CN107356709B - Hardened ground evaporation monitoring system and method - Google Patents
Hardened ground evaporation monitoring system and method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a hardened ground evaporation monitoring system and method, comprising: the water consumption monitoring and infiltration monitoring subsystem is characterized in that the water consumption monitoring subsystem is mainly provided with a water consumption bottomless barrel, the water consumption bottomless barrel is provided with a water consumption sprinkler with a water consumption flow sensor, and a water consumption liquid level sensor is arranged at a position, close to the ground, of the water consumption bottomless barrel; the main body of the infiltration monitoring subsystem is an infiltration bottomless barrel, the top of the infiltration bottomless barrel is provided with a cover plate in watertight connection, the infiltration bottomless barrel is provided with a sprinkler with an infiltration flow sensor, and the position of the infiltration bottomless barrel close to the ground is provided with an infiltration liquid level sensor. The invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention obtains the evaporation water consumption of the hard ground of the city by monitoring and comparing the total evaporation infiltration water consumption and the infiltration water consumption in the bottomless barrels with completely equal enclosing areas, realizes the prototype determination of the evaporation capacity and the evaporation rate of the hard ground of the city, provides a simple and economic tool for the evaporation monitoring of the hard ground of the city, and provides technical support for the hydrological monitoring of the city.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a hardened ground evaporation monitoring system and method, in particular to a hydrological monitoring system and method, which are suitable for monitoring evaporation capacity of different types of hardened grounds in urban areas.
Background
Evapotranspiration is a source for atmospheric precipitation and is an important link of hydrologic cycle. In the inland microcirculation, ground evaporation and vegetation transpiration are the main sources of supply, especially in areas of small water areas, as is the case in most urban areas of china. The proportion of hardened ground in cities is high, typically 85% -90%, but evaporation from hardened ground is rarely considered and metered in current urban hydrological studies. The actual situation is that the hardened ground can intercept rainwater to generate evaporation, and meanwhile, the artificial sprinkling of the urban part of the road surface can also generate evaporation. Investigations have shown that there is a lack of universal monitoring tools for evaporation from hardened ground in existing hydrological monitoring studies.
In summary, the following issues exist with respect to the evaporative metering problem for a hardened urban floor: (1) the proportion of the hardened ground in a city is large, evaporation actually exists, and (2) scientific universal monitoring equipment is lacked for evaporation metering of the hardened ground.
Disclosure of Invention
To overcome the problems of the prior art, the present invention provides a hardened surface evaporation monitoring system and method. The system obtains accurate parameters of the evaporation capacity of the hard ground by accurately comparing the evaporation and non-evaporation water dissipation of the hard ground.
The purpose of the invention is realized as follows: a hardened surface evaporation monitoring system comprising: the water consumption monitoring subsystem and the infiltration monitoring subsystem are installed on the monitored hardened ground in pairs, the main body of the water consumption monitoring subsystem is a water consumption bottomless barrel in watertight connection with the monitored hardened ground, a water consumption sprinkler with a water consumption flow sensor is arranged at the position, close to the upper edge, of the water consumption bottomless barrel, and a water consumption liquid level sensor is arranged at the position, close to the ground, of the water consumption bottomless barrel; the main part of the infiltration monitoring subsystem is the same with the water consumption bottomless bucket completely and also with the infiltration bottomless bucket of being connected by monitoring sclerosis ground watertight for size and shape, the top of the infiltration bottomless bucket set up the apron of watertight connection, the infiltration bottomless bucket be close to the position setting on reason along have the sprinkler that infiltrates flow sensor, the infiltration bottomless bucket be close to the position setting that ground infiltrate level sensor, water consumption flow sensor, infiltration level sensor, infiltration flow sensor be connected with data acquisition unit, the data processing controller electricity that has the clock in proper order.
Furthermore, the water-consuming bottomless barrel is made of a material with good transmitted light energy, and the infiltration bottomless barrel and the cover plate are made of a material with heat insulation and light energy insulation.
