为准(根据不同围岩级别为0.5～0.75m)。边墙的型钢钢架应与拱部钢架上下对正，并用螺栓连接牢固。钢架架设完成后进行钢筋网、锁脚锚管和喷射混凝土施工。Under the condition that the initial support of the upper bench is stable, excavation of part ② and part ③ is started staggeredly (the stagger distance is 1-2m). Excavate part ② on the left side and part ③ on the right side of the lower step by staggering left and right. The excavation length should be able to support an arch frame (0.5-0.75m according to different surrounding rock grades). The section steel frame of the side wall shall be aligned up and down with the steel frame of the arch, and shall be firmly connected with bolts. After the erection of the steel frame is completed, the steel mesh, anchor pipe and shotcrete construction will be carried out.
④核心土开挖④ Core soil excavation
根据现场机械施工要求，适时挖除核心土，但必须保证核心土的尺寸。According to the on-site mechanical construction requirements, the core soil shall be excavated in time, but the size of the core soil must be guaranteed.
⑤仰拱开挖及支护⑤ Excavation and support of inverted arch
仰拱开挖采用全幅施工，上面铺设仰拱栈桥，开挖长度控制在每次3榀拱架。仰拱开挖后，立即初喷4～6cm喷射混凝土封闭围岩(如基底渗水严重，增加喷混凝土厚度)，然后安装仰拱拱架并喷射混凝土达到设计厚度，使初期支护成环。The excavation of the inverted arch adopts full-width construction, and the inverted arch trestle bridge is laid on it, and the excavation length is controlled at 3 arch frames each time. Immediately after the excavation of the inverted arch, spray 4 to 6 cm of shotcrete to seal the surrounding rock (if the base seepage is serious, increase the thickness of the shotcrete), then install the inverted arch frame and spray the concrete to reach the design thickness, so that the initial support forms a ring.
3施工注意事项：3 Precautions for construction:
(1)开挖时严格控制施工步距和挖掘机开挖深度，保证掌子面平齐，防止出现悬空。(1) Strictly control the construction step distance and the excavation depth of the excavator during excavation to ensure that the tunnel surface is even and prevent suspension.
(2)上下台阶每循环进尺为一榀拱架间距，仰拱每次开挖支护3榀拱架长度，上台阶长度3～5m，掌子面距仰拱初期支护距离控制在12m以内，掌子面与仰拱钢筋混凝土及仰拱回填距离控制在15m以内，掌子面与二次衬砌间距控制在60m以内。(2) The footage per cycle of the upper and lower steps is one arch frame spacing, the inverted arch is excavated each time to support the length of 3 arch frames, the length of the upper step is 3-5m, and the distance between the tunnel face and the initial support of the inverted arch is controlled within 12m , the distance between the tunnel face and the inverted arch reinforced concrete and inverted arch backfill shall be controlled within 15m, and the distance between the tunnel face and the secondary lining shall be controlled within 60m.
(3)钢拱架分段连接处经螺栓拼接后，骑缝处应进行焊接。(3) After the segmental joints of the steel arch frame are spliced by bolts, the seams should be welded.
(4)钢拱架两榀之间用Φ22钢筋连接，除一般情况下按图布设外，可视拱架的稳定情况加设交叉连接筋。(4) The two sides of the steel arch frame are connected by Φ22 steel bars. In addition to laying out according to the diagram in general, cross-connecting bars can be added depending on the stability of the arch frame.
(5)拱脚处设置纵向U30a槽钢托梁，安装后可提高整体受力，槽钢安装时进行人工夯实和加垫块进行补强措施。(5) Longitudinal U30a channel steel joists are installed at the arch foot, which can increase the overall force after installation. Manual tamping and padding are carried out for reinforcement measures when channel steel is installed.
(6)所有焊缝都应焊接饱满，不得有虚焊、砂眼。(6) All welds should be fully welded, and there should be no false welds or blisters.
(7)钢拱架与开挖轮廓间所有间隙必须喷混凝土充填密实，先喷拱架与轮廓之间隙，再喷拱架周围，然后喷拱架之间。(7) All the gaps between the steel arch frame and the excavation profile must be filled with sprayed concrete.
(8)锁脚锚管在土质隧道的施工非常关键，必须按设计长度、数量和角度进行施工，同时锁脚锚管的施工应随型钢拱架的作业及时跟进。(8) The construction of the lock foot anchor pipe in the soil tunnel is very critical, and must be constructed according to the designed length, quantity and angle. At the same time, the construction of the lock foot anchor pipe should be followed up in time with the operation of the steel arch.
(9)开挖轮廓要预留支撑沉落量及变形量，并利用量测反馈信息进行及时调整。(9) The excavation contour should reserve the amount of support settlement and deformation, and use the measurement feedback information to make timely adjustments.
以上所述，仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并非用于限定本发明的保护范围。The above descriptions are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the protection scope of the present invention.
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