CN107047193A - A kind of Japanese plum implantation methods for preventing and treating white star chafer - Google Patents
A kind of Japanese plum implantation methods for preventing and treating white star chafer Download PDFInfo
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- CN107047193A CN107047193A CN201710272885.4A CN201710272885A CN107047193A CN 107047193 A CN107047193 A CN 107047193A CN 201710272885 A CN201710272885 A CN 201710272885A CN 107047193 A CN107047193 A CN 107047193A
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- japanese plum
- rape
- chafer
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- fruit
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to planting tree field, more particularly to pest and disease control of fruit trees field.Comprise the following steps:Step one:Pretreatment:1)Seed soaking:Concentration is used to be soaked seed for 0.01% 0.1% beauveria bassiana spore suspension to rape seed 0.5 2h;2)Sowing:September to early November is sowed the rape seed after processing;3)Landfill:After rape harvest, rapeseed plants are buried in the earth, depth is 1 1.5m;Step 2:Plantation:After Second Year fall foliage, it is that 0.5 1.2m, spacing are 2.5 4.5m pit that depth has been dug in the soil of embedment rape, then plants Japanese plum seedling, and ranks are at interval of 2 common plant plantations, one pollinizers;And gutter is excavated by Japanese plum;Step 3:Interplanting:Hereafter plant the rape seed after step one seed soaking annual September to November between the spacing of Japanese plum, and rapeseed plants are embedded under Japanese plum root soil at 1 1.5m after rape harvest.There is no residues of pesticides in fruit while this programme kills white star chafer.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to planting tree field, more particularly to pest and disease control of fruit trees field.
Background technology
Japanese plum alias mirabalan, now cultivates extensively as fruit tree, and China's most area has plantation, is distributed mainly on
The southern area of China.The plantation of Japanese plum is relatively easy, and fruit is fragrant and sweet, nutritious, as more popular one kind
Fruit.
In the plantation of Japanese plum it is most important be exactly insect preventing and treating, the topmost insect of Japanese plum is white star chafer,
White star chafer feeding habits are very miscellaneous, can endanger various plants, can almost eat the underground of all crops of evil, vegetables, fruit-bearing forest and nursery stock
Part, adult also directly using the fruit of Japanese plum as food, makes Japanese plum yield reduction.The natural enemy of white star chafer has scoliid, Hu
Honeybee, muscardine, hedgehog, azurewinged magpie, parus major, frog etc..
The Chinese patent of Application No. 201510432494.5 discloses a kind of Japanese plum filed in 22 days July in 2015
Implantation methods, comprise the following steps:1) it is colonized:Plant spacing is 3~4m × 5~6m, 1~1.2m of planting hole diameter or so, depth
Spend with a pollinizers are planted in 0.8~1m, every 9 trees, pollinizers are located at the center of this 9 trees, during plant that plum seedling is vertical
Cave center is placed on, root is all deployed, then trunk is carried when banketing, makes not having space between root system and soil and closely tie
Close, 20cm table soil is first inserted during backfill, then cubsoil is mixed into after fertilizer inserts 40~60cm in cave, treaded when filling out, most
Whole soil are backfilled afterwards, and water is filled with enough immediately after seedling plant;2) Soil and fertilizer management:(1) fruit picking fertilizer:7~August part after fruit picking is applied
Enter, account for the 60% of annual dose, the fruit picking fertilizer includes green manure, farmyard manure and the dung polluted water become thoroughly decomposed;(2) Hua Qianfei:
Spring bud is applied when sprouting, and accounts for the 10% of annual dose, the fertilizer of spending is based on nitrogenous fertilizer;(3) fruit-promoting fertilizer:Formed in fruit