Furthermore, the horizontal cross section of the water-consuming bottomless barrel and the infiltration bottomless barrel is one of a circle, a rectangle and a polygon.
Further, the water consumption sprinkler or infiltration sprinkler structure of two sets of subsystems the same, include: can evenly spill water at the sprinkler pipe that consumes water bottomless bucket or infiltrate the ground that bottomless bucket encloses, sprinkler pipe and the water pump pipe connection that has flow control switch, sprinkler pipe and water pump between be equipped with flow sensor, the water pump be connected with the water source.
Furthermore, the sprinkler pipe is a horizontal pipe with a plurality of nozzles, one end of the horizontal pipe is hinged to the symmetric center of the bottomless barrel, the other end of the horizontal pipe extends to the edge of the bottomless barrel, the horizontal pipe is driven by a motor to rotate around the symmetric center of the bottomless barrel, and the motor is electrically connected with the data processing controller.
Further, the water source is a tap water supply pipe or a movable water tank.
Furthermore, the water consumption liquid level sensor and the infiltration liquid level sensor are arranged at the height of the water consumption bottomless barrel or the infiltration bottomless barrelhComprises the following steps:
wherein,vis the start-up flow rate of the runoff,nis the coefficient of roughness of the surface,iis the hydraulic ramp.
Further, the runoff starting flow rate ranges from 0.001 to 0.01 m/s.
Furthermore, the data processing controller is provided with a communication module connected with the Internet of things.
A method of monitoring evaporation from a hardened surface using the above system, the method comprising the steps of:
and (3) selecting an experimental area: selecting flat and clean urban hardened ground, which mainly comprises an asphalt pavement, a cement pavement, a brick pavement and a permeable pavement;
monitoring equipment installation: installing a monitoring system in an experimental area, filling a gap between the bottom edge of a barrel and the experimental ground with a water-stopping material, connecting a sprinkler with a water transfer source, sealing an infiltration bottomless barrel by a cover plate, adjusting the heights of a water consumption liquid level sensor and an infiltration liquid level sensor, adjusting the sprinkler to wet the hardened ground to a critical output state, and starting a communication module of a data processing controller connected with the Internet of things;
and (3) measuring water consumption parameters: the evaporation sprinkler continuously sprinkles water to the ground in the water-consuming bottomless barrel, the sprinkling flow and sprinkling speed are recorded by the water-consuming flow sensor, the water-consuming level sensor monitors the water quantity of the ground in the water-consuming bottomless barrel, and once the runoff starting flow speed is exceeded, the sprinkling speed is immediately reduced; the total water consumption of the water-consuming sprinkler as the total water consumption of the evaporation infiltration area of the ground in the water-consuming bottomless barrel is marked asQThe sprinkling rate of the water consumption sprinkler is taken as the sum of the rates of evaporation and infiltration dissipation in the corresponding time period;
and (3) measuring infiltration parameters: the infiltration sprinkler continuously sprinkles water to the ground of the area in the infiltration bottomless barrel, the infiltration flow sensor records sprinkling flow and sprinkling speed, the infiltration liquid level sensor monitors the water quantity of the ground of the area in the water consumption bottomless barrel, and once the runoff starting flow speed is exceeded, the sprinkling speed is immediately reduced; the total water consumption of the infiltration water from the infiltration sprinkler as the total infiltration water consumption of the area ground in the infiltration bottomless barrel is recordedIThe watering rate of the infiltration sprinkler is taken as the rate of infiltration dissipation in the corresponding time period;
calculating the evaporation amount: subtracting the infiltration water amount from the total water consumption of water consumption infiltration, and recording the difference as the evaporation capacity of the hardened ground in the corresponding areaE：
E=Q－I，
In thattEvaporation of hardened ground in corresponding area during time periodEEvaporation rate ofv E The calculation expression is:
and (3) outputting: the calculated result corresponds to the evaporation capacity of the hardened groundERate of evaporationv E And time outputtAnd packaging and outputting the parameters to a mobile phone user terminal or a computer user terminal connected with a network, and analyzing after corresponding to current and local meteorological data.
