CN106856914A - Make the efficient cultivation method of the tuber of pinellia between a kind of sylvan life - Google Patents
Make the efficient cultivation method of the tuber of pinellia between a kind of sylvan life Download PDFInfo
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention discloses the efficient cultivation method for making the tuber of pinellia between a kind of sylvan life, using the tuber of pinellia is in the ranks planted under forest, the canopy density of the forest are 30 35%.Research of the present invention by the different disposal of intercropping mode to aspects such as tuber of pinellia growth and yield, physiological property, the shadow noons of degeneration-resistant physiological characteristic index, cultivation and control measures are inquired into making the key technology of tuber of pinellia production between sylvan life, foundation meets the woods medicine composite plant system of local plantation, on the premise of ground is not striven with cereal crops, seedling growth is not influenceed, increase root yield, increase economic efficiency.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to planting technical field, and in particular to make the efficient cultivation method of the tuber of pinellia between a kind of sylvan life.
Background technology
Increase with population and the predatoriness exploitation to resource, cause resource to fall sharply and environmental degradation, cause the mankind to rely
Unprecedented predicament is absorbed in the agricultural survived and forestry.Therefore improve the ecological environment, develop local economy and turned into vast
One of the vital task in area.
The tuber of pinellia [Pinellin ternate (Thunb.) Breit.] is Araeceae herbaceos perennial, with dried pieces
Stem is used as medicine, medicinal material name the tuber of pinellia, be commonly use large Chinese medicine, be distributed in 600-2300 meters of scopes of height above sea level, be common in careless slope, milpa,
Under wasteland, Tian Bian, small stream side and sparse woods.Long and rich experience for the medicinal tuber of pinellia of China, has a far reaching influence.《Sheng Nong's herbal classic》Claim
The tuber of pinellia " put down by taste is pungent；Main typhoid fever fever and chills, hardness in the epigastrium, lower gas, abscess of throat is dizzy, and chest is swollen to cough inverse, borborygmus, hidroschesis ".《Name doctor is other
Record》" life is slightly cold, and ripe temperature is poisonous to claim the tuber of pinellia；Master disappears trusted subordinate's full knot of diaphragm phlegm heat in the heart, cough with dyspnea, acute pain in the epigastrium heavily fortified point ruffian, when gas
Vomit inverse；Fistula pool appearance of the yellow evening is controlled in subduing inflammation, induced abortion；Life make us telling, it is ripe make us under ".History tree medicine writings are gradually summed up
The tuber of pinellia takes orally and experience of both external application, for oral administration to commonly use tuber of pinellia product with eliminating dampness and eliminating phlegm, sending down abnormally ascending preventing or arresting vomiting, dissolving lump and resolving mass；External application
Health product is with diseases such as swelling and pain relievings.
In recent years, the tuber of pinellia increasingly increases due to demand, and wild resource can not meet needs, present pinellia pedatisecta Schott
Medicinal material is generally artificial growth, and in plains region, every mu of economic benefit of pinellia pedatisecta Schott of plantation is first up to 5000-8000, with good
Economic benefit.But the yield and quality of the tuber of pinellia how are improved, how to accomplish to increase farmers' income in forest zone, while can again
Improve forest zone soil erosion to preserve the ecological environment, be one of important topic of forestry specialty research.Therefore half is made between exploring sylvan life
The Compound Planting Model in summer, makees the Ecophysiological Role mechanism of the tuber of pinellia and tuber of pinellia root yield and quality is influenceed between carrying out sylvan life
Research, for improve Pinellia Ternate yield and quality it is significant；For enriching the basic of forestry specialty composite plant
It is theoretical significant；Also have great importance for improving China's forest zone improvement of the ecological environment and increasing people's income.
Jining City in Shandong Province is located in southwest in Shandong Province, more than 20 ten thousand mu of seedling growth area, and only nursery stock up to 15 is planted in Rencheng District throughout the year
Ten thousand mu, be the important nursery base in Shandong Province, enjoys the title in " township of seedlings in northern regions ".Nursery Stock Industry shows base in recent years
Change, specialization, scale, the trend of industrialized development, nursery stock turned into local agricultural sector structure adjustment, rural area increase income, agriculture
The important industry that the people get rich.But traditional Nursery Stock Industry production cycle is long, input is big, slowly effect.To solve this problem, fill
Local this special advantage is waved in distribution, according to《Jining City's forest economy development overall planning》, Jining City Rencheng District and periphery are selected
Selecting suitable raw Chinese medicine carries out forestry specialty, reaches and stablizes more than 50,000 mu to the year two thousand twenty.
Forestry specialty Compound Management is the efficient industry that agricultural and forestry are organically combined, this modernization soil
Land use models are to put forward in the 8th forestry conference that Indonesia Jakarta is held for 1978.Between rational woods medicine
Operation mode, can promote the growth of the medicinal plant of underwood planting and keep yield higher.In recent years, woods medicine composite plant is at me
State is increasingly paid attention to.
Chen Guangqi etc. is more live than wasteland by being tested discovery, the balloonflower root yield of intercropping field between Korean pine+ginseng+balloonflower root
Yield will double the above.In forestry specialty system, the age of forest, density of standing forest etc. have larger shadow to root yield
Ring.Yang Changqun is had found by the experiment of the Chinese chestnut woodland kind rhizoma Gastrodiae at the different age of stands raw to 6-15：The standing forest more than 10a age of trees
Rhizoma Gastrodiae substance and cave yield are respectively 14% and 23% more than standing forest following than the 10a age of tree；The standing forest rhizoma Gastrodiae substance of canopy density 0.7-1.0
Stand height with cave yield than canopy density below 0.3.Experiments of the Wang Jiyong to making between 8 years setation white poplars and medicinal plant, finds：
Rhizoma arisaematis, balloonflower root, three kinds of yield of medicinal material of Radix Glycyrrhizae are different with Chinese white poplar line-spacing, and variation tendency is also different, rhizoma arisaematis and balloonflower root
Yield highest when making between the Chinese white poplar of line-spacing 6.4m and 10.7m respectively, and Radix Glycyrrhizae be only suitable for line-spacing more than 15m hair it is white
Make between in poplar forest land.The vegetation grown up under the composite plant test configurations pattern of field can adapt to the condition of Extreme drought.
Forestry specialty is shorter as the time that the commodity production mode of ecological forestry and Chinese medicine is studied and utilized by people,
So correlative study data is relatively fewer.Previous studies achievement focuses mostly in the pattern yield and benefit based on economic aim
Evaluation, Intercropping System miniclimate and pattern configurations technically, and otherwise research is less, and study focus mostly on
Timberland and mountain area conceding the land to forestry aspect, the research of plains region nursery alternating forest land cultivation Chinese medicine are then less.Woods medicine will be compound from now on passes through
The trend for seeking research is to strengthen woods medicine Ecophysiological Characteristics and hybrid system nutrient, Water Cycle research, specifies forest and medicine
With influence of the mechanism of action to root yield and quality is made between plant, perfect and medicinal material specification metaplasia under the conditions of popularization composite plant
Produce and standard practice instructions, explore and be adapted to the forestry specialty pattern that different regions are promoted.
The content of the invention
Pinellia Tenore temperate zone shade plant, likes the weather of mild and moist and the environment of concealment, is afraid of high temperature, arid and intense light irradiation
Penetrate, it is how wild in river bank, limes marginis, bushes and hillside sylvan life.According to the characteristic in this area " township of seedlings in northern regions ", to solve half
Summer standardization production and standard practice instructions, the invention provides the efficient cultivation method for making the tuber of pinellia between a kind of sylvan life, inquire into and plant
Training and control measures are to making the key technology that the tuber of pinellia is produced between sylvan life.
The technical solution adopted for the present invention to solve the technical problems is：
Make the efficient cultivation method of the tuber of pinellia between a kind of sylvan life, using in the ranks planting the tuber of pinellia under forest, the forest it is strongly fragrant
Degree of closing is 30-35%.
Preferably, the canopy density are 32.7%
Preferably, the forest is method paulownia woods or Malus spectabilis woods.
Preferably, the method also includes plantation preparation, plantation, field management, the process of harvesting.
