CN107378157B - The electric spark piecemeal processing method of diffused film cooling holes - Google Patents

The electric spark piecemeal processing method of diffused film cooling holes Download PDF

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CN107378157B
CN107378157B CN201710686182.6A CN201710686182A CN107378157B CN 107378157 B CN107378157 B CN 107378157B CN 201710686182 A CN201710686182 A CN 201710686182A CN 107378157 B CN107378157 B CN 107378157B
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cooling holes
film cooling
processed
electrode
electric spark
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CN107378157A (en
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李勇
梁威
佟浩
孔全存
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Tsinghua University
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Tsinghua University
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23HWORKING OF METAL BY THE ACTION OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON A WORKPIECE USING AN ELECTRODE WHICH TAKES THE PLACE OF A TOOL; SUCH WORKING COMBINED WITH OTHER FORMS OF WORKING OF METAL
    • B23H7/00Processes or apparatus applicable to both electrical discharge machining and electrochemical machining
    • B23H7/02Wire-cutting
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23HWORKING OF METAL BY THE ACTION OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON A WORKPIECE USING AN ELECTRODE WHICH TAKES THE PLACE OF A TOOL; SUCH WORKING COMBINED WITH OTHER FORMS OF WORKING OF METAL
    • B23H9/00Machining specially adapted for treating particular metal objects or for obtaining special effects or results on metal objects
    • B23H9/14Making holes

Abstract

The present invention relates to technical fields, more particularly to a kind of electric spark piecemeal processing method of diffused film cooling holes, the following steps are included: region to be processed is divided into several sub-regions according to the geomery that the divergent contour of film cooling holes to be processed exports;Electrical discharge machining is carried out using slender type electrode, electrode primary feed processes a sub-regions, and feeding several times processes the divergent contour outlet of complete film cooling holes to be processed.The electric spark piecemeal processing method of the diffused film cooling holes, using sectional type processing technology, region to be processed is divided into several regions to process respectively, therefore the divergent contour outlet that common elongated rod-type electrode machining goes out film cooling holes can be used, and electrode is repaired simply after completion of processing, so that the processing efficiency of film cooling holes effectively improves, processing cost greatly reduces.

Description

The electric spark piecemeal processing method of diffused film cooling holes
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical fields, more particularly to a kind of electric spark piecemeal of diffused film cooling holes Processing method.
Background technique
Air film cooling technology is to form air film along wall jet gas to answer extensively to play the role of heat insulation and dissipation For the hot end working-blade of aero-engine and gas turbine, to guarantee it under the environment temperature for being higher than blade material fusing point Reliably working.The key that air film cooling technology is realized is the processing of film cooling holes.Due to working-blade high temperature, heavy duty, It works under the conditions of varying stress, the quality of film cooling holes directly affects the yield rate of blade, cooling efficiency and working life, adds Work technology has become one of the key technology of aero-engine and gas turbine manufacture.
The geometry of film cooling holes has a significant effect to cooling efficiency, and diffused film cooling holes are relative to cylindrical hole There is higher cooling efficiency, is increasingly becoming a kind of common pass in recent years.A kind of shape such as Fig. 2 of diffused film cooling holes It is shown.Each diffused film cooling holes are made of Cylindrical inlet 200 and divergent contour outlet 100.Gas is from Cylindrical inlet 200 enter film cooling holes, then constantly spread at divergent contour outlet 100, are finally ejected into cooled surface.Divergent contour goes out Mouthfuls 100 can be spouting with mitigation of gases speed improve gaseous film control so that gas be made preferably to be covered on cooled surface Efficiency.
However, diffused film cooling holes are complex-shaped, quantity is more, and blade material is using high-intensitive, high rigidity Material, traditional machining mode are not able to satisfy the processing request of diffused film cooling holes.Sinking EDM can add Work high intensity, high hardness material utilize the processable diffused gaseous film control out of shaped electrode identical with gaseous film control hole shape The complicated shape in hole is a kind of feasible processing technology.But shaped electrode can be lost during sinking EDM, lead to it Shape changes, and shaped electrode is complex-shaped, and electrode is repaired difficult.Therefore, traditional sinking EDM can not efficiently, Low cost processes diffused film cooling holes group hole, seeks that a kind of processing efficiency is higher, the lower technique side of processing cost Method is very necessary.