The invention has the following beneficial effects: the invention obtains the evaporation water consumption and the infiltration water quantity of the hard ground of the city by monitoring and comparing the total evaporation water consumption and the infiltration water quantity in the bottomless barrels with completely equal enclosing areas and by a difference value, realizes the prototype determination of the evaporation capacity and the evaporation rate of the hard ground of the city, provides a simple and economic tool for the evaporation monitoring of the hard ground of the city, and provides technical support for the hydrological monitoring of the city.
Drawings
The invention is further illustrated by the following figures and examples.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of the system according to one embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a flow chart of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The first embodiment is as follows:
the present embodiment is a hardened ground evaporation monitoring system, as shown in fig. 1 and 2. The embodiment comprises the following steps: the water consumption monitoring system comprises a water consumption monitoring subsystem 1 (water consumption comprises total water amount of evaporation and infiltration) and an infiltration monitoring subsystem 2 (only water amount of infiltration) which are installed on a monitored hardened ground 3 in pairs, wherein the main body of the water consumption monitoring subsystem is a water consumption bottomless barrel 101 which is in watertight connection with the monitored hardened ground, a water consumption sprinkler 103 with a water consumption flow sensor 102 is arranged at the position of the water consumption bottomless barrel close to the upper edge, and a water consumption liquid level sensor 104 is arranged at the position of the water consumption bottomless barrel close to the ground; the main part of the infiltration monitoring subsystem is the same with the water consumption bottomless bucket completely and also with the infiltration bottomless bucket 201 of being connected by monitoring hardening ground watertight for size and shape, the top of the infiltration bottomless bucket set up the apron 202 of watertight connection, the infiltration bottomless bucket be close to the position setting on reason on the edge have the sprinkler 204 of infiltration flow sensor 203 the infiltration bottomless bucket be close to the position setting on ground and infiltrate level sensor 205, water consumption level sensor, water consumption flow sensor, infiltration level sensor, infiltration flow sensor be connected with data collection station, the data processing controller electricity that has the clock in proper order.
The basic idea of the embodiment is as follows: two hardened grounds with the same size are surrounded by a bottomless barrel, one without a cover and the other with a cover, and water is sprayed on the two surrounded grounds. The water spray wets the ground but does not produce run-off. The effect produced in the uncovered bottomless barrel is different from that produced in the uncovered bottomless barrel, and the uncovered bottomless barrel can freely disperse the aqueous vapor in the barrel to the atmosphere because of not having the lid, consequently, produces two in the uncovered bottomless barrel and distributes the route, infiltrates and distributes to the atmosphere. The only way in the covered bottomless barrel is the water on the ground to dissipate, i.e. infiltrate. The water consumption (including the infiltration amount and the evaporation amount) of the uncovered bottomless barrel is subtracted from the water consumption (including the infiltration amount and the evaporation amount) of the covered bottomless barrel (including only the infiltration amount) in a specific time period, so that the evaporation amount of the water on the hard ground can be obtained.
The barrel wall of the bottomless barrel is actually a barrel ring, two ends of the barrel ring are open, and a gap between the barrel wall and the hardened ground is filled with a water stop material, so that water in the barrel cannot flow out or seep out. The water-consuming bottomless barrel and the infiltration bottomless barrel are equal in diameter and height.
In order to ensure that the evaporation effect is the same as the surrounding environment as much as possible and avoid blocking the sunlight, the water-consuming bottomless barrel can use a material with good transmitted light energy, in particular a material transmitting infrared rays. On the other hand, in order to avoid the irradiation of sunlight, the infiltration bottomless barrel and the cover plate are made of heat-insulating and light-insulating materials, in particular infrared-insulating materials.
The barrel ring (horizontal cross section shape) of the water-consuming bottomless barrel and the infiltration bottomless barrel can have various shapes, such as: circular, rectangular, polygonal. I.e. various profiles can be used, such as: organic glass tube with round section.
