CN106498848B - A kind of room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint and its construction method - Google Patents

A kind of room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint and its construction method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106498848B
CN106498848B CN201611086092.5A CN201611086092A CN106498848B CN 106498848 B CN106498848 B CN 106498848B CN 201611086092 A CN201611086092 A CN 201611086092A CN 106498848 B CN106498848 B CN 106498848B
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China
Prior art keywords
room temperature
expansion joint
notch
filling type
metalling
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CN106498848A (en
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张辉
潘友强
李款
陈支东
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Jiangsu Sinoroad Engineering Technology Institute Co Ltd
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Jiangsu Sinoroad Engineering Technology Institute Co Ltd
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01DCONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D19/00Structural or constructional details of bridges
    • E01D19/06Arrangement, construction or bridging of expansion joints
    • E01D19/067Flat continuous joints cast in situ
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01DCONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D21/00Methods or apparatus specially adapted for erecting or assembling bridges
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01DCONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D2101/00Material constitution of bridges
    • E01D2101/40Plastics

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
  • Floor Finish (AREA)
  • Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint and its construction methods, including the notch between adjacent beams above gap and set on the transverse joint plate of pocket bottom;Flexible filler is filled up in gap between the adjacent beams;Dual-component polyurethane perfusion metalling, film layer are successively arranged under upper in the notch, film layer is set to the upper surface of transverse joint plate;The notch is equipped with multiple locating pins in the interface being in contact of mating formation with original.The present invention, which has thoroughly broken traditional gapless expansion joint, needs scene heating and the process flow of mix, realize the room temperature perfusion rubble formula construction technology at gapless expansion joint, cementitious matter and building stones are heated without dedicated heating, melting unit, construction technology is simple, low in cost.

Description

A kind of room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint and its construction method
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint and its construction methods.
Background technique
Bridge expanssion joint, which refers to, to be arranged between bridge beam end, is used between beam-ends and abutment or at bridge articulated position Coordinate the bridge floor as caused by temperature and humidity variation, concrete shrinkage and creep, the sedimentation of bridge upsetting platform and beam-ends rotation etc. to become The device of shape.Under the coupling of driving dynamic loading and dilatation stress, the bridge expanssion joint that is directly exposed in atmosphere Weak link as bridge.The quality of bridge expanssion joint directly determines road-ability and safety, thus into one Step influences the service life of whole bridge.
Structure is complicated with filling dock, build-in dock, rubber slat, steel supporting type and modulus type etc., cost compared with High bridge expanssion joint is compared, and gapless expansion joint is easy for construction, for ease of maintenaince maintenance, waterproof performance is excellent, comfort level of driving a vehicle Height, and cost is relatively low, thus is at home and abroad widely applied in medium and small span or stroke≤40mm bridge.
Traditional gapless expansion joint uses pitch, modified pitch or lastics (TST) for cementitious matter, and there are high-temperature stabilities The performance shortcomings such as insufficient and low-temperature cracking-resistance is not good enough, and dedicated heating, melting unit is needed to heat cementitious matter and building stones Processing, construction technology are complex.In addition, traditional gapless expansion joint low-temperature extension amount is smaller, this is largely limited Its application on big stroke bridge.
Summary of the invention
It is existing high for the bridge gapless expansion joint of cementitious matter with pitch, modified pitch or thermoplastic body (TST) in order to overcome Temperature stability is insufficient, low-temperature cracking-resistance is not good enough, low-temperature extension amount is smaller and installation, the defects of construction technology is cumbersome, the present invention A kind of room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint proposed and its construction method simplify the installation of bridge expanssion joint, from And be more suitable for using.
It realizes above-mentioned technical purpose, reaches above-mentioned technical effect, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
A kind of room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint, including gap, the gap top between adjacent beams between adjacent beams Notch and transverse joint plate set on pocket bottom;Flexible filler is filled up in gap between the adjacent beams;In the notch from it is upper it Under be successively arranged dual-component polyurethane perfusion metalling, film layer, dual-component polyurethane be perfused metalling include metalling, rubble Layer surface is perfused with two-component polyurethane adhesive ramming material;Film layer is set to the upper surface of transverse joint plate;The notch is mated formation phase with original The interface of contact is equipped with multiple locating pins.
Further, the two-component polyurethane adhesive ramming material is made of host agent and curing agent, wherein host agent be polyalcohol and The end NCO performed polymer that polyisocyanates reacts, wherein the mass fraction of-NCO group is 5% ~ 10%;Curing agent is mainly by living Property hydride, chain extender and filler composition, weight ratio are as follows: 100:5 ~ 15:50 ~ 100;It is additionally added in curing agent and accounts for curing agent The catalyst of weight 0.5% ~ 1.0% and the ultraviolet absorber of curing agent weight 0.1% ~ 1.0%.