Stone phase of fruit stone applies, and accounts for the 30% of annual dose, and the shape fruit fertilizer is based on the compost that becomes thoroughly decomposed;(4) supplementary fertilizer:After harvesting
Supplementary fertilizer is applied, the supplementary fertilizer is based on nitrogenous fertilizer;3) trim:First Year is trimmed, and is cut for 50~60 centimetres away from ground after field planting, in clip
Lower 15~20 centimetres to have stalwartness leaf bud, 4~6 raw healthy and strong young sprouts straggly are retained after rudiment, often section stays a branch, its
Remaining whole is erased;Second Year is trimmed, and Second Year winter selects three major branches when cutting, selected major branch is evenly distributed in each side, right
Of length no more than 60 centimetres of branch is stayed in rudiment power and into the weak major branch of principal stresses, rudiment and is no more than 80 lis into the strong major branch of principal stresses
Rice;Trim within 3rd year, the 3rd year each major branch extension appropriate cutting back of branch starts simultaneously at and select and remain side shoot, the first side shoot is apart from major branch base
40~50 centimetres of portion, 50~60 degree of base angle;When major branch extends 50~60 centimetres, pinching inspires second, Mei Gezhu after summer has set in
2~3 side shoots are selected and remain on branch;Trim within 4th year:Except will be in addition to main, side shoot carries out cutting back, fruitful branch also appropriate cutting back or retraction;4)
Disease prevention and cure:(1) copper sulphate is sprayed when deploying in Japanese plum non-florescence and leaf bud: white lime: the Bordeaux mixture that water is 1: 2: 200;
(2) sick leaf, disease fruit in Li Yuan are removed, concentrates and destroys;(3) 2.5% time missible oil was sprayed before the spring non-leaf roll of disease blade
2000 times of liquid of 4000 times of liquid or 40% dimethoate emulsion.(4) Growing season adds 3 parts of water with 7 part of 40% dimethoate emulsion stoste, will with hairbrush
Decoction is coated in around trunk about 6 centimetres wide, and is bandaged with paper slip.
This Japanese plum implantation methods successively carry out desinsection using Bordeaux mixture and sprinkling dimethoate emulsion or time missible oil,
When being sprayed, insecticide is easily sprayed workman's suction of insecticide, and its body is caused damage, and is also had in fruit tree
Residues of pesticides, can cause damage to the healthy of people for eating fruit.Secondly, the adult of white star chafer opens in early June
Beginning breaks through the soil, so when carrying out desinsection with time missible oil or dimethoate emulsion in spring, white star chafer is still larva, larva
The white star chafer of state is lived in soil, so only being sprayed still can not kill white star chafer larva.Finally, hang
Fruiting period does not carry out desinsection processing, and white star chafer likes the fruit of edible Japanese plum, so being now still unavoidable from fruit
It is real to be eaten by white star chafer.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide do not have the plum of residues of pesticides in fruit while a kind of kill white star chafer
Tree planting method.
To reach above-mentioned purpose, the technical scheme is that:A kind of Japanese plum implantation methods for preventing and treating white star chafer,
Comprise the following steps:
Step one:Pretreatment
1) soak seed:Use concentration be 0.01%-0.1% beauveria bassiana spore suspension to rape seed soak seed 0.5-2h;
2) sow:September-early November is sowed the rape seed after processing;
3) fill:After rape harvest, rapeseed plants are buried in the earth, depth is 1-1.5m;
Step 2:Plantation
After Second Year fall foliage, it is that 0.5-1.2m, spacing are 2.5-4.5m that depth has been dug in the soil of embedment rape
Pit, then plant Japanese plum seedling, ranks plant a pollinizers at interval of 2 common plant;And opened by Japanese plum
Drainage trenching;
Step 3:Interplanting
Hereafter annual September to November plants the rape seed after step one seed soaking between the spacing of Japanese plum
Son, and rapeseed plants are embedded under Japanese plum root soil at 1-1.5m after rape harvest.