Summary of the invention
Based on this, it is necessary to which processing diffused air film that can not be efficient, inexpensive for traditional sinking EDM is cold But the problem of hole, a kind of electric spark piecemeal processing method of diffused film cooling holes high in machining efficiency, at low cost is provided.
Above-mentioned purpose is achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of electric spark piecemeal processing method of diffused film cooling holes, comprising the following steps:
According to the geomery that the divergent contour of film cooling holes to be processed exports, region to be processed is divided into several sub-districts Domain;
Electrical discharge machining is carried out using slender type electrode, electrode primary feed processes a sub-regions, and feeding adds several times Work goes out the divergent contour outlet of complete film cooling holes to be processed.
The geomery exported in one of the embodiments, according to the divergent contour of film cooling holes to be processed, will be to be added The step of work area domain is divided into several sub-regions specifically includes:
It is one tetragonous by its shape propagation according to the geomery that the divergent contour of film cooling holes to be processed exports Platform, the bottom surface of truncated rectangular pyramids is the square that side length is L1, and the top surface of truncated rectangular pyramids is the rectangle that long and width is all larger than L1;
Assuming that the top surface of truncated rectangular pyramids is covered with the square that n side length is L1, by n it is square respectively with truncated rectangular pyramids Bottom surface carry out setting-out, that is, form n sub-regions.
Electrical discharge machining is carried out using slender type electrode in one of the embodiments, electrode primary feed processes one The step of subregion, feeding several times processes the divergent contour outlet of complete film cooling holes to be processed, specifically includes:
The processing length of slender type electrode is greater than to fall the height of truncated rectangular pyramids;Slender type electrode is limited along each subregion Path feeding, the cross section of slender type electrode is the square that side length is L2, and L2 is less than L1;Each processing of slender type electrode Start bit be fall truncated rectangular pyramids top surface one of square, the stop bit processed every time be the bottom surface of truncated rectangular pyramids.
The side length L2=L1-2 Δ of the cross section of slender type electrode in one of the embodiments, wherein Δ is electric spark The discharging gap of processing.
In one of the embodiments, using between detection circuit real-time detection feedback slender type electrode and workpieces processing Voltage.
It, will be in one of the embodiments, in the geomery exported according to the divergent contour of film cooling holes to be processed Machining area was divided into before the step of several sub-regions, further comprising the steps of:
The Cylindrical inlet of film cooling holes to be processed is processed using hollow tube-shaped electrode.
The Cylindrical inlet of film cooling holes to be processed is processed using hollow tube-shaped electrode in one of the embodiments, The step of specifically include:
The hollow edged electrode of corresponding size is selected to carry out electrical fire according to the size of the Cylindrical inlet of film cooling holes to be processed Flower perforation processing.
The circular in cross-section of hollow edged electrode in one of the embodiments,.
The cross section of hollow edged electrode is square in one of the embodiments,.
Electrical discharge machining is carried out using slender type electrode in one of the embodiments, electrode primary feed processes one After the step of subregion, feeding several times processes the divergent contour outlet of complete film cooling holes to be processed, further include with Lower step:
Cut away the loss part of slender type electrode tip in the horizontal direction using Wire EDM technique.