To reduce manufacturing costs, water-consuming or infiltrating sprinklers can be designed with two sets of sprinkler subsystems that are identical in structure. The sprinkling subsystem can be designed into a movable sprinkling pipe, water is uniformly sprinkled at each corner of the ground surrounded by the bottomless barrel, the sprinkling pipe is connected with a water pump for supplying water, and the water pump is connected with a water source. The water source can be a tap water pipe or a self-contained water tank. The water pipe should be equipped with a flow control switch and a flow sensor, and the sprinkling rate can be controlled by controlling the flow and the moving speed of the sprinkling pipe, and the sprinkling rate is a very key parameter for recording and calculating the evaporation capacity of the hardened ground.
Movement of the sprinkler tube may take many forms, such as: rotary or translational. If the bottomless barrel is circular in horizontal cross-section, a sprinkler tube may be provided that rotates about the centerline of the bottomless barrel, and if the bottomless barrel is rectangular, a sprinkler tube may be provided that translates.
The liquid level sensor is used for monitoring the water quantity on the ground in the bottomless barrel or whether runoff is generated on the enclosing ground of the bottomless barrel, so that the installation height of the liquid level sensor is very critical, the liquid level sensor is installed in the barrel and is far away from the groundhCalculated according to the following formula:
wherein,vis the start-up flow rate of the runoff,nis the coefficient of roughness of the surface,iis the hydraulic gradient (nAndiconsult the acquisition based on actual conditions). The runoff starting flow rate is 0.001-0.01 m/s, and the optimal value is that the average gap width is close to or equal to the average gap width of the monitored hardened ground in the range.
When the liquid level sensor detects that the water level reacheshWhen the water pump is triggered to be switched off, the switch is lower thanhTime, water pumpThe switch is turned on to realize automatic control and ensure no water flow in the barrel.
The data acquisition unit can be a special multi-channel data acquisition device, and because the data acquisition of the embodiment is of a few types, the data acquisition unit can be directly replaced by a simple data acquisition circuit.
The data processing controller is used for controlling the automatic operation of the whole system and calculating and storing various acquired parameters. The data processing controller is an electronic device with data storage and processing digitalization, and can be composed of chips such as a single-board computer, a single-chip microcomputer and an embedded system and peripheral circuits thereof, or a simplified industrial control computer and the like. In order to fully apply the acquired parameters, a communication module can be arranged on the data processing controller and connected with the internet in a wired or wireless mode, so that the acquired parameters can be sent to a mobile phone or a computer terminal for use by researchers.
The clock in the data processing controller is important so that the parameters for metering the water spray are all functions of time, time dependent, and although clocks are available in all digital electronics, it is particularly important to note the critical values for water consumption and infiltration parameters. The time indicated and recorded by the clock for the parameters of water consumption and infiltration includes, year, month, day, time minute and second, time units, respectively, applied in the monitoring period in days, and the watering rate in minutes and seconds.
Example two:
this example is an improvement over the first example, which relates to a refinement of the water-consuming bottomless barrel and infiltration of the bottomless barrel material. The water-consuming bottomless barrel is made of a material with good transmitted light energy, and the infiltration bottomless barrel and the cover plate are made of a material with heat insulation and light energy insulation.
A material that transmits light with good energy is mainly referred to as being capable of transmitting infrared light well because the main energy in light that can evaporate moisture comes from infrared light and red light. Therefore, the water-consuming bottomless barrel can use glass or organic glass and other materials.
In order to reduce the cost, the infiltration bottomless barrel and the cover plate can also be made of the same materials as the water consumption bottomless barrel, and only the surface of the materials is coated with a coating capable of insulating heat and light energy, if the coating is black.
Example three:
this embodiment is an improvement of the above embodiment, and is a refinement of the above embodiment regarding the horizontal cross section of the water-consuming bottomless barrel and the infiltration bottomless barrel. The horizontal cross section of the water-consuming bottomless barrel and the infiltration bottomless barrel in the embodiment is one of a circle, a rectangle and a polygon.