Rape seed is carried out into seed soaking with the beauveria bassiana spore suspension of high concentration can plant the rape grown
Part beyond strain disleaf carries muscardine.9 to the November for carrying the previous year passes through in the grown on soil of preparation plantation Japanese plum
The rape seed of seed soaking, after germinating. Brasssica campestris, is now still within larva state and the white star cockchafer lived in soil
The root that son can be gone out by growth of rape attracts, when white star chafer eats the root of rape, and the muscardine in rape can invade white star
In chafer larva body, larva is killed, so will largely be reduced in the white star scarabs that Second Year is broken through the soil.Due to this
When soil on only plant and be implanted with rape, so the white star chafer that Second Year is broken through the soil in soil and can only eat using rape to eat
It can equally be invaded with the white star chafer of the root, stem, flower of rape by the muscardine in rape body, therefore white star scarabs are same
Can largely it reduce.At the same time, substantial amounts of various types of honeybee can be attracted when rape flower blooms, wherein scoliid can be ovum production white
In star chafer body, in egg hatching, white star chafer is gradually dead, so white star chafer can also further be reduced
Quantity.The quantity of white star scarabs is reduced, then the worm's ovum that adult gives birth to equally is reduced, therefore can fundamentally reduce white star
The quantity of chafer.And Japanese plum flowering time, at 2 months to March, late March starts to bear fruit, and rape flowering time is by the end of February
To by the end of April, substantial amounts of honeybee can be attracted when rape is bloomed, so honeybee can pollinate for Japanese plum simultaneously, increase Japanese plum
Fruit bearing rate.
After rape harvest in plant is placed into the soil, the rape on the one hand placing into the soil can be used as white star chafer
The food of larva, is killed while white star chafer larva is edible, the adult that Second Year is broken through the soil is reduced with this
Quantity;Another aspect plant is rotted, and can increase the organic fertilizer in soil, the Japanese plum tree planted after promotion as base manure
Seedling grows.
Before plum tree planting, the quantity of white star chafer is reduced, it is possible to avoid sapling by white star cockchafer
Son is gnawed.Rape is still interplanted after plum tree planting, the root of one side rape can attract white star chafer larva to gnaw, after
And killing white star chafer larva, it is to avoid white star chafer gnaws the root of Japanese plum, causes Japanese plum dead;And the receipts of rape
The time is cut for May first arrival mid-June, and it is the first ten days of a month in June to 9 that white star chafer larva, which grows into the time that adult breaks through the soil,
Month the first tenday period of a month, thus after harvested rapeseed plants are buried in the earth can as will white star that is ripe, needing big energy it is golden
The food of tortoise larva, can also largely kill the white star chafer larva gnawed, it is to avoid its maturation turns into adult, then may be used also
To avoid adult from giving birth to white star chafer worm's ovum, the larva quantity of Second Year is reduced;Another aspect rape can harvest vegetable seed, can
To increase the utilization rate in soil, and the height of rape is less than Japanese plum, so the sunlight of Japanese plum will not be sheltered from, so will not
Yield on Japanese plum produces influence.
In addition, mycelia can be grown after muscardine intrusion white star chafer, and then produce spore, spore can also be by
Wind, insect are diffused, and then infect other insects, so other insects can also be killed simultaneously.And the characteristic of muscardine makes
Warm-blooded animal will not be infected by obtaining it, so muscardine will not be infected the people touched, so plantation Japanese plum will not be damaged
Workman and edible plum people health.Secondly can be without spraying insecticide in addition before the harvesting of Japanese plum fruit, Ke Yiyou
Effect avoids fruit Pesticide Residues, then ensures to eat the healthy of the people of fruit;Subtract in whole Japanese plum planting process
When even not being also prevented from spraying insecticide simultaneously using agricultural chemicals less, agricultural chemicals is sucked by workman and influences workman's healthy.
Preferred scheme one, as the further improvement to base case, scoliid is cultivated in Japanese plum woodland.When Japanese plum and
Rape is bloomed constantly, and scoliid can play a part of pollination, can be effectively increased the yield of Japanese plum and rape.Secondly, scoliid
White star chafer can also be eaten up, the quantity of white star chafer is further reduced.
