CN107677624A - 一种养猪场粪污厌氧发酵程度的快速检定方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及沼液检测技术领域,具体提供了一种养猪场粪污厌氧发酵程度的快速检定方法,包含以下步骤:沼液稀释液的制备,取待检测的沼液,按体积比1:3的比例加纯水稀释,制得沼液稀释液备用;沼液的吸光度检测,利用紫外可见分光光度计检测制备的沼液稀释液的吸光度,工作波长为254nm;沼液腐熟程度的判定:充分发酵腐熟的沼液,夏季吸光度值的范围是1.50‑ 1.75,而秋冬季的范围是0.75‑ 1.0;对比上述检测到的吸光度,若在该范围内则为充分发酵腐熟的沼液。本发明的方法简单、快捷、成本低,易于操作。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及沼液检测技术领域,具体涉及一种养猪场粪污厌氧发酵程度的快速检定方法。
背景技术
中大型养殖场通常以厌氧发酵的方式处理粪污,在多个连续相通的发酵池中,实现粪污的无害化处理,最终生成沼液。由于沼液含有丰富的有机碳与氮,其最终的消纳方式是作为有机肥施入农田。尽管如此,对于未充分发酵的沼液,因为含有较多的分解中间产物,例如有机酸等成分,直接施入农田可能威胁到农作物根系的健康生长。因此,快速地检测沼液的腐熟程度,是安全利用的前提条件。由于冬季的气温偏低,粪污厌氧发酵的速度相对较慢。相对而言,冬季沼液腐熟程度的检测就特别重要。
根据现有资料,沼液的腐熟程度尚未有统一的、标准化的检定方法。就沼气的生成速率而言,由于夏季的环境温度高,一般认为沼气的生产周期约是1个月(或者更短);而在冬季相对低的温度条件下,通常认为是2-3个月。对于厌氧发酵的微生物过程而言,一般是以CH4气体产生速率的变化作为检定腐熟程度的主要标志。以厌氧发酵过程的物质组成的变化描述,腐熟程度通常是以检测有机酸的产生和消解作为评价的关键指标。
已有的沼液腐熟程度的评价方法,都存在有不同程度的局限性。简单地以时间周期的长短作为评价的标准,带有明显的主观性,难以得出准确而且可靠的评定结果。以检测CH4气体分子或者有机酸的化学方法,对大型仪器的依赖性很高,例如CH4检测需要气相色谱仪而有机酸的检测则需要液相色谱仪,这些检测所花费的时间和经费成本都很高,而且其检测过程比较繁琐,只能适用于科学研究领域,难以在追求效率的生产实际当中应用和推广。
发明内容
针对上述问题,本发明公开了一种简单、快捷、低成本的养猪场粪污厌氧发酵程度的快速检定方法。
对此,本发明的技术方案为:一种养猪场粪污厌氧发酵程度的快速检定方法,包含以下步骤:
(1)沼液稀释液的制备:取待检测的沼液,按体积比1:3的比例加纯水稀释,制得沼液稀释液备用;
(2)沼液的吸光度检测:利用紫外可见分光光度计检测步骤(1)制备的沼液稀释液的吸光度,工作波长为254nm或253nm;
(3)沼液腐熟程度的判定:充分发酵腐熟的沼液,夏季吸光度值的范围是1.50- 1.75,而秋冬季的范围是0.75- 1.0;对比步骤(2)检测到的吸光度,若在该范围内则为充分发酵腐熟的沼液。
在实验室条件下,直接检测沼液中的有害成分存在很多制约因素,例如成本高、费时长且手续繁琐,难以在实际当中应用。因此,需要一种间接地、快速的、低成本的检测方法。扫描吸收光谱的方法可以有效地解决这个问题,在厌氧发酵的过程中,伴随着有机质的腐殖化进程,其中有机碳的芳化度不断地升高,在充分腐熟的条件下,有机碳的芳化度达到最高值。
检测有机碳芳化度的常见方法是,测定有机碳溶液在紫外光谱区的吸收程度,即吸光度。本发明从沼液腐熟过程的腐殖化程度着手,以沼液分子芳化基团吸收光谱的方法来检测其腐熟程度,更加简单、快捷、低成本的检测方法。在实际操作中,不需要特殊的、严格的人员培训,就可以随时、快速地检测沼液,可靠地评估将在土壤中消纳的沼液的安全性。
优选的,步骤(2)中,所述工作波长为254nm。
优选的,步骤(1)中,加市售纯净水进行稀释。
优选的,步骤(1)中,所得沼液稀释液用滤纸过滤备用。
优选的,步骤(2)包括以下步骤:
1)启动紫外可见分光光度计,在工作波长处,预热至稳定状态;
2)先后使用酒精/盐酸混合洗液以及纯水清洗1 cm石英比色皿,干燥待用;
3)待紫外可见分光光度计稳定后,在比色皿中加入纯水,调节仪器读数归零;
4)用待测的沼液稀释液多次润洗比色皿,测试其工作波长的吸光度。
优选的,步骤(3)中,重复步骤(1)和(2),隔日连续检测沼液稀释液的吸光度,直到该吸光度不再升高达到最高值,确认为在本地条件下发酵的沼液已经处于腐熟状态。
优选的,所述吸光度的最高值作为本地条件下充分发酵腐熟的沼液吸光度的参考值。
所述充分发酵腐熟沼液的吸光度参考值,是在沼液发酵过程中,每日进行检测直至吸光度达到最高值不在升高,则为充分发酵腐熟的吸光度参考值。各地因环境等因素不同,该参考值会有差异。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果为:本发明从沼液腐熟过程的腐殖化程度着手,以沼液分子芳化基团吸收光谱的方法来检测其腐熟程度,更加简单、快捷、低成本的检测方法。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明的较优的实施例作进一步的详细说明。应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。此外应理解,在阅读了本发明讲授的内容之后,本领域技术人员可以对本发明作各种修改或改动,这些等价形式同样落于本申请所附权利要求书所限定的范围。