Further, the metalling includes at least two layers of metalling with single particle size rubble;The single particle size Rubble is one of 3 ~ 5mm, 5 ~ 10mm, 10 ~ 15mm and 15 ~ 20mm.
Further, it is fixedly connected between the flexible filler and transverse joint plate by locating pin.
Further, the width of the transverse joint plate is the 60% ~ 70% of width of rebate;The locating pin staggeredly be set to notch with Original mat formation the interfacial level being in contact 1/3 ~ 3/4 at.
Further, the notch mats formation the interface being in contact with original equipped with adhesive layer.
A kind of construction method at room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint, comprising the following steps:
Step 1: notch is formed above gap between adjacent beams;
Step 2: the interface being in contact with notch of mating formation to original carries out sandblasting punishment, forms sandblasting and punish interface;
Step 3: the filling flexible filler in adjacent beam body gap, pocket bottom seating surface paste film across seam Plate;
Step 4: layering dispenses single particle size rubble, then it is tamped, forms metalling;
Step 5: then being smoothed out in the rubble layer surface perfusion two-component polyurethane adhesive ramming material tamped, forms room temperature and fill Note formula bridge gapless expansion joint.
Further, the step 2 is further comprising the steps of: brushing binder in sandblasting punishment interface, brushes thickness For 1 ~ 2mm, dosage is 1 ~ 1.2kg/m2
Further, between the step 3 and step 4 further include: at sandblasting punishment interface away from pocket bottom 1/3 ~ 3/4 Locate interlaced arrangement locating pin;Transverse joint plate is fixedly connected with flexible filler using locating pin.
Further, the two-component polyurethane adhesive ramming material layer is made of host agent and curing agent, and wherein host agent is polyalcohol The end NCO performed polymer reacted with polyisocyanates, wherein the mass fraction of-NCO group is 5% ~ 10%;Curing agent mainly by Active hydride, chain extender and filler composition, weight ratio are as follows: 100:5 ~ 15:50 ~ 100;It is additionally added in curing agent and accounts for solidification The catalyst of agent weight 0.5% ~ 1.0% and the ultraviolet absorber of curing agent weight 0.1% ~ 1.0%.
Beneficial effects of the present invention:
(1) present invention is directly perfused using upper flow regime dual-component polyurethane as gapless expansion joint cementitious matter using room temperature Technique, and by expansion joint and the former processing of interface and expansion joint and slot bottom across seam surface of steel plate of mating formation, to found A kind of room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint, makes it have more practicability.
(2) present invention effectively overcomes traditional nothing by upper flow regime, normal temperature cure, the selection of two-component polyurethane adhesive ramming material The performance shortcomings such as seam expanded joint material high-temperature stability is insufficient, low-temperature cracking-resistance is not good enough and low-temperature extension amount is smaller, can be wide It is general to be applied to the highway bridge with big stroke.
(3) present invention, which has thoroughly broken traditional gapless expansion joint, needs scene heating and the process flow of mix, realizes Rubble formula construction technology is perfused in the room temperature at gapless expansion joint, carries out without dedicated heating, melting unit to cementitious matter and building stones Heat treatment, construction technology are simple, low in cost.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the structure sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention;
In figure: 1- original is mated formation;Metalling is perfused in 2- dual-component polyurethane;3- beam;4- transverse joint plate;5- locating pin;6- is flexible Filler;7- film layer;8- locating pin.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, with reference to embodiments, to the present invention It is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention, it is not used to Limit the present invention.
Application principle of the invention is explained in detail with reference to the accompanying drawing.
A kind of room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint, including 3 gaps of adjacent beams, be located at 3 gaps of adjacent beams on Square notch and the transverse joint plate 4 set on pocket bottom;The adjacent beams fill up flexible filler 6 in 3 gaps;In the notch from Dual-component polyurethane perfusion metalling 2, film layer 7 are successively arranged under upper, it includes rubble that metalling, which is perfused, in dual-component polyurethane Layer, rubble layer surface are perfused with two-component polyurethane adhesive ramming material, and film layer 7 is set to the upper surface of transverse joint plate 4, and film layer 7 is used for Dual-component polyurethane perfusion metalling can freely be slid on 4 surface of transverse joint plate;The notch is mated formation 1 phase with original The interface of contact is equipped with multiple locating pins (preferably locating pin 8).
The two-component polyurethane adhesive ramming material layer is made of host agent and curing agent, and wherein host agent is polyalcohol and polyisocyanic acid The end NCO performed polymer that ester reacts, wherein the mass fraction of-NCO group is 5% ~ 10%;Curing agent is mainly by active hydrogenation Object, chain extender and filler composition, weight ratio are as follows: 100:5 ~ 15:50 ~ 100;It is additionally added in curing agent and accounts for curing agent weight 0.5% ~ 1.0% catalyst and the ultraviolet absorber of curing agent weight 0.1% ~ 1.0%.