The electric spark piecemeal processing method of above-mentioned diffused film cooling holes will be to be processed using sectional type processing technology Region be divided into several regions to process respectively, therefore the diffusion that common elongated rod-type electrode machining goes out film cooling holes can be used Shape outlet, and electrode is repaired simply after completion of processing, so that the processing efficiency of film cooling holes effectively improves, processing cost is significantly It reduces.In this way, the shaped electrode for solving traditional film cooling holes higher operating costs processed and it is existing it is inefficient, High cost problem.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the flow chart of the electric spark piecemeal processing method of the diffused film cooling holes of the embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a kind of distribution schematic diagram of the existing typical diffused film cooling holes on turbo blade;
Fig. 3 is the structural schematic diagram of the typical diffused film cooling holes in Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram of the Cylindrical inlet of the hollow edged electrode processing film cooling holes of one embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram that the divergent contour export expansion of the film cooling holes of one embodiment of the invention is truncated rectangular pyramids;
Fig. 6 a is the schematic diagrames of the 12 square coverings in top surface of the truncated rectangular pyramids of one embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 6 b is that the truncated rectangular pyramids of one embodiment of the invention are divided into the schematic diagram of 12 sub-regions;
Fig. 7 a and Fig. 7 b are the 1st feeding of the processing signals of the divergent contour outlet of the film cooling holes of one embodiment of the invention Figure;
Fig. 7 c and Fig. 7 d are the 2nd feeding of the processing signals of the divergent contour outlet of the film cooling holes of one embodiment of the invention Figure;
Fig. 7 e and Fig. 7 f are that the 12nd feeding of processing of the divergent contour outlet of the film cooling holes of one embodiment of the invention is shown It is intended to.
Wherein:
The outlet of 100- divergent contour;
200- Cylindrical inlet;
300- turbo blade;
400- hollow edged electrode;
500- slender type electrode;
600- electrode feeds start bit;
700- electrode feeds stop bit;
The boundary of falling truncated rectangular pyramids 800-.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, by the following examples, it and combines attached Figure, is further elaborated the electric spark piecemeal processing method of diffused film cooling holes of the invention.It should be appreciated that Described herein specific examples are only used to explain the present invention, is not intended to limit the present invention.
It should be noted that it can directly on the other element when element is referred to as " being fixed on " another element Or there may also be elements placed in the middle.When an element is considered as " connection " another element, it, which can be, is directly connected to To another element or it may be simultaneously present centering elements.On the contrary, when element is referred to as " directly existing " another element "upper", There is no intermediary elements.Term as used herein "vertical", "horizontal", "left" and "right" and similar statement are For illustrative purposes.
The electric spark piecemeal processing method of diffused film cooling holes of the invention is mainly used for processing as shown in Figure 2 A kind of typical diffused film cooling holes.But it is based on processing thought same as the present invention, the electric spark piecemeal processing side Method can be used for processing the irregularly-shaped hole of other complicated shapes.
As shown in Figure 1 to Figure 3, diffused film cooling holes include Cylindrical inlet 200 and divergent contour exports 100, and originally What invention was mainly studied is that the divergent contour outlet 100 of film cooling holes how is processed using processing method efficiently, inexpensive.
As for the processing of Cylindrical inlet 200, also not so difficult realization in the prior art.As a kind of enforceable side Formula, the step of processing Cylindrical inlet 200 of film cooling holes include:
S100: the Cylindrical inlet 200 of film cooling holes to be processed is processed using hollow tube-shaped electrode 400.
Specifically, a kind of method is to carry out electric-spark drilling using round tube electrode identical with 200 size of Cylindrical inlet Processing.Wherein, round tube electrode refers to that cross section is circular electrode, and the caliber of the round tube electrode is straight with Cylindrical inlet 200 Diameter is identical, it is contemplated that the discharging gap of electric spark, the caliber of the round tube electrode should be slightly less than the diameter of Cylindrical inlet 200.
Another method makes to add using with the progress high-speed electric spark perforation of 200 size respective party pipe electrode of Cylindrical inlet Work.Wherein, square tube electrode refers to the electrode that cross section is square, and cornerwise length of the square is equal to Cylindrical inlet 200 diameter, it is contemplated that the length of the discharging gap of electric spark, the cross section diagonal of party's pipe electrode is also slightly less than cylinder The diameter of entrance 200.In the high-speed rotating process of square tube electrode, Cylindrical inlet 200 is formed.
In addition high-pressure work liquid is passed through inside hollow edged electrode 400 in electric spark machining field, process, to fast Speed discharge processing product, is technology well-known to those skilled in the art, this will not be repeated here.
The processing film cooling holes of the embodiment of the present invention divergent contour outlet 100 the step of include:
S200: according to the geomery of the divergent contour of film cooling holes to be processed outlet 100, if region to be processed is divided into Dry sub-regions.