Preferably, the plantation preparation comprises the following steps：
(1) time is planted
The plantation time is stable in 5-7 degree in 5 centimetres of ground temperature, is the optimal sowing time；
(2) stem vernalization is planted
Early spring or the area of spring sowing, reply kind stem vernalization before broadcasting；Germination time be measuring and calculating planting time is determined after,
Carry the last fortnight；Germination accelerating method is indoors in temperature or outdoor greenhouse, to be put into half good summer sowing stem of chemicals treatment, vernalization temperature
Degree is maintained at 18-22 degree, 15 days just can rudiment, it is found that bud scale turns white to sprout and plant, it is not possible to bud grow it is oversize；
When late fall, winter, Summer-sowing, it is not necessary to vernalization；
(3) plough and mix loose matter
While kind of stem vernalization or sow it is first 15 days, the fermented wheat bran managed through medicament, rice husk, wood sawdust,
The agricultural crop straw loose matter of Chinese medicine slag, vinasse or crushing is uniformly dispersed in ground, 2-3 centimetres of thickness, then with rotary cultivator repeatedly
Rotary tillage 2-3 times, makes loose matter fully be mixed thoroughly with soil；12-18 centimetres of rotary tillage depth, can not be too deep；
(4) furrow are done in arable land, including：
(4.1) water of revealing the exact details is poured
Before last time is ploughed, flood is irrigated, it is ensured that enough soil moisture, can just carry out arable land operation；
(4.2) fertilising arable land
Before cultivation, every mu of ground is disposable to be applied and gets organic fertilizer 5-7 the cubic metre of fermentation, 30-50 kilograms of potassium sulfate, mistake phosphorus ready
The agricultural chemicals of 100-200 kilograms of sour calcium, 20-50 kilograms of dikalium phosphate, micro- fertile or 5-10 kilograms of bio-bacterial manure, and anti-disease pest；More than
After the completion of all applying, with rotary cultivator continuous opposite direction rotary tillage 2-3 times, fertilizer, agricultural chemicals and soil is set fully to mix thoroughly, tilling depth
Rest within 15 centimetres；
(4.3) ridging bedding
There is the ground of certain slope fast or rainwater needs the area often irrigated, to make flat furrow stalk high, furrow 1.2- wide less
1.5 meters, length is not limited, and deep a, gutter of each 35 centimetres wide is done every two furrow；The low ground in plains region or physical features more than rainwater
Side, should be cultivated using high ridge, zanjon, and furrow are wide 0.8-1.2 meters, and in order to control moisture, furrow length is not to be exceeded 30 meters；Planning is whole
Ditch is enclosed in plot, middle ditch, dead furrow coordinates three ditches, while considering, in arid, to be irrigated through furrow or be sprayed；
Preferably, the plantation is comprised the following steps：
(1) stem classification is planted
Before cultivation, if the gradeless and uniformly-priced goods kind stem that size has, will first be classified and plant again；The summer sowing stem of gradeless and uniformly-priced goods half to be divided into greatly,
Middle or small and four grades of bulbil, plant more than 1.8 centimetres of stem diameter size is one-level kind, 1.4-1.8 centimetres of kind stem diameter size
Be two grades of kinds, plant 0.8-1.4 centimetres of stem diameter size is three-level kind；Bulbil kind stem size is below 1 centimetre；
(2) method for planting
Opened in furrow face traverse furrow drilling in whole thin standby the broadcasting raked；Separate big microspecies stem is separately sowed, one-level kind stem
Distance between rows and hills is diluter, sows deeper；The like, level Four kind stem distance between rows and hills is thicker, plants shallower；After broadcasting, one layer of mixing is applied above
Loam, last earthing is less than ground；
(3) herbicide is sprayed
After the completion of tuber of pinellia sowing, tuber of pinellia herbicides special is sprayed at once, and cover mulch film immediately；
(4) covering with plastic film
0.8-1.2 centimetres of muck is first covered after herbicide to be sprayed, 1.5-2.5 centimetres is then covered on muck
Wheat straw or straw, then cover mulch film.
Preferably, the field management is comprised the following steps：
(1) mulch film is taken off
After the tuber of pinellia is emerged, when 2~3cm of height of seedling, in time " rupture of membranes puts seedling ", or mulch film should be thrown off after seedling all sprouts；
(2) intertillage is loosened the soil
Often to be weeded with a hoe in growth period, pine soil depth does not exceed 5cm, it is to avoid hinder root；
(3) bud is extractd
The bud extracted out is extractd in batches；
(4) water and fertilizer management
Should not be poured again before and after emerging, in order to avoid reduce ground temperature；Before and after the Beginning of summer, weather is gradually warm, and tuber of pinellia growth is accelerated, and arid is without rain
When, can suitably be watered according to soil moisture content；Loosened the soil in time after pouring；Before and after the Summer Solstice, temperature gradually rises, and waters within 7~10 days when arid one
It is secondary；After the Limit of Heat, temperature is progressively lower, should gradually decrease irrigation amount；In addition to base manure is used sufficient, growth period topdresses 4 times；First inferior on April
Ten days neat after seedling, every mu applies 1:3 people and animals' liquid dung 1000kg；For the second time in tuberization phase late May, every mu is applied dung polluted water
Water 2000kg；Third time falls after seedling in August, and the group tuber of pinellia exposes sprouting, when female tuber of pinellia shelling grows new root again, with 1:10
Liquid dung sprinkles and pours, to gradually emerging after autumn per first quarter moon once；4th is inferior to early September, and during the neat seedling of tuber of pinellia full stand, every mu applies corruption
Ripe cake fertilizer 25kg, calcium superphosphate 20kg, urea 10kg；Often sprinkle and pour thin people and animals' liquid dung, favorably keep ground moistening, promote half
Summer grows, and plays a part of volume increase；If meeting fine not rain long, should in time pour water, if excessive rainfall, answer timely draining, it is to avoid because of field
Between ponding, cause stem tuber rot；
(5) earth up
Bulbil can just root in soil, and between 6~August, the bulbil and seed for having maturation fall within the ground, now successively
Earthed up, taking fine earth from furrow ditch is equably sprinkling upon in furrow face, thickness about 1~2cm；Topdress after earthing up without rain, should water in time；
Earthed up in Grain in Ear to Slight Heat secondary, make the new strain of sprouting；After secondary ridging in the ranks ditch, should often loosen the soil soil moisture conservation；The tuber of pinellia
The middle and late growth stage, every 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate of 10 days root outer sprayings or triacontanol, there is certain effect of increasing production.
Preferably, the harvesting is comprised the following steps：
(1) harvest time and method
(1.1) plane is received in good time
The optimal plane receipts phase of the tuber of pinellia temperature should be reduced to less than 13 degree in autumn, receipts are dug when leaf starts to become yellowish green and is advisable；
(1.2) receiving method is dug
When harvesting, such as soil moisture is excessive, then stem tuber and soil are first dug pine once simultaneously, allows it to evaporate faster
Soil moisture, makes soil be dried as early as possible, in order to receive plane；In the plane time receiving, fished with pawl from one direct motion of furrow or iron pick is whole by the tuber of pinellia
Band leaf turn on one side, carefully sort out stem tuber；The bulbil that plant of after seedling drops on the ground is sorted out before should digging receipts；After plane is received
The dead leaf and residual branch left in ground should be detected to be burnt, to mitigate the generation of pest and disease damage in next year；
(2) process technology
(2.1) ferment
The fresh tuber of pinellia stem tuber that will be harvested stacks indoor, and 50 centimetres of thickness is stacked 15-20 days, checks and finds tuber of pinellia crust slightly
Corruption, gently rubs crust with the hands with hand and easily falls, and both may be used；
(2.2) remove the peel
By the tuber of pinellia stem tuber after fermentation with screening out large, medium and small three-level；Artificial barking method is, by tuber of pinellia stem tuber difference
Load in woven bag or other containers, after washing, wear rubber boot and step on and step on or pushed away back and forth with hand stranding 10 minutes, be poured in sieve
Floated with water and remove onal, do not removed skin and sort out to rub with the hands again, untill all removing；If after larger stem tuber peeling, bottom
When still having transparent " silkworm cocoon " of a bullet, amount can use hand to peel off less, and the amount bags that refill are rubbed with the hands more, until tuber of pinellia stem tuber is all in pure
Untill white；The larger tuber of pinellia base of area, using mechanical exfoliation；
(2.3) dry
The tuber of pinellia after decortication is needed to dry at once, is exposed to the sun in the sun best, and constantly stirs, and evening withdrawal is divided in room
Inside dry, next day further takes out solarization to absolutely dry, existing commodity；As tuber of pinellia quantity is larger, drying room is preferably had, with decortication, with drying,
It is protected from weather influences, the tuber of pinellia commercial quality of its processing is preferable.
Preferably, the also process including plant protection, comprises the following steps：
(1) disease
(1.1) leaf spot
There is puce scab during morbidity on blade, rear plant withers gradually.Prevention and controls：Premorbid and early stage spray 1：
1：500 times of liquid of 120 Bordeaux mixture or 65% ambam, sprayed once, continuous 2 times or 3 times per 7-10 days.
(1.2) virosis
Diseased plant leaf roll shortens floral leaf into, and plant is short and small, deformity.Prevention and controls：Diseased plant is removed, prevents the infection sources；Choosing is without diseased plant
Reserve seed for planting.