The metalling includes at least two layers of metalling with single particle size rubble;The single particle size rubble be 3 ~ One of 5mm, 5 ~ 10mm, 10 ~ 15mm and 15 ~ 20mm;Further, the rubble is basalt or limestone.At this In the preferred embodiment of invention, rubble is good, the hard basaltic broken stone of corner angle, and crush values are not more than 26%, Los Angeles mill Consume, which is lost, is not more than 28%, and robustness is not more than 12%, and flat and elongated particle content is not more than 15%.Rubble uses preceding necessary clear It washes, dry, and carry out damp-proof treatment.
In an embodiment of the present invention, metalling includes two layers, and the partial size of every layer of rubble can be identical or not Together;In other embodiments of the invention, metalling can also include three layers, four layers, five layers etc., set with specific reference to actual needs Fixed, the partial size of every layer of rubble can be same or different.
To prevent transverse joint plate 4 from deviateing 3 gaps of adjacent beams in telescopic material work progress, the flexible filler 6 and across It stitches and is equipped with locating pin 5 between plate 4, for the two to be fixedly connected.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is stitched between adjacent beams 3 Gap direction is arranged an aperture every 30cm on 4 surface of transverse joint plate and hammers into locating pin 5 in flexible filler.
To further prevent telescopic material and the former cracking mated formation between 1, in notch with the former interface that 1 is in contact of mating formation away from slot Drilling every 30cm along adjacent beams 3 gaps direction at bottom 1/3 ~ 3/4 and be implanted into φ 16mm locating pin 8(is preferably countersunk head steel nail Or T-steel muscle), position corresponding to 4 edge of transverse joint plate is not to be exceeded in 8 protruded length of locating pin, and two sides locating pin 8 answers staggered row Cloth;In a preferred embodiment of the invention, locating pin 8, which is interlocked, is located at notch and the 1/2 of the former interfacial level that 1 is in contact of mating formation Place.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the transverse joint plate 4 is without constraint across seam steel plate, i.e., across seam surface of steel plate patch Film is covered to realize that metalling freely sliding on 4 surface of transverse joint plate is perfused in dual-component polyurethane;The film layer 7 is that PE is thin Film;The flexibility filler material 6 is polyurethane foamed material.
In the present invention, it is that rubble perfusion materia is flowed from gap in order to prevent that flexible filler 6 is filled up in 3 gaps of adjacent beams Lose, filling flexible filler 6(be preferably polyurethane foamed material) before need first to clear up gap adjacent beams 3, remove The sundries such as sandstone, sawdust may especially influence the solid object that 3 gaps of adjacent beams are normally stretched, and such as horizontal stalk is in adjacent beams 3 Between stone, steel bar end etc. in gap.
In the present invention, transverse joint plate 4(is preferably across seam steel plate) rubble perfusion materia in notch can not only be prevented from phase The seam crossing in adjacent 3 gaps of beam is fallen down, moreover it is possible to bear top telescopic material (dual-component polyurethane perfusion metalling) transmitting To the vertical vehicular load of lower layer's steel plate, the recess damage for generating expansion joint (i.e. 3 gaps of adjacent beams) is avoided.Of the invention In preferred embodiment, the width of transverse joint plate 4 is about groove width 60% ~ 70%, and thickness is generally 8~10mm, and length is about 1m or so.
For prevent telescopic material (dual-component polyurethane perfusion metalling) and it is former mat formation 1 and pocket bottom transverse joint plate 4 between Delamination, cracking carry out sandblasting punishment (i.e. notch with former 1 interface being in contact of mating formation) to notch two sides original 1 cross section of mating formation, And binder is brushed in sandblasting punishment interface, it brushes with a thickness of 1 ~ 2mm, dosage is 1 ~ 1.2kg/m2.Binder is preferably through increasing The epoxide-resin glue ramming material of tough modification, room temperature pull strength are not less than 15MPa, and tensile strength is not less than 10MPa, extension Rate is not less than 100%.
A kind of construction method at room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint, comprising the following steps:
Step 1: forming notch above 3 gaps of adjacent beams;The width of notch is greater than the width in 3 gaps of adjacent beams;
Step 2: carrying out sandblasting punishment to the former interface that 1 is in contact with notch of mating formation, forms sandblasting and punish interface;
Step 3: the filling flexible filler 6 in 3 body gap of adjacent beams, in pocket bottom (i.e. above 3 gaps of adjacent beams) Seating surface pastes the transverse joint plate 4 of film;Preferably, film is PE film, and transverse joint plate 4 is across seam steel plate;
Step 4: layering dispenses single particle size rubble, then it is tamped, forms metalling;Preferably, plate is used Rammer tamps it, and the single particle size rubble of spreading can be plurality of layers, and the specific number of plies determines according to actual needs;
Step 5: then being smoothed out in the rubble layer surface perfusion two-component polyurethane adhesive ramming material tamped, forms room temperature and fill Note formula bridge gapless expansion joint.