S300: electrical discharge machining is carried out using slender type electrode 500, electrode primary feed processes a sub-regions, several Secondary feeding processes the divergent contour outlet 100 of complete film cooling holes to be processed.
In this way, the processing method of the diffused film cooling holes using the present embodiment, the Cylindrical inlet of film cooling holes 200 and divergent contour outlet 100 be all made of electrical discharge machining process, the processing of film cooling holes can be completed on one device;Together When, using electric spark piecemeal processing method, exported using the divergent contour that common slender type electrode 500 processes film cooling holes 100, slender type electrode 500 used is easy to produce in batches.
Further, it in the S200 the step of, specifically includes:
S210: being one by its shape propagation according to the geomery of the divergent contour of film cooling holes to be processed outlet 100 Truncated rectangular pyramids, the bottom surface of truncated rectangular pyramids is the square that side length is L1, and the top surface of truncated rectangular pyramids is the length that long and width is all larger than L1 It is rectangular;
Assuming that the top surface of truncated rectangular pyramids is covered with the square that n side length is L1, by n it is square respectively with truncated rectangular pyramids Bottom surface carry out setting-out, that is, form n sub-regions.
Further, it in the S300 the step of, specifically includes:
S310: the processing length of slender type electrode 500 is greater than to fall the height of truncated rectangular pyramids;Slender type electrode 500 is along each The feeding processing of path defined by subregion, the cross section of slender type electrode 500 are the square that side length is L2, and L2 is less than L1; The start bit 600 of slender type electrode 500 processed every time is one of square of the top surface of truncated rectangular pyramids, is processed every time Stop bit 700 is the bottom surface of truncated rectangular pyramids.
Wherein, for the ease of processing, the axial direction of film cooling holes to be processed can be made to be arranged along the vertical direction, electrode is being processed It is in the process also always vertical state.
Preferably, the side length L2=L1-2 Δ of the cross section of slender type electrode 500, Δ is the electric discharge of electrical discharge machining in formula Gap.In this way, electrode primary feed can process a sub-regions, so that processing efficiency is higher.
And S320: the voltage between slender type electrode 500 and workpieces processing is fed back using detection circuit real-time detection.Root According to feedback voltage to realize electrode along the advance and retreat fed path, to guarantee that the gap between electrode and workpiece meets spark discharge Condition.
Still further, further including step S400 after the S300 the step of:
Cut away the loss part of 500 end of slender type electrode in the horizontal direction using Wire EDM technique.It is used Common slender type electrode 500 loss after, utilize the loss part of Wire EDM technique resection electrode, therefore, electrode Reparing process is at low cost, high-efficient.
Illustrated below with reference to each attached drawing and example how to process on turbo blade it is as shown in Figure 2,3 typical Film cooling holes.
Referring to fig. 4, it is processed using position of the hollow tube-shaped electrode 400 on turbo blade 300 where film cooling holes One circular hole, the diameter and angle of circular hole are identical as the Cylindrical inlet 200 of film cooling holes, wherein the diameter of circular hole can be with For 0.3mm~0.8mm, this example is illustrated so that the Circularhole diameter processed is 0.4mm as an example.The angle of circular hole is the circular hole Axially with respect to the inclination angle on 300 surface of turbo blade, selectively, which is 30 °.The lower semisection of circular hole after processing is The Cylindrical inlet 200 of film cooling holes, upper semisection are a part of the divergent contour outlet 100 of film cooling holes, are still needed into one Step processes the divergent contour outlet 100 of film cooling holes.
A kind of geomery of the divergent contour outlet 100 of typical diffused film cooling holes according to Fig.3, the expansion The bottom for dissipating shape outlet 100 is connect with above-mentioned Cylindrical inlet 200, and bottom is square and is gradually in diffusion from bottom to top Shape, leading flank is axial parallel with Cylindrical inlet 200, and the angle between trailing flank and the axial direction of Cylindrical inlet 200 is 15 °, referred to as back rake angle;Angle between its two sides and the axial direction of Cylindrical inlet 200 is also 15 °, referred to as angle of flare.