Preferred scheme two, is used as the further improvement to preferred scheme one, in addition to step 4:Trimming, was opened from the 3rd year
Begin, first old branch are trimmed before blooming every year;Trimmed in the period branch overstocked to bearing fruit;It is right again after fruit harvest
The direction of growth branch different from major branch is trimmed.Carrying out trimming before flowering can be improper, overstocked, thin and weak to the direction of growth
Branch trimmed, branch can be screened in advance, make all healthy branches of branch bloomed, and will not block
The firmly sunlight of other branches.Period can be trimmed according to situation about actually the bearing fruit branch overstocked to bearing fruit, it is to avoid fruit
Excessive competition between reality and cause fruit quality not high.Can be to accessory branch and the direction of growth improperly branch progress after fruit harvest
Trimming, to control the shape of plant, reduces the dynamics of coming year trimming branch, and the nutrition of plant can also be made not expend
On the branch that annual meeting is trimmed to about, promote the growth of healthy branch.
Preferred scheme three, is used as the further improvement to preferred scheme two, in addition to step 5:Fertilising, annual autumn falls
Human and animal excreta, fallen leaves or crop material are filled after leaf in gutter.Winter weather cold, and bio-fertilizer is in the process become thoroughly decomposed
In can release substantial amounts of heat, it is possible to prevent the root frost bitten of Japanese plum.Secondly, winter bio-fertilizer can be after becoming thoroughly decomposed
Nutrition is provided for Japanese plum in spring Japanese plum growth course, promotes the growth of Japanese plum.
Preferred scheme four, as the further improvement to preferred scheme three, by falling around Japanese plum after fruit harvest
Fruit that leaf and bottom surface are dropped etc. is all filled to carry out becoming thoroughly decomposed to form bio-fertilizer in gutter, in Second Year late January to 2 months
Ten days digs out the bio-fertilizer become thoroughly decomposed in gutter, and is embedded to plum usage tree root 0.1-0.5m depths.Drop in the fruit meeting on ground
Rot, so that substantial amounts of bacterium is produced, and some bacteriums can infect Japanese plum, Japanese plum is occurred lesion, now fill out fruit
Embedment can make fruit be become thoroughly decomposed in gutter, it is to avoid produce the bacterium harmful to Japanese plum, and fruit become thoroughly decomposed after can be with
Nutrition is provided for Japanese plum growth as bio-fertilizer, only embedment 0.1-0.5m can also avoid injuring the root of Japanese plum deeply.
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
A kind of Japanese plum implantation methods of preventing and treating white star chafer of the present embodiment, comprise the following steps:
Step one:Pretreatment
1) soak seed:Use concentration for 0.01% beauveria bassiana spore suspension to rape seed soak seed 2h;
2) sow:Early September is sowed the rape seed after processing;
3) fill:After Second Year rape harvest, rapeseed plants are buried in the earth, depth is 1.5m;
Step 2:Plantation
Second Year mid-November, it is the pit that 1.2m, spacing are 4.5m that depth has been dug in the soil of embedment rape, then is planted
Japanese plum seedling is planted, at interval of 2 common plant plantations, one pollinizers between ranks, and gutter is excavated by Japanese plum;
Step 3:Interplanting
Hereafter annual September plants the rape seed after step one seed soaking between the spacing of Japanese plum, and
Rapeseed plants are embedded under Japanese plum root soil at 1.5m after rape harvest.
Step 4:Trimming
Since the 3rd year, annual early Febuary first trimmed to old branch;Hereafter overstocked branch of bearing fruit is repaiied again
Cut;Branch different from major branch to the direction of growth again is trimmed after fruit harvest;
Step 5:Fertilising, fills human and animal excreta, fallen leaves or crop material mid-November in gutter.
In addition, trimmed at the First Year 0.6m of plantation, now at trimming under have the first bud at 10cm;The Second Year spring
4 branches that four direction is distributed around are selected season in the branch newly sent then as major branch;3rd year spring is in each master
Each choosing then angle, and being trimmed to the branch grown to other angles in branch, the 4th year spring on major branch to other
The branch of direction growth is trimmed.Since the 5th year, overstocked, long, excessively old branch is trimmed every year from now on.
Fruit that the fallen leaves around Japanese plum and bottom surface are dropped after fruit harvest etc. is all filled to carry out becoming thoroughly decomposed to be formed in gutter
Bio-fertilizer, Second Year late January digs out the bio-fertilizer become thoroughly decomposed in gutter, and is embedded to plum usage tree root 0.1m depths.