(1.3) Block stem rotten sickness
Multiple to be born in long-term water accumulation part, underground stem tuber is rotted after morbidity, and aerial part is withered.It is many to be carried out using digging trenches to drain the water away
Preventing and treating.
(2) insect pest
Ground insect mainly has aphid, small brown rice planthopper, red hawkmoth etc., subterranean pest-insect mainly include mole cricket, grub, wireworm and
Cutworm etc..
(2.1) ground insect
Larva is caused harm blade, is stung into and incises shape or food light blade.Prevention and controls：Insect juvenile stage sprays 90% metrifonate
800 times of liquid；Can also artificial capture method.
(2.2) subterranean pest-insect
Prevention and controls：Larva full incidence period, can be using weeding deinsectization or with 40% Isofenphos methyl venom pouring root；Adult contains hair
Phase, can be using poisonous weeds trapping or black light lamps, it is also possible to artificial capture method.
The present processes also comprise the following steps：
Before plantation：Woodland line-spacing is 3m, and tree is 40cm with nearest ridge back gauge, and 3 ridges are played in centre, is 60cm, ridge per row spacing
20cm high, it is the space of 20cm to have distance between every two ridge, there is two row spaces；
Line-spacing 15-20cm is pressed in plantation, and 4 rows of ditching, ditch depth 5-10cm puts stem tuber by spacing in the rows 4-6cm, is compacted after earthing.
This research is grown and yield, physiology by the different disposal of intercropping mode from solve the above problems to the tuber of pinellia
The research of the aspects such as characteristic, degeneration-resistant physiological characteristic index, inquires into cultivation and control measures to making the key of tuber of pinellia production between sylvan life
Technology, foundation meets the woods medicine composite plant system of local plantation, before ground is not striven with cereal crops, seedling growth is not influenceed
Put, increase root yield, increase economic efficiency.
Additional aspect of the invention and advantage will be set forth in part in the description, and will partly become from the following description
Obtain substantially, or recognized by practice of the invention.
Brief description of the drawings
Of the invention above-mentioned and/or additional aspect and advantage will become from description of the accompanying drawings below to embodiment is combined
Substantially and be readily appreciated that, wherein：
Fig. 1 is to determine canopy density exemplary view；
Fig. 2 is the influence sheltered from heat or light to tuber of pinellia plant height；
Fig. 3 is the influence sheltered from heat or light to the tuber of pinellia number of blade；
Fig. 4 is the influence sheltered from heat or light to tuber of pinellia leaf area；
Fig. 5 is influence of the different disposal to tuber of pinellia photosynthetic rate；
Fig. 6 is the influence to tuber of pinellia activities of antioxidant enzymes under different disposal；
Fig. 7-1 is T4-1 schemes ridge design diagram；
Fig. 7-2 is T4-2 schemes ridge design diagram；
Fig. 7-3 is T4-3 schemes ridge design diagram；
Fig. 7-4 is T4-4 schemes ridge design diagram.
Specific embodiment
Embodiments of the invention are described below in detail.Embodiment below with reference to Description of Drawings is exemplary, purport
For explaining the present invention, and it is not considered as limiting the invention.
With reference to the accompanying drawings to describe a kind of sylvan life according to embodiments of the present invention between make the efficient cultivation method of the tuber of pinellia, such as
Under：
1.1 research contents
1.1.1 the different disposal of intercropping mode is to tuber of pinellia growth and the shadow noon of yield
By the measure of the index such as the plant height of the tuber of pinellia, the number of blade and plant parts dry weight and fresh weight of plant seedlings under dynamic monitoring different disposal
Analysis, influence of the research different disposal to tuber of pinellia morphological index and yield；It is later half by monitoring results in Intercropping System experiment
The yield in summer, influence of the research different disposal to tuber of pinellia yield.
1.1.2 influence of the different disposal of intercropping mode to tuber of pinellia physiological property
By determining the photosynthetic physiological characteristics of different disposal, content is determined：Photosynthetic parameters, different month medicinal plants are photosynthetic
Speed, for rationally between make and the high-yield culture high-quality tuber of pinellia theoretical foundation is provided.
1.1.3 influence of the different disposal of intercropping mode to the degeneration-resistant physiological characteristic index of several medicinal plants
By determining the degeneration-resistant physiological characteristic index of tuber of pinellia protective enzyme (SOD, POD, CAT) under the conditions of different disposal, research is not
With double influence of summer Leaf Physiology for the treatment of
1.1.4 the Integration ofTechnology of forestry specialty and demonstration
By this research, with reference to productivity effect, the key technology that cultivation and control measures are produced to the sylvan life tuber of pinellia is inquired into, built
Li Lin-medicine composite plant technical system, and Integration ofTechnology and demonstration are carried out, for forestry specialty provides theoretical foundation.
1.2 research methods
1.2.1 Other Main Agronomic Characters are determined
Throughout reason primary growth stage sampling, per 5-10 plants of sub-sampling, measurement plant height, leaf area, overground part fresh weight, underground
Portion's fresh weight, 105 DEG C of de-enzyme 30min afterwards, 80 DEG C of drying are to constant weight.Determine ground and underground part dry weight.
1.2.2 Leaf area determination
Growth medium, takes blade more than 10 at random, measures blade maximum length (L) and Breadth Maximum (W), circular blade
Diameter equivalent is carried out according to d (diameter)=(L+2W)/3, leaf area, sleeve configuration blade is calculated by circular area computing formula afterwards
Correction factor is calculated by 0.75.
1.2.3 the measure of different disposal Photosynthetic parameter
Selection Clear Day, in 9:00-11:Determined between 30 it is each treatment primary growth stage functional leaf photosynthetic rate and
Transpiration rate.
1.2.4 measure of the different disposal to the degeneration-resistant physiological characteristic index of several medicinal plants
Mid-August, to the normal blade of each treatment collection, carry out SOD contents, POD activity, the every degeneration-resistant physiology of CAT activity
The measure of characteristic index.
1.2.4.1 the extraction of thick enzyme
Sample blade 0.5g is taken, after being moistened with the wiping of the cotton of distilled water, a small amount of 0.05mol.L-1, PH=is added immediately
7.8 phosphate buffer and a small amount of quartz sand, the mortar in ice bath wear into homogenate, in constant volume to 7ml graduated centrifuge tubes, in
4000r.min-1 refrigerated centrifuge 20min, constant volume in 10ml scale test tubes is transferred to by supernatant, is placed in refrigerator cold-storage preservation, is supplied
SOD, POD and CAT are determined and are used
1.2.4.2 SOD assays
The slow 2ml of pH7.8 phosphoric acid, 101mmol/L methionines 0.5ml, 0.3mmol/L nitroblue tetrazolium are added in test tube
Lml, 0.8mmol/L EDTA 0.5ml, 0.3mmol/L riboflavin 50ul, add the 100 thick zyme extracts of μ l, control tube after mixing
Enzyme liquid is not added with, 250C illumination is immediately placed on to carry out photochemical reduction reaction under 40001ux fluorescent lamps, it is dark after 15min to terminate anti-
Should, returning to zero by reference liquid of the phosphate buffer of pH7.8, colorimetric determines under 560nm wavelength.
1.2.4.3 POD determinations of activity
Take thick zyme extract 0.1ml, 2.9mL 0.05mol/L phosphate buffers, 1.0mL2%H202,
1.0mL0.05mol/L guaiacol and 0.1mL enzyme liquids.The enzyme liquid for boiling 5min with heating is control, and reaction system adds enzyme liquid
Afterwards, 3min is incubated in 350C immediately, then rapid 1 times of dilution, the colorimetric estimation under 470nm wavelength, record 1 time every lmin
Absorbance, records 5 times, then with interior A470 changes 0.01 per minute for 1 unit of enzyme activity altogether.
1.2.4.4 CAT determinations of activity
The thick zyme extracts of 0.2ml are taken, 2ml0.1mol/L H are added202, 2.8ml pH7.8 phosphate buffers, 300C constant temperature
Water-bath 10min, adds 10%H immediately2S042.0ml terminating reactions, are titrated with 0.1mol/L potassium permanganate titer, red to occurring
Untill color (30S does not disappear).
1.2.5 the measure of canopy density
The instrument for determining canopy density is Canopy Analyzer, to surveyed forest land length and width apart from h1 for 10m × 10m is carried out
Apart from h2 it is 2.5m between 2.5m × 2.5m selection of lands, i.e. measurement point 1, is taken on diagonal a little, be measurement point 1, liftoff 1.3m is flat is lifted
Analyzer, canopy density measure is carried out to each treatment, compares indices, it is determined that optimal closing angle value.Exemplary view such as Fig. 1.