The horizontal cross-sectional shape of the bottomless barrel is the end surface shape of the barrel, namely the barrel can be circular or other shapes, and the determination of the shape mainly depends on the used section bar, for example, a section of organic glass tube is cut out, so that the bottomless barrel can be used.
Example four:
this embodiment is an improvement of the above embodiment, and is a refinement of the above embodiment with respect to the structure of a water-consuming sprinkler or infiltration sprinkler. This embodiment two sets of subsystems that water consumption sprinkler or infiltration sprinkler structure is the same include: can evenly spill water at the sprinkler pipe that consumes water bottomless bucket or infiltrate the ground that bottomless bucket encloses, sprinkler pipe and the water pump pipe connection that has flow control switch, sprinkler pipe and water pump between be equipped with flow sensor, the water pump be connected with the water source.
The sprinkler pipe can be a section of rotating horizontal pipe or a section of parallel moving horizontal pipe, and a plurality of nozzles are arranged on the horizontal pipe. The water pump is started and stopped by the data processing controller to record the amount and rate of water application.
Example five:
this embodiment is an improvement of the above embodiment, and is a refinement of the above embodiment regarding the sprinkler pipe. The sprinkler pipe of this embodiment be one section and have the horizontal pipe of a plurality of spouts, the one end hinged joint of horizontal pipe at the symmetry center of no end bucket, the other end extends to the edge of no end bucket, the horizontal pipe drive by the motor and rotate around no end bucket symmetry center, motor and data processing controller electricity be connected.
The motion of the sprinkler tube is also a critical parameter for indicating the sprinkling rate, and therefore, the motor driving the sprinkler tube to rotate also needs to control the rotation speed by the data processing controller so as to control the sprinkling rate.
Example six:
this embodiment is a modification of the above embodiment, and is a refinement of the above embodiment with respect to water sources. The water source in the embodiment is a tap water supply pipe or a movable water tank.
Since monitoring systems are typically found on the streets of a city, the water supply may utilize tap water from irrigation water pipes on the street, but in some locations such tap water may not be available, requiring a special removable water tank.
Example seven:
the present embodiment is a modification of the above-described embodiments, and is a refinement of the above-described embodiments with respect to the installation height of the level sensor. The water consumption liquid level sensor and the infiltration liquid level sensor are arranged at the height of the water consumption bottomless barrel or the infiltration bottomless barrelhComprises the following steps:
wherein,vis the start-up flow rate of the runoff,nis the coefficient of roughness of the surface,iis the hydraulic ramp.
The function of the liquid level sensor is very critical to monitor whether runoff is generated on the ground surrounded by the bottomless barrel, so that the installation height of the liquid level sensor needs to be strictly controlled within a very accurate range. The calculation of the installation height involves the roughness coefficient and the hydraulic gradient of the monitored ground, and the two coefficients can be determined by searching the performance index of the product according to the specific material of the hardened pavement. The runoff starting flow rate is determined according to the requirements of a monitoring experiment, and the determined consideration index mainly refers to the width of a gap in the hardened ground.
Example eight:
the embodiment is a modification of the seventh embodiment and is a refinement of the seventh embodiment on the runoff starting flow rate. The runoff start-up flow rate range described in this embodiment is 0.001-0.01 m/s, and the optimum value in this range is close to or equal to the average gap width of the monitored hardened ground.
Example nine:
this example is a modification of example eight, which is a refinement of example eight regarding the runoff start-up flow rate. The data processing controller described in this embodiment is a communication module connected to the internet of things.
The communication module can be a wired communication module or a wireless communication module. The evaporation monitoring system is considered to be installed in the city street, and the wireless communication module can be more practical. The wireless communication module can be a GPRS module of a mobile communication network, acquires a 3G module and a 4G module, and can also use a short-distance wireless communication module.