Embodiment 2
A kind of Japanese plum implantation methods of preventing and treating white star chafer of the present embodiment, comprise the following steps:
Step one:Pretreatment
1) soak seed:Use concentration for 0.1% beauveria bassiana spore suspension to rape seed soak seed 0.5h;
2) sow:Early November is sowed the rape seed after processing;
3) fill:After rape harvest, rapeseed plants are buried in the earth, depth is 1m;
Step 2:Plantation
Second Year mid-November, it is the pit that 0.5m, spacing are 2.5m that depth has been dug in the soil of embedment rape, then is planted
Japanese plum seedling is planted, ranks plant a pollinizers at interval of 2 common plant;And gutter is excavated by Japanese plum;
Step 3:Interplanting
Hereafter the rape seed after step one seed soaking is planted annual November between the spacing of Japanese plum, and
Rapeseed plants are embedded under Japanese plum root soil at 1m after rape harvest.
Step 4:Trimming
Since the 3rd year, annual early Febuary first trimmed to old branch;Hereafter overstocked branch of bearing fruit is repaiied again
Cut;Branch different from major branch to the direction of growth again is trimmed after fruit harvest;
Step 5:Fertilising, fills human and animal excreta, fallen leaves or crop material mid-November in gutter.
In addition, being also provided for cultivating the beehive of scoliid in the plum woods.Trimming:Enter at the First Year 0.4m of plantation
Row trimming, now at trimming under have the first bud at 10cm;Second Year spring selects 4 around four in the branch newly sent then
The branch of individual directional spreding is used as major branch;3rd year spring each choosing then angle, and to being given birth to other angles in each major branch
Long branch is trimmed, and the 4th year spring trimmed to the branch grown on major branch to other directions.Since the 5th year,
Overstocked, long, excessively old branch is trimmed every year from now on.The fallen leaves around Japanese plum and bottom surface are fallen after fruit harvest
Fruit fallen etc. is all filled to carry out becoming thoroughly decomposed to form bio-fertilizer in gutter, and Second Year late January will become thoroughly decomposed in gutter
Bio-fertilizer is dug out, and is embedded to plum usage tree root 0.5m depths.
Comparative example:
Using traditional cultivation method, comprise the following steps, step one:Mid-November, dug in soil depth for 1m,
Away from the pit for 3m, Japanese plum seed is planted into pit, a pollinizers are planted at interval of 2 common plant between ranks,
And gutter is excavated by Japanese plum;
Step 2:Trimming
Since the 3rd year, annual early Febuary first trimmed to old branch;Hereafter overstocked branch of bearing fruit is repaiied again
Cut;Branch different from major branch to the direction of growth again is trimmed after fruit harvest;
Step 3:Spray insecticide
(1) copper sulphate is sprayed in annual late Febuary: white lime: the Bordeaux mixture that water is 1: 2: 200;(2) finding occur
2000 times of liquid of 2.5% time missible oil, 4000 times of liquid or 40% dimethoate emulsion are sprayed before insect pest, but the non-leaf roll of disease blade.(3)4
Month last ten-days period add 3 parts of water with 7 part of 40% dimethoate emulsion stoste, decoction are coated in around trunk with hairbrush about 6 centimetres wide, and use paper slip
Bandage.