1.3 experimental designs
According to the actual conditions in existing forest land, under conditions of forest land is not changed, do following for woods-medicine composite plant
Design：
Experiment uses single factor test (seeding row spacing of forest) RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN, in thinking of a way paulownia woods and Malus spectabilis woods in 3 years respectively
The plantation tuber of pinellia, the wherein seeding row spacing of forest totally four levels (2m × 3m, 2m × 6m, 1m × 1.5m, 2m × 3m), wherein method paulownia strain
Line-spacing is 2m × 3m and 2m × 6m, and Malus spectabilis seeding row spacing is 1m × 1.5m and 2m × 3m, and it is crop field outdoor cropping (blank ground) to compare,
Three repetitions.Experiment is located in academy of agricultural sciences of Jining City proving ground, and soil is neutral loam, middle fertility.
2.3.1 method paulownia woods (2m × 3m)：
The spacing in the rows of (code T 1) method paulownia woods is 2m, and line-spacing is 3m, in the Ridged plant tuber of pinellia in the ranks.
Plot 17m long from south to north, woodland east-west direction is 3m, and 2 ridges are played in centre, per row spacing 90cm, ridge 20cm high.Between two ridges
20cm spaces (convenient management and draining), two ridge sides and the line-spacing of tree by setting are 50cm.
2.3.2 method paulownia woods (2m × 6m)：
The spacing in the rows of (code T 2) method paulownia woods is 2m, and line-spacing is 6m, in the Ridged plant tuber of pinellia in the ranks.
Plot 17m long from south to north, woodland east-west direction is 6m, and 4 ridges are played in centre, per row spacing 90cm, 20cm high.Between two ridges
30cm spaces (convenient management and draining), two ridge sides and the line-spacing of tree by setting are 75cm.
1.3.3 Malus spectabilis woods：(1m×1.5m)
The spacing in the rows of (code T 3) Malus spectabilis (midget crabapple) woods is 1m, and line-spacing is 1.5m, in the Ridged plant tuber of pinellia in the ranks.
Plot 47m long from south to north, woodland east-west direction is 1.5m, and 1 ridge is played in centre, per row spacing 70cm, 20cm high.By the two of tree
Ridge side is 40cm with the line-spacing of tree.
1.3.4 Malus spectabilis woods：(2m×3m)
The spacing in the rows of (code T 4) Malus spectabilis (midget crabapple) woods is 2m, and line-spacing is 3m, and the tuber of pinellia is planted in the ranks.
Plot 47m long from south to north, plantation medicinal material is divided into three parts, and centre removes the furrow (2 ridge) of respective 1m, each portion of medicinal material
Divide 15m long from south to north.Woodland east-west direction is 3m, and 3 ridges are played in centre, per row spacing 60cm, 20cm high.20cm spaces (side between two ridges
Just management and draining), two ridge sides and the line-spacing of tree by setting are 40cm.
1.3.5 blank ground：
(numbering CK) blank ground is using mechanical ridging, every row spacing 70cm, 20cm high, per ridge 21m long from south to north, between two ridges
15cm spaces, have 36 ridges.The tuber of pinellia is planted on ridge.
1.4 data statistical analysis methods
Data inputting and graph making are carried out using EXCEL, variance analysis, correlation analysis are carried out with SPSSl6.0 softwares,
Orgin7.0 softwares carry out the drafting of curve.
2 cultural methods
2.1 plantations prepare
2.1.1 the time is planted
The tuber of pinellia can be planted in most of provinces of China, south to Yunnan, north to Heilungkiang, west to Qinghai, east to Shandong.
In order to greatest extent to the increase tuber of pinellia growth time, improve yield and quality, should according to different areas and height above sea level,
The selection optimal sowing time.The frostless southern provinces and regions optimal planting time shorter with frost season is late fall or Winter Cultivation；The Yellow River and Huai He River
The most suitable plantation time of areas to the south be soil at the beginning of the winter it is freeze-up before (Frost's Descent to slight snow) and early spring soil thaw after (rainwater is to frightened
Sting) the two seasons；Northwest and to the north of the Yellow River and Huai He River and the Northeast are spring (Waking of Insects (3rd solar term) to grain rains) the most preferably time of planting.In a word, half
Each provinces and regions optimum plantation time in summer is local actual measurement, is when most preferably sowing in 5 centimetres of ground temperature stabilizations in 5-7 degree
Between.In good time early sowing is simultaneously adopted an effective measure, and tuber of pinellia petiole can be made to be grown wild in soil and bulbil is grown, the bulbil formed in soil
Greatly, and can quickly root, form a new plant, and yield is high.
2.1.2 stem vernalization is planted
Early spring or the area of spring sowing, because now temperature is relatively low, plant stem germination slowly, reply kind stem vernalization before broadcasting.Urge
The bud time is after measuring and calculating determines planting time, to carry the last fortnight, typically when 5 centimetres of ground temperature stabilization is at 5 degree or so；Vernalization side
Method is to be put into half good summer sowing stem of chemicals treatment indoors in temperature or outdoor greenhouse, germination temperature be maintained at 20 degree it is left
The right side, 15 days just can rudiment, find bud scale turn white sprout can plantation, it is not possible to bud growth it is oversize.Late fall, winter, summer
When being sowed Deng other times, it is not necessary to vernalization.
2.1.3 plough and mix loose matter
While kind of stem vernalization or sow it is first 15 days, fermented wheat bran, rice husk, the wood sawdust managed through medicament
The loose matters such as the agricultural crop straw of (be free of Chinese pine), Chinese medicine slag, vinasse or crushing are uniformly dispersed in ground, 2-3 centimetres of thickness, then
With rotary cultivator rotary tillage 2-3 times repeatedly, loose matter is set fully to be mixed thoroughly with soil；The cm of rotary tillage depth 15, can not be too deep.
2.1.4 furrow are done in arable land
2.1.4.1 water of revealing the exact details is poured
Before last time is ploughed, flood is irrigated, it is ensured that enough soil moisture, can just carry out arable land operation.
2.1.4.2 fertilising is ploughed
Before cultivation, every mu of ground is disposable to be applied and gets organic fertilizer 5-7 the cubic metre of fermentation, 30-50 kilograms of potassium sulfate, mistake phosphorus ready
5-10 kilograms of 100-200 kilograms of sour calcium, 20-50 kilograms of dikalium phosphate, micro- fertilizer or bio-bacterial manure, the agricultural chemicals of anti-disease pest are a little.With
After the completion of upper all administrations, with rotary cultivator continuous opposite direction rotary tillage 2-3 times.Fertilizer, agricultural chemicals and soil is set fully to mix thoroughly, arable land is deep
Degree is rested within 15 centimetres.
2.1.4.3 ridging bedding
Tuber of pinellia plantation will grasp the form of bedding according to local climate, physical features situation, science.Have certain slope plot or
Rainwater needs the area often irrigated less, to make flat furrow stalk high, and furrow are wide 1.2-1.5 meters, and length is not limited, and one is done every two furrow
It is deep, each 35 centimetres wide of gutter.The low place in plains region or physical features more than rainwater, should be cultivated using high ridge, zanjon, and furrow are wide
0.8-1.2 meters, in order to control moisture, furrow length is not to be exceeded 30 meters；Ditch is enclosed in the whole plot of scientific and reasonable planning, middle ditch,
Dead furrow, coordinates three ditches, while considering, in arid, to be irrigated through furrow or be sprayed.
2.2 planting technologies
2.2.1 stem classification is planted
Before cultivation, if size have on gradeless and uniformly-priced goods kind stem, to be first classified and plant again.The summer sowing stem of gradeless and uniformly-priced goods half will be divided into
Large, medium and small and four grades of bulbil, 20% left side for being one-level kind, accounting for gross weight that more than 1.8 centimetres of kind stem diameter size
It is right；Plant 1.4-1.8 centimetres of stem diameter size is two grades of kinds, accounts for total kind 40% or so of amount；Plant stem diameter size 0.8-1.4
Centimetre be three-level kind, account for total kind 30% or so of amount；General less than 1 centimetre of bulbil kind stem size, accounts for total kind of amount
10% or so.
2.2.2 method for planting
Opened in furrow face traverse furrow drilling in whole thin standby the broadcasting raked.Separate big microspecies stem is separately sowed, one-level kind stem
Distance between rows and hills is diluter, sows deeper；The like, level Four kind stem distance between rows and hills is thicker, plants shallower.After broadcasting, one layer of mixing is applied above
Loam, adds people's animal manure, sward ash etc. to puddle and uniformly forms by matured compost and barnyard manure, and last earthing is less than ground less.(
Can once be completed using the real machine commandmentization of new technology half sowing, efficiency 80% can be improved).
2.2.3 herbicide is sprayed
Because tuber of pinellia growth period weeds are more, especially in seedling stage, the tuber of pinellia is not seen often and only sees grass, so, half
After the completion of summer sowing kind, sprinkling tuber of pinellia herbicides special, and covers mulch film immediately at once, can effective controlling weeds harm, especially
To the prevention effect of grassy weed up to 99%.