For convenient for analysis, by divergent contour outlet 100 shape propagation be one truncated rectangular pyramids (for virtual extended, can pass through Form software realization), as shown in Figure 5.Truncated rectangular pyramids and basis material (above-mentioned turbo blade 300) after extension do not have intersection, Therefore processing will not be generated.The bottom surface of truncated rectangular pyramids is a square, and side length L1=0.4mm, which is cylinder The interface of entrance 200 and divergent contour outlet 100, the square are cut in above-mentioned circular hole, therefore the side length L1 of the square outside Equal to the diameter of above-mentioned circular hole.The top surface of truncated rectangular pyramids is a rectangle, a length of 1.6mm, width 1.2mm.
As shown in figure 6 a and 6b, the space of falling truncated rectangular pyramids is subjected to piecemeal, comprised the concrete steps that: by the top surface n of truncated rectangular pyramids A square is completely covered, and preferably covering method keeps n minimum, and the side length of this n square is equal to fall the bottom surface side length of truncated rectangular pyramids L1.In the present embodiment, the top surface of truncated rectangular pyramids is completely covered the square that minimum available 12 side lengths are 0.4mm.It will be every The bottom surface of a square and truncated rectangular pyramids carries out setting-out, forms 12 setting-out entities, each setting-out entity is one to be added Brigade region.These setting-out entities will fall truncated rectangular pyramids and be divided into 12 pieces, have between block and block it is overlapping, but can will the entire area of falling truncated rectangular pyramids Domain is completely covered.
As shown in Fig. 7 a to 7f, slender type electrode 500 is selected to be processed, to be easy to process, makes gaseous film control axially bored line (axis for being equal to above-mentioned circular hole) is placed along the vertical direction (to be needed with vertical direction to incline on 300 surface of turbo blade in 30 ° Tiltedly fix turbo blade 300 to be processed), and the electrode for processing is fed along the vertical direction always.Slender type electrode 500 Cross section in the horizontal direction is a square, and side length L2=L1-2 Δ=0.3mm, wherein Δ=0.05mm, is electrical fire The discharging gap of flower processing.The processable length of slender type electrode 500 is greater than the height of falling truncated rectangular pyramids.
When processing, shape out aforementioned 12 setting-out entities respectively with slender type electrode 500, each feeding of electrode at Shape goes out a setting-out entity, then the formable truncated rectangular pyramids that entirely fall of 12 feedings.
Referring to figs. 7a and 7b, such as during feeding first time, firstly, when starting, the bottom surface of slender type electrode 500 Center is overlapped with a square center of the top surface of truncated rectangular pyramids, and electrode bottom surface is overlapped (figure with the top surface of truncated rectangular pyramids Middle electrode feeds start bit 600).Then, electrode is centrally fed along setting-out corresponding to corresponding square, during feeding Electrode axis keeps vertical state, until electrode bottom surface is overlapped (electrode feeds stop bit 700 in figure) with truncated rectangular pyramids bottom surface, then once Feeding terminates, this time feeding is corresponding to process the 1st setting-out entity such as the first figure (from from left to right) in Fig. 6 b.
Similarly, referring to Fig. 7 c and Fig. 7 d, during feeding for second, slender type electrode 500 is fed by electrode in figure Start bit 600 moves to electrode in figure and feeds stop bit 700, then the secondary feeding terminates, and correspondence is processed such as the second figure (oneself in Fig. 6 b The 2nd setting-out entity from left to right).
According to dividing, feeding path for region setting successively processes the 3rd setting-out entity, the 4th setting-out entity, the 5th are put Sample entity ..., until the 12nd setting-out entity.
Referring to Fig. 7 e and Fig. 7 f, during last time is fed, slender type electrode 500 is by electrode feeding starting in figure Position 600 moves to electrode in figure and feeds stop bit 700, then the secondary feeding terminates, corresponding to process as third figure is (certainly left in Fig. 6 b Rise) the 12nd setting-out entity.A diffused film cooling holes are processed on turbo blade 300 in this way, completing.
During feeding, the voltage between detection circuit Real-time Feedback electrode and workpiece can be passed through.According to the feedback Voltage is to realize slender type electrode 500 along the advance and retreat fed path, to guarantee that the gap between electrode and workpiece meets spark The condition of electric discharge.