Build three orchards respectively, each orchard area is 1 mu, three orchards areal and soil property it is identical but
3 kilometers of distance.The implantation methods of traditional cultivation method, the implantation methods of embodiment 1 and embodiment 2 are respectively adopted in these three orchards
Japanese plum is planted, wherein when planting Japanese plum using conventional art implantation methods, the implantation time of Japanese plum is with using embodiment 1
Implantation time when Japanese plum is planted with the implantation methods of embodiment 2 is identical.Count plum tree planting the first three years insect pest incidence
And the per mu yield of Japanese plum, obtain table 1, table 2, the data of table 3:
Table 1:First Year
Implantation methods | Insect pest incidence (%) | Per mu yield (Kg) |
Traditional cultivation method | 31 | 0 |
Embodiment 1 | 17 | 0 |
Embodiment 2 | 15 | 0 |
Table 2:Second Year
Implantation methods | Insect pest incidence (%) | Per mu yield (Kg) |
Traditional cultivation method | 33 | 503 |
Embodiment 1 | 11 | 565 |
Embodiment 2 | 7 | 674 |
Table 3:3rd year
Drawn by test data control, it is of the invention compared with traditional planting technology, because muscardine can kill white
The larva of star chafer, reducing larval maturation turns into the quantity of adult, and then reduces the larva quantity of adult output, so insect pest
Incidence reduce year by year;And honeybee can be attracted by interplanting rape, the wherein ovum of scoliid can parasitic white star chafer, egg hatching
When make white star chafer dead, therefore can equally reduce insect pest, honeybee can also be the pollination of Japanese plum, improve the production of Japanese plum
Amount;The particularly scheme of embodiment 2, cultivate the scoliid of the plum woods ovum can it is largely parasitic around white star chafer,
Simultaneously for Japanese plum pollination, the effect for improving Japanese plum yield becomes apparent from.
Above-described is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is noted that for those skilled in the art,
Without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, several modifications and improvements can also be made, these should also be considered as the guarantor of the present invention
Scope is protected, these effects and practical applicability for implementing all without the influence present invention.The present invention omits the technology of description, shape
Shape, construction part are known technology.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of Japanese plum implantation methods for preventing and treating white star chafer, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
Step one:Pretreatment
1)Seed soaking:Use concentration be 0.01%-0.1% beauveria bassiana spore suspension to rape seed soak seed 0.5-2h;
2)Sowing:September to early November is sowed the rape seed after processing;
3)Landfill:After rape harvest, rapeseed plants are buried in the earth, depth is 1-1.5m;
Step 2:Plantation
After Second Year fall foliage, it is that 0.5-1.2m, spacing are the recessed of 2.5-4.5m that depth has been dug in the soil of embedment rape
Hole, then Japanese plum seedling is planted, ranks plant a pollinizers at interval of 2 common plant;And excavation is arranged by Japanese plum
Ditch;
Step 3:Interplanting
Hereafter the rape seed after step one seed soaking is planted annual September to November between the spacing of Japanese plum, and
Rapeseed plants are embedded under Japanese plum root soil at 1-1.5m after rape harvest.
2. a kind of Japanese plum implantation methods for preventing and treating white star chafer according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in plum
Scoliid is cultivated between the woods.
3. a kind of Japanese plum implantation methods for preventing and treating white star chafer according to claim 2, it is characterised in that also include
Step 4:Old branch since the 3rd year, are first trimmed by trimming before blooming every year;In the period branch overstocked to bearing fruit
Trimmed;Branch different from major branch to the direction of growth again is trimmed after fruit harvest.
4. a kind of Japanese plum implantation methods for preventing and treating white star chafer according to claim 3, it is characterised in that also include
Step 5:Human and animal excreta, fallen leaves or crop material are filled after fertilising, annual fall foliage in gutter.
5. a kind of Japanese plum implantation methods for preventing and treating white star chafer according to claim 4, it is characterised in that in fruit
Fruit that the fallen leaves around Japanese plum and bottom surface are dropped after harvest etc. is all filled to carry out becoming thoroughly decomposed to form biology in gutter
Fertilizer, Second Year late January to mid-February digs out the bio-fertilizer become thoroughly decomposed in gutter, and is embedded to plum usage tree root 0.1-0.5m
Depths.
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Cited By (1)
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CN106171747A (en) * | 2016-07-13 | 2016-12-07 | 卜东锋 | The method for planting of Japanese plum |
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CN105123382A (en) * | 2015-07-22 | 2015-12-09 | 朱代荣 | Planting method for plum tree |
CN105104434A (en) * | 2015-08-18 | 2015-12-02 | 崔明华 | Green efficient seed dressing agent and preparation method therefor |
CN105670938A (en) * | 2016-02-03 | 2016-06-15 | 河北省农林科学院植物保护研究所 | Beauveria bassiana for intoxicating Holotrichia oblita and application thereof |
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Application publication date: 20170818 |