2.2.4 covering with plastic film
The muck (organic fertilizer, farmyard manure) of 1 cm is first covered after herbicide to be sprayed, is then covered on muck
The wheat straw or straw of the cm of lid 2, if wheat straw is few or straw did not had at that time, can also cover mulch film, institute on muck immediately
Can be common agricultural mulching (thick 0.014mm) with mulch film, it is also possible to high-density (0.008mm).Mulch film width regards furrow
Width and select.One group of three people of epiphragma, first respectively opens the deep ditches of 8cm or so from two ridge outside of furrow, and the depth is consistent, people's exhibition
Film, two people tense mulch film in both sides simultaneously, it is smooth after film side is pressed in ditch with soil, uniformly exert oneself, make that film is smooth to be close to the furrow ridge
On, use soil pressure reality.
2.3 field management
2.3.1 mulch film is taken off
After the tuber of pinellia is emerged, when 2~3cm of height of seedling, in time " rupture of membranes puts seedling ", or mulch film should be thrown off after seedling all sprouts, in case film
Interior temperature is too high, roasting to hinder seedling.
2.3.2 intertillage is loosened the soil
Tuber of pinellia plant is short and small, often to be weeded with a hoe in growth period, it is to avoid farmland running to weeds.Meanwhile, intertillage can also abolish soil
It is hardened, increase the gas permeability of soil, the growth to the tuber of pinellia is highly beneficial.General intertillage depth does not exceed 5cm, it is to avoid hinder root.
2.3.3 bud is extractd
In order that nutrient concentrates on underground stem tuber, promote the growth of stem tuber, it is favourable to increase production, in addition to reserving seed for planting, should be extraction
Bud is extractd in batches.
2.3.4 water and fertilizer management
Tuber of pinellia happiness is wet to be afraid of drought, no matter using live or interplanting, should all pour once permeable prior to seeding, is emerged with profit.Emerge
It is front and rear to pour again, in order to avoid reduce ground temperature.Before and after the Beginning of summer, weather is gradually warm, and tuber of pinellia growth is accelerated, when arid is without rain, can be according to moisture in the soil
Feelings are suitably watered.Loosened the soil in time after pouring.Before and after the Summer Solstice, temperature gradually rises, and can be watered once for 7~10 days when arid.After the Limit of Heat,
Temperature is progressively lower, should gradually decrease irrigation amount.Often keep planting environment shady and cool and moistening, tuber of pinellia growth period can be extended, reduce
Seedling, favourable photosynthesis, accumulate dry more.Therefore, strengthen water and fertilizer management, be the key of tuber of pinellia volume increase.Except using sufficient base manure
Outward, growth period topdress 4 times.First is inferior to early April neat after seedling, and every mu applies weight and compares 1:3 people and animals' liquid dung 1000kg；Second
It is secondary in tuberization phase late May, every mu is applied people and animals' liquid dung 2000kg；Third time falls after seedling in August, and the group tuber of pinellia exposes newly
Bud, when female tuber of pinellia shelling grows new root again, 1 is compared with weight:10 liquid dung sprinkles and pours, to gradually emerging after autumn per first quarter moon once；
4th is inferior to early September, and during the neat seedling of tuber of pinellia full stand, every mu applies the cake fertilizer 25kg that becomes thoroughly decomposed, calcium superphosphate 20kg, urea 10kg.Through
Often sprinkle and pour thin people and animals' liquid dung, favorably keep ground moistening, promote tuber of pinellia growth, play a part of volume increase.If meeting fine not rain long,
Should in time pour water, if excessive rainfall, answer timely draining, it is to avoid because of field ponding, cause stem tuber to rot.
2.3.5 earth up
Bulbil can just root in soil, and between 6~August, the bulbil and seed for having maturation fall within the ground, now successively
Earthed up, taking fine earth from furrow ditch is equably sprinkling upon in furrow face, thickness about 1~2cm.Topdress after earthing up without rain, should water in time.
Should typically be earthed up in Grain in Ear to Slight Heat secondary, make the new strain of sprouting.After secondary ridging in the ranks ditch, should often loosen the soil guarantor
Moisture in the soil.Tuber of pinellia the middle and late growth stage, every potassium dihydrogen phosphate of volume ratio 0.2% of 10 days root outer sprayings or triacontanol, there is certain
Effect of increasing production.
2.4 plant protection technology main points
2.4.1 disease
2.4.1.1 leaf spot
There is puce scab during morbidity on blade, rear plant withers gradually.Prevention and controls：Premorbid and early stage spray 1：
1：120 Bordeaux mixture or volume ratio 65% ambam, 500 times of liquid, sprayed once, continuous 2 times or 3 times per 7-10 days.
2.4.1.2 virosis
Diseased plant leaf roll shortens floral leaf into, and plant is short and small, deformity.Prevention and controls：Diseased plant is removed, prevents the infection sources；Choosing is without diseased plant
Reserve seed for planting.
2.4.1.3 Block stem rotten sickness
Multiple to be born in long-term water accumulation part, underground stem tuber is rotted after morbidity, and aerial part is withered.It is many to be carried out using digging trenches to drain the water away
Preventing and treating.
2.4.2 insect pest
Ground insect mainly has aphid, small brown rice planthopper, red hawkmoth etc., subterranean pest-insect mainly include mole cricket, grub, wireworm and
Cutworm etc..
2.4.2.1 ground insect
Larva is caused harm blade, is stung into and incises shape or food light blade.Prevention and controls：Insect juvenile stage sprays volume ratio 90%
800 times of liquid of metrifonate；Can also artificial capture method.
2.4.2.2 subterranean pest-insect
Prevention and controls：Larva full incidence period, can be using weeding deinsectization or with the Isofenphos methyl venom pouring root of volume ratio 40%；Into
Worm full incidence period, can be using poisonous weeds trapping or black light lamps, it is also possible to artificial capture method.
2.5 harvestings and place of production Primary processing technology
2.5.1 harvest time and method
2.5.1.1 plane is received in good time
The harvest time of the tuber of pinellia is very big on yield and product quality influence.Plane is received in good time, processing easily decortication, dry fast, business
Product color white powder foot, Drying rate are high.Plane receives too early, and mealiness is not enough, influences yield.Plane receives too late not only difficult decortication, dries slow, and
And starch has been decomposed in stem tuber, the commodity mealiness of processing is poor, color is not white, is also easy to produce that " stiff son " (keratinization) is of poor quality, and yield is more
It is low.After seedling digs receipts again, takes a lot of work more than three times.According to Heze City, Shandong Province city Run Kang Chinese medicines research institute, the artificial cultivation tuber of pinellia grinds for many years
Study carefully result to show, the optimal plane of the tuber of pinellia receives the phase temperature should be reduced to less than 13 degree in autumn, dug when leaf starts to become yellowish green receipts into
Preferably；13 degree of Huang-Huai Area temperature is just for before and after " Autumnal Equinox "；The Yangtze river basin will be according to the appropriate backward delay of temperature difference；Northeast various regions
Temperature is relatively low, and receipts are suitably dug in advance.
2.5.1.2 receiving method is dug
When harvesting, such as soil moisture is excessive, stem tuber and soil first can be dug pine once simultaneously, allows it to evaporate faster
Soil moisture, makes soil be dried as early as possible, in order to receive plane.In the plane time receiving, fished with pawl from one direct motion of furrow or iron pick is whole by the tuber of pinellia
Band leaf turn on one side, carefully sort out stem tuber.The bulbil that plant of after seedling drops on the ground is sorted out before should digging receipts.After plane is received
The dead leaf and residual branch left in ground should be detected to be burnt, to mitigate the generation of pest and disease damage in next year.
2.5.2 process technology
2.5.2.1 ferment
The fresh tuber of pinellia stem tuber that will be harvested stacks indoor, and 50 centimetres of thickness is stacked 15-20 days, checks and finds tuber of pinellia crust slightly
Corruption, gently rubs crust with the hands with hand and easily falls, and both may be used.
2.5.2.2 remove the peel
By the tuber of pinellia stem tuber after fermentation with screening out large, medium and small three-level.Quantity is few to be removed the peel using artificial, its method
It is that tuber of pinellia stem tuber is respectively charged into woven bag or other containers, after washing, wears rubber boot and step on and step on or pushed away back and forth with hand stranding
10 minutes, it is poured in sieve to be floated with water and removes onal, does not remove skin and sort out to rub with the hands again, untill all removing.If larger
Stem tuber peeling after, when bottom (being commonly called as " afterwards buttocks door ") still has a bullet transparent " silkworm cocoon ", amount can use hand to peel off less, measure many
Refill bag rub with the hands fall, until tuber of pinellia stem tuber all in pure white untill.The larger tuber of pinellia base of area, can use mechanical exfoliation.