Through the communication module, the evaporation monitoring system can send the acquired parameters to a mobile phone terminal or a computer terminal connected with a network for use and reference of researchers.
Example ten:
the present embodiment is a method for monitoring evaporation from a hardened ground using the system of the above embodiment, the method includes the following steps, and the flow chart is shown in fig. 3:
(I) experimental region selection: selecting flat and clean urban hardened ground surfaces comprising asphalt road surfaces, cement road surfaces, brick paving road surfaces and permeable paving road surfaces. These pavements are those that occur frequently in cities, where the permeable pavements may be those paved with special shaped block-shaped face bricks, which are different from cement pavements and tiled pavements and have better permeability but are less studied. The water permeable pavement can be made of lattice cement or block-shaped section bars formed by materials.
(II) monitoring equipment installation: install monitoring system in the experiment region, fill the gap between bucket bottom edge and the experiment ground with water-stop material, the water source is connected to the sprinkler, and it is sealed to infiltrate the bottomless bucket and cover the apron, adjusts water consumption level sensor and infiltrates the height that infiltrates level sensor, adjusts the sprinkler and wets harden ground to critical output flow state, opens data processing controller and internet of things connected's communication module.
The key of the step is that the bottomless barrel is bonded with the hardened pavement by using a water-stopping material, and the communication of water inside and outside the barrel is prevented. The water-stopping material may be a waterproof adhesive such as silica gel.
(III) measuring water consumption parameters: the water consumption sprinkler continuously sprinkles water to the ground in the water consumption bottomless barrel, the water consumption flow sensor records the sprinkling flow and sprinkling speed, the water consumption level sensor monitors the water quantity of the ground in the water consumption bottomless barrel, and once the runoff starting flow speed is exceeded, the sprinkling speed is immediately reduced; the total water consumption of the water-consuming sprinkler as the total water consumption of the evaporation infiltration area of the ground in the water-consuming bottomless barrel is marked asQThe water application rate of the water-consuming sprinkler is taken as the sum of the rates of evaporation and infiltration dissipation for the corresponding time period.
The water consumption monitoring subsystem measures the total water consumption of evaporation and infiltration of the area in the barrel by using the sprinkling amount of the sprinkler under the condition that the hardened ground is guaranteed to be wet to a large extent but does not generate flow in a specific time period, and the sprinkling rate of the sprinkler is used as the rate of evaporation, infiltration and dissipation in the corresponding time period.
(IV) measuring infiltration parameters: the infiltration sprinkler continuously sprinkles water to the ground of the area in the infiltration bottomless barrel, the infiltration flow sensor records sprinkling flow and sprinkling speed, the infiltration liquid level sensor monitors the water quantity of the ground of the area in the water consumption bottomless barrel, and once the runoff starting flow speed is exceeded, the sprinkling speed is immediately reduced; the total water consumption of the infiltration water from the infiltration sprinkler as the total infiltration water consumption of the area ground in the infiltration bottomless barrel is recordedIThe watering rate of the infiltration sprinkler is taken as the rate of infiltration dissipation for the corresponding time period.
This step is carried out simultaneously with the "step of measuring the water consumption parameter". Compared with the water consumption infiltration monitoring subsystem, the infiltration monitoring subsystem isolates the evaporation and the dissipation of water in the barrel due to the cover plate, the infiltration monitoring subsystem ensures that the hardened ground is wetted to a large extent but does not generate flow in a specific time period through metering, the sprinkling quantity of the sprinkler is used as the infiltration quantity of the area in the barrel, and the sprinkling speed of the sprinkler is used as the infiltration speed of the corresponding time period.
And (V) calculating the evaporation capacity: will evaporate into the solutionSubtracting the infiltration water amount from the water consumption, and recording the difference as the evaporation capacity of the hardened ground in the corresponding areaE：
E=Q－I，
In thattEvaporation of hardened ground in corresponding area during time periodEEvaporation rate ofv E The calculation expression is:
the method is very key for obtaining the evaporation capacity and the evaporation rate of the urban hard ground, and can be used for researching the water consumption of artificial watering of the city, the influence of rainfall on urban roads and the like.