实施例1
2017年4月初在广西南宁双定镇中和村,广西南宁春潮润泽养殖有限公司种植园开始播种香瓜,主栽植品种为“翠玉”。4月20日将健壮幼苗移栽至大田,总种植面积60亩。
移栽至大田后经过5天的缓苗期,开始通过滴灌系统向种植园施用来自养猪场的经过检测达到充分发酵腐熟程度的粪污沼液,沼液分别来自3个养殖区(1处仔猪繁育区和2处肉猪养殖区)的厌氧发酵池,并且都经过固液分离的前期处理。每日检测来自3个养殖区粪污沼液的腐熟程度,吸光度值在1.50- 1.75范围内的沼液灌溉至香瓜种植园。沼液的检测方法如下:
1、沼液的稀释液的制备
取待检测的沼液,按体积比1:3的比例加市售纯净水稀释,并用滤纸过滤制得沼液稀释液备用;
2、沼液的吸光度检测
1)启动紫外可见分光光度计,在工作波长254 nm处,预热至稳定状态;
2)先后使用酒精/盐酸混合洗液以及纯水清洗1 cm石英比色皿,干燥待用;
3)待仪器稳定后,在比色皿中加入纯水,调节仪器读数归零;
4)用待测的沼液多次润洗比色皿,测试样品在254nm处的吸光度;
3、沼液腐熟程度的判定
充分发酵腐熟的沼液,夏季吸光度值的范围是1.50- 1.75,而秋冬季的范围是0.75-1.0。
在香瓜营养生长期间,沼液的施用量是3吨/亩,视天气情况于每日上午施入大田,直至6月上旬开始收获商品瓜。在香瓜全种植期,未观察到所施用沼液对香瓜的生长产生可见的不良影响,没有影响香瓜根系的健康生长,最终收获商品香瓜的平均产量约2吨/亩,符合正常的产量范围,说明所灌溉施用的沼液均充分发酵腐熟。
实施例2
时间:2017年7月10日-2017年9月
地点:广西南宁双定镇中和村,广西南宁春潮润泽养殖有限公司种植园
2017年7月初在种植园开始播种西瓜,主栽植品种为“黑美人”。7月17日将健壮幼苗移栽至大田,总种植面积60亩。经过5天的缓苗期,开始通过滴灌系统向种植园施用来自养猪场的粪污沼液,沼液来源及检测方法与实施例1相同。在西瓜营养生长期间,沼液的施用量是3吨/亩,视天气情况于每日上午施入大田,直至8月15日西瓜植株开始现蕾,进入花期生长。在全部种植期,沼液的施用对于西瓜的生长均未表现出危害症状,最终收获商品西瓜的平均产量是1.89吨/亩。2017年9月10日,南宁市西乡塘科技局组织专家开展了现场查定,结果认为,相对于只施用化学肥料的西瓜种植区(对照区),沼液施用区商品西瓜的增产率是17%。因此,本发明的方法,可以用于检测养猪场粪污厌氧发酵沼液的腐熟程度,并且指导粪污沼液在农田的安全施用。
Claims (7)
1.一种养猪场粪污厌氧发酵程度的快速检定方法,其特征在于,包含以下步骤:
(1)沼液稀释液的制备:取待检测的沼液,按体积比1:3的比例加纯水稀释,制得沼液稀释液备用;
(2)沼液的吸光度检测:利用紫外可见分光光度计检测步骤(1)制备的沼液稀释液的吸光度,工作波长为254nm或253nm;
(3)沼液腐熟程度的判定:充分发酵腐熟的沼液,夏季吸光度值的范围是1.50- 1.75,而秋冬季的范围是0.75- 1.0;对比步骤(2)检测到的吸光度,若在该范围内则为充分发酵腐熟的沼液。
2.如权利要求1所述的快速检定方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中,所述工作波长为254nm。
3.如权利要求1所述的快速检定方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中,加市售纯净水进行稀释。
4.如权利要求1所述的快速检定方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中,所得沼液稀释液用滤纸过滤备用。
5.如权利要求1所述的快速检定方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)包括以下步骤:
1)启动紫外可见分光光度计,在工作波长处,预热至稳定状态;
2)先后使用酒精/盐酸混合洗液以及纯水清洗1 cm石英比色皿,干燥待用;
3)待紫外可见分光光度计稳定后,在比色皿中加入纯水,调节仪器读数归零;
4)用待测的沼液稀释液多次润洗比色皿,测试其工作波长的吸光度。
6.如权利要求1所述的快速检定方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)中,重复步骤(1)和(2),隔日连续检测沼液稀释液的吸光度,直到该吸光度不再升高达到最高值,确认为在本地条件下发酵的沼液已经处于腐熟状态。
7.如权利要求6所述的快速检定方法,其特征在于:所述吸光度的最高值作为本地条件下充分发酵腐熟的沼液吸光度的参考值。
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