2.5.2.3 dry
The tuber of pinellia after decortication is needed to dry at once, is exposed to the sun in the sun best, and constantly stirs, and evening withdrawal is divided in room
Inside dry, next day further takes out solarization to absolutely dry, existing commodity.As tuber of pinellia quantity is larger, drying room is preferably had, with decortication, with drying,
It is protected from weather influences, the tuber of pinellia commercial quality of its processing is preferable.
3 results and analysis
The canopy density that 3.1 each treatment are determined
Measurement result：
The different woodland of table 1 processes canopy density measurement result
| Numbering | Standing forest processes (m) | Canopy density (%) |
| T1 | 2x3 | 76.9 |
| T2 | 2x6 | 67.8 |
| T3 | 1x1.5 | 57.4 |
| T4 | 2x3 | 32.7 |
| CK | Blank | 0 |
The objective of this experiment is exactly on the basis of existing forest land condition, to carry out the composite plant of the tuber of pinellia, canopy density conduct
One background value, intuitively for experimenter illustrates closing degree, clearly illustrates the closing environment of Chinese medicine composite plant.
3.2 Some Agronomic Traits index determining results
In the early growth period of the tuber of pinellia, the emergence rate to each treatment has done field investigation, as a result as follows：
Medicinal plant emergence rate statistics under the conditions of the different disposal of table 2
Investigated by the unified standard of 1.5m × 0.9m, different disposal lower half summer application rate is identical, with going out for plant
Seedling and growth, the germination rate between each treatment occur in that certain difference, and this difference is shown in Table 2.From in terms of aggregate level, the sprouting of CK
Rate highest, the difference between other treatment different cultivars is different, can be followed without evident regularity, and this may be by the habit at each kind initial stage
Determine.
Tuber of pinellia yield under the conditions of the different disposal of table 3
Shade is generated on tuber of pinellia yield and significantly affected.Individual plant root dry weight under different Shading treatments can be obtained by table 3, the tuber of pinellia
Total dry weight increases with degree of shading and changes in unimodal curve, the highest under T4 treatment, illustrates that appropriateness is sheltered from heat or light and is conducive to the life of the tuber of pinellia
Development long.
In June 17 to October 17, monthly sample once, choosing the medium plant of growing way carries out plant height measure.Fig. 2 shows
What is shown is influence of the different disposal to tuber of pinellia plant height.
As seen from Figure 2, growth of the plant height of the tuber of pinellia in different months shows low-high-low variation tendency, at T4
Reason has obvious growth vigor.Identical grows month, T1<T2<T3<T4, illustrate plant height with enhanced shading degree reduction on the contrary
Increase, T1 and T2 is little in the numerical value difference in July, has respectively reached 19.08cm and 19.44cm.The place of T1, T2, T3 and T4
Reason is different degrees of higher than CK, only 9, the T1 treatment in October be less than CK because falling seedling.All treatment all reach in August part
Grow the prosperous phase.As can be seen here, tuber of pinellia happiness the moon, but shade is excessive also to cause growing way to weaken the death even to the later stage.
As seen from Figure 3, in influence of the different shades to the tuber of pinellia number of blade, each month data variation is irregular to be followed.
7th, the T3 treatment of August part is had the advantage, and particularly the number of blade in July is processed apparently higher than other.6th, the T1 treatment leaves in July
Piece number is processed less than other.T4 is 8,9, the number of blade in October keep each treatment peak.This has fully confirmed the tuber of pinellia and has relatively liked
It is cloudy but be also not suitable for great characteristic of shading, also illustrate that T4 environment is relatively adapted to the growth of the tuber of pinellia.
As seen from Figure 4, the leaf area index of primary growth stage is respectively processed as the increase of enhanced shading degree reduces on the contrary.
6 in each Shading treatment, 7, the numerical value difference of August part less, but processes obviously higher than full exposure.The tuber of pinellia under all treatment is equal
Highest is reached in the numerical value of August part, therewith, T1 straight lines drop to minimum.T4 keeps everywhere in 7,8,9, October blade face product value
Reason highest.This explanation tuber of pinellia is unfavorable for growth under conditions of shade is excessive, too small, and canopy density are 32.7% T4 optimums
The growth of the tuber of pinellia.
Influence of the 3.3 different shades to tuber of pinellia photosynthetic rate
The most important envirment factor of terrestrial ecosystems 26S Proteasome Structure and Function is just influenceed, light is to plant growth, development, life
Deposit, be distributed, developing with extremely important effect, light is as the energy for higher plant carries out the energy needed for photosynthesis is provided
Amount.On the other hand, if the light of plant absorption can exceed that the energy required for carrying out photosynthesis, Xanthophyll cycle can be caused, sternly
Can cause the oxidative damage of photosynthetic organs during weight.
As seen from Figure 5, photosynthetic rate of the tuber of pinellia under different illumination conditions increases, Quan Guang with the reduction of shade
The difference that irradiation is closed between rate value highest, but each treatment is more significant.It is respectively 6.17 μ and the numerical value of T4 and CK is relatively
mol·m2·s-1With 6.52 μm of olm2·s-1。
The superoxides discrimination as shown in fig. 6, under CK treatment is influenceed to tuber of pinellia activities of antioxidant enzymes under different Shading treatments
Change this two kinds of enzyme othernesses significantly (P under enzyme (SOD), peroxidase (POD) are processed with T2, T3<0.05).T2, T3 treatment
Under three kinds of enzymes between each oxidizing ferment difference it is not notable, and the catalase (CAT) under respectively processing is also without significant difference.This says
The tuber of pinellia under bright high light is not suitable for growth.
4 conclusions and discussion
4.1 conclusions
It is that the tuber of pinellia that canopy density are 32.7% is same under the Shading treatment of Malus spectabilis ground 2m × 3m under the conditions of different Shading treatments
One period plant strain growth is fast, and blade is larger, and the number of blade increases；Plant photosynthetic rate reduces on the contrary with the increasing of enhanced shading degree,
But it is below full exposure treatment.The tuber of pinellia respectively processes yield compared with the control, and total dry weight increases with shade density and becomes in unimodal curve
Change, highest under being processed 32.7%, illustrate that appropriateness is sheltered from heat or light and be conducive to growing for the tuber of pinellia, improve yield.Shading treatment
SOD, POD, CAT activity are illustrated in spite of the light such as heat dissipation and Active oxygen eliminating enzyme system system compared with there is obvious reduction under full exposure
The presence of protection mechanism, under high light, hot conditions, long-term Xanthophyll cycle can still cause the Lipid peroxidation metabolism of full light lower blade.
Comprehensive analysis thinks that the shade of appropriateness can improve the speed of growth of the tuber of pinellia, and what reduction membranous system was subject to injures, and delays blade
Aging, improves the situation of falling seedling of the tuber of pinellia, and shade 32.7% can provide convenient environmental condition for the tuber of pinellia grows, to the tuber of pinellia
The raising of total output has facilitation.
4.2 discuss
Influence of the light to plant growth by influenceing the photosynthesis of blade, and then can have influence on the accumulation of organic matter, and
Organic matter is the material base of plant growth.Therefore, if illumination is excessively weak, photosynthesis is weaker, and accumulation of photosynthate is less, influence
The growth of plant, and plant is also possible that aetiolation, so as to reduce its ornamental quality；It is on the one hand straight and illumination is too strong
The growth for suppressing plant is connect, on the other hand Xanthophyll cycle is likely to occur and is reduced photosynthesis, the long and is to cause plant growth
Speed declines, and also reduces the content of leaf chlorophyll.The suitable intensity of illumination of selection, changes the photoenvironment of plant to promoting
Its growth is particularly significant.But the selection control of intensity of illumination, temperature etc. very blindly, often results in the production cycle in production at present
Long, plant quality declines, and economic benefit is relatively low.
From the point of view of this result of study, intensity of illumination weakens after shade, and tuber of pinellia plant height rises, and the number of blade also increases, has
Beneficial to fast-growth, so as to shorten the production cycle.After shade, chlorophyll content in leaf blades rises, and is conducive to the tuber of pinellia preferably to absorb
Luminous energy, the result is consistent with the result of study on other shade plants such as sharp Nikkor is adopted.But excessively shade is also unfavorable for planting
Strain it is photosynthetic, need to be studied the reason for plant respiratory intensity is reduced after shade.
Influence of the 5 different cultivation modes to tuber of pinellia yield
It is influence of the different cultivation modes to tuber of pinellia yield under the Shading treatment for further improving Malus spectabilis ground 2m × 3m, to
The maximum production value of the tuber of pinellia is obtained when canopy density are 32.7%, it is ad hoc to determine tests below.