Finally, after the manufacturing procedure for completing a diffused film cooling holes, 500 end wear of slender type electrode, shape Shape changes, and need to carry out electrode reparing process.The loss part for removing electrode in the horizontal direction using Wire EDM, makes electricity Restore to be square in extreme portion.
Wherein, eletrode tip shape is shot using industrial camera, to calculate export license length, can be obtained is needed The length to be removed.
Each technical characteristic of embodiment described above can be combined arbitrarily, for simplicity of description, not to above-mentioned reality It applies all possible combination of each technical characteristic in example to be all described, as long as however, the combination of these technical characteristics is not deposited In contradiction, all should be considered as described in this specification.
The embodiments described above only express several embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but simultaneously It cannot therefore be construed as limiting the scope of the patent.It should be pointed out that coming for those of ordinary skill in the art It says, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, various modifications and improvements can be made, these belong to protection of the invention Range.Therefore, the scope of protection of the patent of the invention shall be subject to the appended claims.

Claims (8)

1. a kind of electric spark piecemeal processing method of diffused film cooling holes, which comprises the following steps:
According to the geomery that the divergent contour of film cooling holes to be processed exports, region to be processed is divided into several sub-regions, Specifically, its shape propagation is truncated rectangular pyramids by the geomery exported according to the divergent contour of film cooling holes to be processed, The bottom surface of the truncated rectangular pyramids is the square that side length is L1, and the top surface of the truncated rectangular pyramids is that long and width is all larger than the rectangular of L1 Shape;
Assuming that it is described fall truncated rectangular pyramids top surface covered with the square that n side length is L1, by described n it is square respectively with it is described The bottom surface of truncated rectangular pyramids carries out setting-out, that is, forms the n subregions;
Electrical discharge machining is carried out using slender type electrode, electrode primary feed processes a subregion, and feeding adds several times Work goes out the divergent contour outlet of complete film cooling holes to be processed, and specifically, the processing length of the slender type electrode is greater than institute State down the height of truncated rectangular pyramids;The slender type electrode is fed along path defined by each subregion, the slender type The cross section of electrode is the square that side length is L2, and L2 is less than L1;The start bit of the slender type electrode processed every time is institute One of square of the top surface of truncated rectangular pyramids is stated down, the stop bit processed every time is the bottom surface of the truncated rectangular pyramids.
2. the electric spark piecemeal processing method of diffused film cooling holes according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described The side length L2=L1-2 Δ of the cross section of slender type electrode, wherein Δ is the discharging gap of electrical discharge machining.
3. the electric spark piecemeal processing method of diffused film cooling holes according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that The voltage between the slender type electrode and workpieces processing is fed back using detection circuit real-time detection.
4. the electric spark piecemeal processing method of diffused film cooling holes according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in institute The geomery exported according to the divergent contour of film cooling holes to be processed is stated, region to be processed is divided into the step of several sub-regions It is further comprising the steps of before rapid:
The Cylindrical inlet of film cooling holes to be processed is processed using hollow tube-shaped electrode.
5. the electric spark piecemeal processing method of diffused film cooling holes according to claim 4, which is characterized in that described The step of processing the Cylindrical inlet of film cooling holes to be processed using hollow tube-shaped electrode specifically includes:
The hollow edged electrode of corresponding size is selected to carry out electrical fire according to the size of the Cylindrical inlet of the film cooling holes to be processed Flower perforation processing.
6. the electric spark piecemeal processing method of diffused film cooling holes according to claim 4, which is characterized in that described The circular in cross-section of hollow edged electrode.
7. the electric spark piecemeal processing method of diffused film cooling holes according to claim 4, which is characterized in that described The cross section of hollow edged electrode is square.
8. the electric spark piecemeal processing method of diffused film cooling holes according to claim 1, which is characterized in that described Electrical discharge machining is carried out using slender type electrode, electrode primary feed processes a subregion, and feeding processes several times It is further comprising the steps of after the step of divergent contour outlet of complete film cooling holes to be processed:
Cut away the loss part of the slender type electrode tip in the horizontal direction using Wire EDM technique.
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