(VI) outputting: the calculated result corresponds to the evaporation capacity of the hardened groundERate of evaporationv E And time outputtAnd packaging and outputting the parameters to a mobile phone user terminal or a computer user terminal connected with a network, and analyzing after corresponding to current and local meteorological data.
Scientific researchers can obtain the water consumption and infiltration data of a plurality of monitoring points at any time through a mobile phone and a computer terminal, match the data with meteorological factors such as temperature, humidity, wind direction, wind speed, sunlight intensity and the like at that time and locally, and finally can obtain detailed and accurate analysis results.
Finally, it should be noted that the above is only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention and not to limit it, and although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred arrangements, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications and equivalents can be made to the technical solution of the present invention (such as forms of water consuming and osmotic systems, forms of sensors, application of various formulae, sequence of steps, etc.) without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A hardened surface evaporation monitoring system, comprising: the water consumption monitoring subsystem and the infiltration monitoring subsystem are installed on the monitored hardened ground in pairs, the main body of the water consumption monitoring subsystem is a water consumption bottomless barrel in watertight connection with the monitored hardened ground, a water consumption sprinkler with a water consumption flow sensor is arranged at the position, close to the upper edge, of the water consumption bottomless barrel, and a water consumption liquid level sensor is arranged at the position, close to the ground, of the water consumption bottomless barrel; the main part of the infiltration monitoring subsystem is the same with the water consumption bottomless bucket completely and oozes bottomless bucket equally with the income that is connected by monitoring sclerosis ground watertight, the top of the infiltration bottomless bucket set up the apron of watertight connection, the infiltration bottomless bucket be close to the position setting on reason and have the infiltration sprinkler that oozes flow sensor, the infiltration bottomless bucket set up the infiltration level sensor near the position on ground, water consumption level sensor, water consumption flow sensor, infiltration level sensor, infiltration flow sensor in proper order with data collection station, have the data processing controller electricity of clock and be connected, the water consumption bottomless bucket use the material that the transmitted light energy is good, infiltration bottomless bucket and apron use thermal-insulated, the material that separates the light energy.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the horizontal cross-sectional shape of the water-consuming bottomless bucket and the infiltration bottomless bucket is one of circular and polygonal.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the water-consuming sprinkler and the infiltration sprinkler are two subsystems of the same structure, comprising: can evenly spill water at the sprinkler pipe that consumes water bottomless bucket or infiltrate the ground that bottomless bucket encloses, sprinkler pipe and the water pump pipe connection that has flow control switch, sprinkler pipe and water pump between be equipped with flow sensor, the water pump be connected with the water source.
4. The system of claim 3, wherein the sprinkler tube is a horizontal tube with a plurality of nozzles, one end of the horizontal tube is hinged to the center of symmetry of the bottomless barrel, the other end extends to the edge of the bottomless barrel, the horizontal tube is rotated around the center of symmetry of the bottomless barrel by a motor, and the motor is electrically connected to the data processing controller.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein the water source is a tap water supply pipe or a portable water tank.
6. System according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the water consumption level sensor and the infiltration level sensor are installed at a height in the water-consuming bottomless tank or the infiltration bottomless tankhComprises the following steps:
wherein,vis the start-up flow rate of the runoff,nis the coefficient of roughness of the surface,iis the hydraulic ramp.
7. The system of claim 6, wherein the start-up flow rate is 0.001-0.01 m/s.
8. The system of claim 7, wherein the data processing controller is provided with a communication module connected with the internet of things.