5.1 experimental designs
The spacing in the rows of Malus spectabilis woods is 2m, and line-spacing is 3m, plot 47m long from south to north, and centre removes the furrow (2 ridge) of 1m, often row south
The tuber of pinellia is in the ranks planted in cherry-apple tree in the north to then 3 pieces of 15m are respectively experimental field.
(code T 4-1) woodland east-west direction is 3m, and tree 2 is 40cm with nearest ridge back gauge h3, and 1 ridge 3, row spacing are played in centre
H4 is 220cm, ridge 20cm high.As shown in Fig. 7-1.
(code T 4-2) woodland east-west direction is 3m, and tree 2 is 40cm with nearest ridge back gauge h3, and 2 ridges 3 are played in centre, per ridge
H4 wide is 100cm, ridge 20cm high, there is the space (convenient management and draining) for 20cm apart from h5 between two ridges.As Fig. 7-2 institute
Show.
(code T 4-3) woodland east-west direction is 3m, and tree 2 is 40cm with nearest ridge back gauge h3, and 3 ridges 3 are played in centre, per ridge
H4 wide is 60cm, ridge 20cm high, there is the space for 20cm apart from h5 between every two ridge, there is two row spaces.As shown in Fig. 7-3.
(code T 4-4) woodland east-west direction is 3m, and tree 2 is 40cm with nearest ridge back gauge h3, and 4 ridges 3 are played in centre, per ridge
H4 wide is 40cm, ridge 20cm high, there is the space for 20cm apart from h5 between every two ridge, there is three row spaces.As shown in Fig. 7-4.
5.2 cultivation modes
The plentiful uniform kind of stem plantation of selection quality consolidation, bud head.Before broadcasting with 70% 500 times of liquid of thiophanate-methyl with
2% 1000 times of AVM liquid is invaded and planted 4 hours, pulls rear heap out vexed 2 hours, is sowed after the epidermal stem that dries in the air.
(code T 4-1) presses line-spacing 15-20cm, and 13 rows of ditching, ditch depth 5-10cm puts stem tuber, earthing by spacing in the rows 4-6cm
After be compacted.
(code T 4-2) presses line-spacing 15-20cm, and 6 rows of being ditched per ridge, ditch depth 5-10cm puts stem tuber, covers by spacing in the rows 4-6cm
It is compacted after soil.
(code T 4-3) presses line-spacing 15-20cm, and 4 rows of ditching, ditch depth 5-10cm puts stem tuber, after earthing by spacing in the rows 4-6cm
Compacting.
(code T 4-4) presses line-spacing 15-20cm, and 2 rows of ditching, ditch depth 5-10cm puts stem tuber, after earthing by spacing in the rows 4-6cm
Compacting.
Field management is Routine Management pattern, i.e., carried out by the application " 1.2 research method " and " 2 cultural method ".
5.3 conclusions and analysis
Measurement result：
Tuber of pinellia yield under the different cultivation modes of table 4
As can be seen from Table 4, cultivation mode is different, and individual plant, per mu yield occur in that differential responses.But the list between each treatment
Less, and as the increase of ridge number is in the trend of unimodal increase, this may be due to T4-3, T4-4 intermediate gaps for strain yield difference
Many, well-ventilated is easy to the reason of management again.In per mu yield data, T4-3 apparently higher than other process, but T4-3 total dry weight
Less than T4-4 treatment, illustrate that T4-3 processes the number of every mu of plantation and is far longer than T4-4 treatment, this is also strong to demonstrate T4-
3 treatment are effectively utilized soil space, are the cultivation modes being best suitable in the experiment.
Although an embodiment of the present invention has been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that：Not
Can these embodiments be carried out with various changes, modification, replacement and modification in the case of departing from principle of the invention and objective, this
The scope of invention is limited by claim and its equivalent.
Claims (9)
1. the efficient cultivation method of the tuber of pinellia is made between a kind of sylvan life, it is characterised in that described using the tuber of pinellia is in the ranks planted under forest
The canopy density of forest are 30-35%.
2. the efficient cultivation method of the tuber of pinellia is made between sylvan life according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the canopy density are
32.7%.
3. the efficient cultivation method of the tuber of pinellia is made between sylvan life according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the forest is method paulownia
Woods or Malus spectabilis woods.
4. the efficient cultivation method of the tuber of pinellia is made between sylvan life according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the method also includes planting
Plant preparation, plantation, field management, the process of harvesting.
5. the efficient cultivation method of the tuber of pinellia is made between sylvan life according to claim 3, it is characterised in that the plantation prepares bag
Include following steps：
(1) time is planted
The plantation time is stable in 5-7 degree in 5 centimetres of ground temperature, is the optimal sowing time；
(2) stem vernalization is planted
Early spring or the area of spring sowing, reply kind stem vernalization before broadcasting；Germination time is after measuring and calculating determines planting time, in advance
Two weeks；Germination accelerating method is indoors in temperature or outdoor greenhouse, to be put into half good summer sowing stem of chemicals treatment, and germination temperature is protected
Hold in 18-22 degree, 15 days just can rudiment, it is found that bud scale turns white to sprout and plant, it is not possible to bud grow it is oversize；
When late fall, winter, Summer-sowing, it is not necessary to vernalization；
(3) plough and mix loose matter
While kind of stem vernalization or sow it is first 15 days, fermented wheat bran, rice husk, wood sawdust, the Chinese medicine managed through medicament
The agricultural crop straw loose matter of slag, vinasse or crushing is uniformly dispersed in ground, 2-3 centimetres of thickness, then with rotary cultivator rotary tillage repeatedly
2-3 times, loose matter is set fully to be mixed thoroughly with soil；12-18 centimetres of rotary tillage depth, can not be too deep；
(4) furrow are done in arable land, including：
(4.1) water of revealing the exact details is poured
Before last time is ploughed, flood is irrigated, it is ensured that enough soil moisture, can just carry out arable land operation；
(4.2) fertilising arable land
Before cultivation, every mu of ground is disposable to be applied and gets organic fertilizer 5-7 cubic metres of fermentation, 30-50 kilograms of potassium sulfate, calcium superphosphate ready
100-200 kilograms, 20-50 kilograms of dikalium phosphate, it is micro- fertilizer or 5-10 kilograms of bio-bacterial manure, and anti-disease pest agricultural chemicals；All of the above
After the completion of, with rotary cultivator continuous opposite direction rotary tillage 2-3 times, fertilizer, agricultural chemicals and soil is set fully to mix thoroughly, tilling depth is grasped
Within 15 centimetres；
(4.3) ridging bedding
The plot or rainwater for having certain slope need the area often irrigated less, to make flat furrow stalk high, furrow 1.2-1.5 wide
Rice, length is not limited, and deep a, gutter of each 35 centimetres wide is done every two furrow；The low place in plains region or physical features more than rainwater, should
Cultivated using high ridge, zanjon, furrow are wide 0.8-1.2 meters, and in order to control moisture, furrow length is not to be exceeded 30 meters；Plan whole plot
In enclose ditch, middle ditch, dead furrow coordinates three ditches, while considering, in arid, to be irrigated through furrow or be sprayed.
6. make the efficient cultivation method of the tuber of pinellia between sylvan life according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the plantation include with
Lower step：
(1) stem classification is planted
Before cultivation, if the gradeless and uniformly-priced goods kind stem that size has, will first be classified and plant again；The summer sowing stem of gradeless and uniformly-priced goods half will be divided into large, medium and small
With four grades of bulbil, plant more than 1.8 centimetres of stem diameter size is one-level kind, and 1.4-1.8 centimetres of kind stem diameter size is
Two grades of kinds, plant 0.8-1.4 centimetres of stem diameter size is three-level kind；Bulbil kind stem size is below 1 centimetre；
(2) method for planting
Opened in furrow face traverse furrow drilling in whole thin standby the broadcasting raked；Separate big microspecies stem is separately sowed, the strain of one-level kind stem row
Away from diluter, sow deeper；The like, level Four kind stem distance between rows and hills is thicker, plants shallower；After broadcasting, one layer of mixing loam is applied above,
Last earthing is less than ground；
(3) herbicide is sprayed
After the completion of tuber of pinellia sowing, tuber of pinellia herbicides special is sprayed at once, and cover mulch film immediately；
(4) covering with plastic film
0.8-1.2 centimetres of muck is first covered after herbicide to be sprayed, 1.5-2.5 centimetres of wheat is then covered on muck
Straw or straw, then cover mulch film.
7. the efficient cultivation method of the tuber of pinellia is made between sylvan life according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the field management bag
Include following steps：
(1) mulch film is taken off
After the tuber of pinellia is emerged, when 2~3cm of height of seedling, in time " rupture of membranes puts seedling ", or mulch film should be thrown off after seedling all sprouts；
(2) intertillage is loosened the soil
Often to be weeded with a hoe in growth period, pine soil depth does not exceed 5cm, it is to avoid hinder root；
(3) bud is extractd
The bud extracted out is extractd in batches；
(4) water and fertilizer management
Should not be poured again before and after emerging, in order to avoid reduce ground temperature；Before and after the Beginning of summer, weather is gradually warm, and tuber of pinellia growth is accelerated, when arid is without rain,
Then suitably watered according to soil moisture content；Loosened the soil in time after pouring；Before and after the Summer Solstice, temperature gradually rises, and waters once within 7~10 days when arid；
After the Limit of Heat, temperature is progressively lower, should gradually decrease irrigation amount；In addition to base manure is used sufficient, growth period topdresses 4 times；First is neat inferior to early April
After seedling, every mu applies 1:3 people and animals' liquid dung 1000kg；For the second time in tuberization phase late May, every mu is applied people and animals' liquid dung
2000kg；Third time falls after seedling in August, and the group tuber of pinellia exposes sprouting, when female tuber of pinellia shelling grows new root again, with 1:10 excrement
Water sprinkles and pours, to gradually emerging after autumn per first quarter moon once；4th is inferior to early September, and during the neat seedling of tuber of pinellia full stand, every mu applies and becomes thoroughly decomposed
Cake fertilizer 25kg, calcium superphosphate 20kg, urea 10kg；Often sprinkle and pour thin people and animals' liquid dung, favorably keep ground moistening, promote the tuber of pinellia
Growth, plays a part of volume increase；If meeting fine not rain long, should in time pour water, if excessive rainfall, answer timely draining, it is to avoid because of field
Ponding, causes stem tuber to rot；
(5) earth up
Bulbil can just root in soil, and between 6~August, the bulbil and seed for having maturation fall within the ground successively, now to enter
Row ridging, takes fine earth and is equably sprinkling upon in furrow face from furrow ditch, thickness about 1~2cm；Topdress after earthing up without rain, should water in time；In awns
Earthed up when planting to Slight Heat secondary, make the new strain of sprouting；After secondary ridging in the ranks ditch, should often loosen the soil soil moisture conservation；The tuber of pinellia grows
Middle and later periods, every 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate of 10 days root outer sprayings or triacontanol, there is certain effect of increasing production.
8. make the efficient cultivation method of the tuber of pinellia between sylvan life according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the harvesting include with
Lower step：
(1) harvest time and method
(1.1) plane is received in good time
The optimal plane receipts phase of the tuber of pinellia temperature should be reduced to less than 13 degree in autumn, receipts are dug when leaf starts to become yellowish green and is advisable；
(1.2) receiving method is dug
When harvesting, such as soil moisture is excessive, then stem tuber and soil are first dug pine once simultaneously, allows it to evaporate soil faster
Middle moisture, makes soil be dried as early as possible, in order to receive plane；In the plane time receiving, fished with pawl from one direct motion of furrow or iron pick is by whole band of the tuber of pinellia
Leaf is turned on one side, carefully sorts out stem tuber；The bulbil that plant of after seedling drops on the ground is sorted out before should digging receipts；Plane receive after in
The dead leaf and residual branch left should be detected to be burnt, to mitigate the generation of pest and disease damage in next year；
(2) process technology
(2.1) ferment
The fresh tuber of pinellia stem tuber that will be harvested stacks indoor, and 50 centimetres of thickness is stacked 15-20 days, checks and finds that tuber of pinellia crust is slightly rotten, uses
Hand is gently rubbed crust with the hands and is easily fallen, and both may be used；
(2.2) remove the peel
By the tuber of pinellia stem tuber after fermentation with screening out large, medium and small three-level；Artificial barking method is to be respectively charged into tuber of pinellia stem tuber
In woven bag or other containers, after washing, wear rubber boot step on step on or with hand back and forth push away stranding 10 minutes, be poured on and water used in sieve
Onal is removed in drift, is not removed skin and is sorted out to rub with the hands again, untill all removing；If after larger stem tuber peeling, bottom still has
During transparent " silkworm cocoon " of one bullet, amount is peelled off with hand at least, and the amount bags that refill are rubbed with the hands more, until tuber of pinellia stem tuber is all in pure white
Untill；The larger tuber of pinellia base of area, using mechanical exfoliation；
(2.3) dry
The tuber of pinellia after decortication needs to dry at once, is exposed to the sun in the sun best, and constantly stirs, and withdraw to divide and dried in the air in interior in the evening
Dry, next day further takes out solarization to absolutely dry, existing commodity；As tuber of pinellia quantity is larger, drying room is preferably had, with decortication, with drying, do not received
Weather influences, and the tuber of pinellia commercial quality of its processing is preferable.
9. the efficient cultivation method of the tuber of pinellia is made between sylvan life according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the also mistake including plant protection
Journey, comprises the following steps：
(1) disease
(1.1) leaf spot
There is puce scab during morbidity on blade, rear plant withers gradually；Prevention and controls：Premorbid and early stage spray 1: 1：
500 times of liquid of 120 Bordeaux mixture or 65% ambam, sprayed once, continuous 2 times or 3 times per 7-10 days；
(1.2) virosis
Diseased plant leaf roll shortens floral leaf into, and plant is short and small, deformity；Prevention and controls：Diseased plant is removed, prevents the infection sources；Choosing is reserved seed for planting without diseased plant；
(1.3) Block stem rotten sickness
Multiple to be born in long-term water accumulation part, underground stem tuber is rotted after morbidity, and aerial part is withered；It is many to be prevented using digging trenches to drain the water away
Control；
(2) insect pest
Ground insect mainly has aphid, small brown rice planthopper, red hawkmoth, and subterranean pest-insect mainly includes that mole cricket, grub, wireworm and ground are old
Tiger；
(2.1) ground insect
Larva is caused harm blade, is stung into and incises shape or food light blade；Prevention and controls：Insect juvenile stage sprays 90% metrifonate 800
Times liquid；Or artificial capture method；
(2.2) subterranean pest-insect
Prevention and controls：Larva full incidence period, using weeding deinsectization or with 40% Isofenphos methyl venom pouring root；Adult full incidence period, adopts
Trapped and killed with poisonous weeds or black light lamps, or artificial capture method.
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| CN106508379A (en) * | 2016-10-31 | 2017-03-22 | 河源弘稼农业科技有限公司 | Judgment method and device for crop planting influence factors |
| CN107295875A (en) * | 2017-07-04 | 2017-10-27 | 界首市康泽家庭农场 | A kind of peach underwood planting method of the tuber of pinellia |
| CN109105194A (en) * | 2018-08-27 | 2019-01-01 | 荆州市民康生物科技有限公司 | A kind of tuber of pinellia stereo plantation method |
| CN110991811A (en) * | 2019-11-08 | 2020-04-10 | 云南农业大学 | Method for evaluating crop yield under mixed intercropping mode |
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| CN111771609A (en) * | 2020-06-23 | 2020-10-16 | 贵州好菇粮农业科技有限公司 | Method for cultivating dictyophora rubrovolvata by taking off bags with understory mushroom sticks |
| CN111771608A (en) * | 2020-06-23 | 2020-10-16 | 贵州好菇粮农业科技有限公司 | Method for cultivating dictyophora rubrovolvata through bulk materials under forest |
| CN112243820A (en) * | 2020-10-22 | 2021-01-22 | 贵州蔚源中药材产业开发有限公司 | Pinellia ternata interplanting technology |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106508379A (en) * | 2016-10-31 | 2017-03-22 | 河源弘稼农业科技有限公司 | Judgment method and device for crop planting influence factors |
| CN107295875A (en) * | 2017-07-04 | 2017-10-27 | 界首市康泽家庭农场 | A kind of peach underwood planting method of the tuber of pinellia |
| CN109105194A (en) * | 2018-08-27 | 2019-01-01 | 荆州市民康生物科技有限公司 | A kind of tuber of pinellia stereo plantation method |
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| CN111226722A (en) * | 2020-03-16 | 2020-06-05 | 富源县金地魔芋种业有限公司 | Konjak and pinellia ternate intercropping cultivation method |
| CN111771609A (en) * | 2020-06-23 | 2020-10-16 | 贵州好菇粮农业科技有限公司 | Method for cultivating dictyophora rubrovolvata by taking off bags with understory mushroom sticks |
| CN111771608A (en) * | 2020-06-23 | 2020-10-16 | 贵州好菇粮农业科技有限公司 | Method for cultivating dictyophora rubrovolvata through bulk materials under forest |
| CN112243820A (en) * | 2020-10-22 | 2021-01-22 | 贵州蔚源中药材产业开发有限公司 | Pinellia ternata interplanting technology |
| CN113854082A (en) * | 2021-10-29 | 2021-12-31 | 六盘水市农业科学研究院 | Artificial cultivation method of wild pinellia ternata |
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Application publication date: 20170620 |