9. A method of monitoring evaporation from a hardened surface using the system of claim 8, the method comprising the steps of:
and (3) selecting an experimental area: selecting flat and clean urban hardened ground, which mainly comprises an asphalt pavement, a cement pavement, a brick pavement and a permeable pavement;
monitoring equipment installation: installing a monitoring system in an experimental area, filling a gap between the bottom edge of a barrel and the experimental ground with a water-stopping material, connecting a water consumption sprinkler and an infiltration sprinkler with a water source, sealing an infiltration bottomless barrel with a cover plate, adjusting the heights of a water consumption level sensor and an infiltration level sensor, adjusting the water consumption sprinkler and the infiltration sprinkler to wet the hardened ground to a critical runoff state, and starting a communication module of which a data processing controller is connected with the Internet of things;
and (3) measuring water consumption parameters: the water consumption sprinkler continuously sprinkles water to the ground in the water consumption bottomless barrel, the water consumption flow sensor records the sprinkling flow and sprinkling speed, the water consumption level sensor monitors the water quantity of the ground in the water consumption bottomless barrel, and once the runoff starting flow speed is exceeded, the sprinkling speed is immediately reduced; the total water consumption of the water-consuming sprinkler as the total water consumption of the evaporation infiltration area of the ground in the water-consuming bottomless barrel is marked asQThe sprinkling rate of the water consumption sprinkler is taken as the sum of the rates of evaporation and infiltration dissipation in the corresponding time period;
and (3) measuring infiltration parameters: the infiltration sprinkler continuously sprinkles water to the ground of the area in the infiltration bottomless barrel, the infiltration flow sensor records sprinkling flow and sprinkling speed, the infiltration liquid level sensor monitors the water quantity of the ground of the area in the water consumption bottomless barrel, and once the runoff starting flow speed is exceeded, the sprinkling speed is immediately reduced; the total water consumption of the infiltration water from the infiltration sprinkler as the total infiltration water consumption of the area ground in the infiltration bottomless barrel is recordedIThe watering rate of the infiltration sprinkler is taken as the rate of infiltration dissipation in the corresponding time period;
calculating the evaporation amount: subtracting the infiltration water amount from the total evaporation infiltration water consumption, and recording the difference as the evaporation capacity of the hardened ground in the corresponding areaE：
E=Q－I，
In thattEvaporation of hardened ground in corresponding area during time periodEEvaporation rate ofv E The calculation expression is:
and (3) outputting: the calculated result corresponds to the evaporation capacity of the hardened groundERate of evaporationv E And time outputtAnd packaging and outputting the parameters to a mobile phone user terminal or a computer user terminal connected with a network, and analyzing after corresponding to current and local meteorological data.
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| CN110376338A (en) * | 2019-08-21 | 2019-10-25 | 中国水利水电科学研究院 | One kind needing the integrated on-Line Monitor Device of water consumption for evapotranspiration of farm land and crops |
| CN111579456A (en) * | 2020-05-29 | 2020-08-25 | 水利部牧区水利科学研究所 | Soil infiltration capacity monitoring device and monitoring method |
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| CN202126378U (en) * | 2011-06-23 | 2012-01-25 | 吉林省水土保持科学研究院 | Soil moisture transpiration and leakage measurement device |
| CN104458528A (en) * | 2014-11-05 | 2015-03-25 | 中国电建集团贵阳勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Method and device for measuring field slope earth surface infiltration performance and permeability coefficient |
| CN206074381U (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2017-04-05 | 徐州市伟思水务科技有限公司 | Steam in Weighing type ground and ooze self-operated measuring unit |
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| CN102495196A (en) * | 2011-12-04 | 2012-06-13 | 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 | Field water evapotranspiration detection method and device for paddy fields |
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| CN202126378U (en) * | 2011-06-23 | 2012-01-25 | 吉林省水土保持科学研究院 | Soil moisture transpiration and leakage measurement device |
| CN104458528A (en) * | 2014-11-05 | 2015-03-25 | 中国电建集团贵阳勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Method and device for measuring field slope earth surface infiltration performance and permeability coefficient |
| CN206074381U (en) * | 2016-08-31 | 2017-04-05 | 徐州市伟思水务科技有限公司 | Steam in Weighing type ground and ooze self-operated measuring unit |
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