Preferably, the step 2 is further comprising the steps of: sandblasting punishment interface brush binder, brush with a thickness of 1 ~ 2mm, dosage are 1 ~ 1.2kg/m2
Preferably, the step 1 further includes cleaning notch with giant, then dries notch with flame thrower.
Preferably, between the step 3 and step 4 further include: at sandblasting punishment interface is away from pocket bottom 1/3 ~ 3/4 Interlaced arrangement (implantation) locating pin 8, with increase telescopic material (dual-component polyurethane perfusion metalling) and it is former mat formation it is viscous between 1 It connects;Transverse joint plate 4 is fixedly connected with flexible filler 6 using locating pin 5.
Preferably, the two-component polyurethane adhesive ramming material layer is made of host agent and curing agent, wherein host agent be polyalcohol and The end NCO performed polymer that polyisocyanates reacts, wherein the mass fraction of-NCO group is 5% ~ 10%;Curing agent is mainly by living Property hydride, chain extender and filler composition, weight ratio are as follows: 100:5 ~ 15:50 ~ 100;It is additionally added in curing agent and accounts for curing agent The catalyst of weight 0.5% ~ 1.0% and the ultraviolet absorber of curing agent weight 0.1% ~ 1.0%.The two-component polyurethane adhesive ramming material With upper flow regime, low modulus, the performance of high fracture elongation, the two-component polyurethane adhesive ramming material can construction time >=30min, Refer to dry time≤12h;Tensile strength >=0.8MPa at 23 DEG C, fracture elongation >=600%;- tensile strength at 20 DEG C≤ 2.0MPa, fracture elongation >=400%;Elastic restoration ratio (stretching 150% surely) >=80%.
Using the above method, one of present invention room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint can be produced.
Embodiment one
A kind of construction method at room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint, comprising the following steps:
(1) it cuts notch or removes old seam, expansion joint position is determined, when installing expansion joint, if not reserving between adjacent beams 3 Notch cuts notch along the position that oneself determines, the size of notch has to comply with design requirement;
(2) notch is cleaned with giant, removes floating scholar, dust and sundries in notch, is then dried with flame thrower Dry notch fills out polyurethane foamed material in 3 gaps of adjacent beams, fills up, not interspace as far as possible;
(3) placement pastes one layer of PE film on the surface across seam steel plate, so across seam steel plate above 3 gaps of adjacent beams Steel plate is stitched with positioning steel nail fixed span afterwards;
(4) blasting treatment is carried out to the former interface that 1 is in contact with notch of mating formation, and in the uniform cross after blasting treatment Brushing binder is brushed with a thickness of 1 ~ 2mm, and dosage is 1 ~ 1.2kg/m2
(5) basaltic broken stone that partial size is 10 ~ 15mm is uniformly dispensed in notch, is spread with a thickness of the 1/2 of depth of rebate, Form first layer metalling;
(6) at sandblasting punishment interface away from drilling and be implanted into every 30cm along 3 gaps of adjacent beams direction at pocket bottom 1/2 φ 16mm countersunk head steel nail, two sides countersunk head steel nail are answered staggered;
(7) continue to dispense the basaltic broken stone that partial size is 10 ~ 15mm in notch, and flat with plate tamping;It can also be first The bar planting on first layer metalling then proceedes to dispense partial size in notch as the basaltic broken stone of 10 ~ 15mm, and uses plate compactor Shake is flat;
(8) upper flow regime being stirred, normal temperature cure, two-component polyurethane adhesive knot is directly perfused having shaken flat rubble surface Expect and smoothes out;
It (9), can open to traffic after health for 24 hours.
The above shows and describes the basic principles and main features of the present invention and the advantages of the present invention.The technology of the industry Personnel are it should be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and the above embodiments and description only describe this The principle of invention, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, various changes and improvements may be made to the invention, these changes Change and improvement all fall within the protetion scope of the claimed invention.The claimed scope of the invention by appended claims and its Equivalent thereof.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint, it is characterised in that: including gap between adjacent beams, between adjacent beams Notch above gap and the transverse joint plate set on pocket bottom;
Flexible filler is filled up in gap between the adjacent beams;
Dual-component polyurethane perfusion metalling, film layer, dual-component polyurethane perfusion are successively arranged in the notch from top to bottom Metalling includes metalling, and rubble layer surface is perfused with two-component polyurethane adhesive ramming material;Film layer is set to the upper surface of transverse joint plate; The notch is equipped with multiple locating pins in the interface being in contact of mating formation with original;
The preparation process of the dual-component polyurethane perfusion metalling are as follows:
Layering dispenses single particle size rubble, then tamps to it, forms metalling;
It is then smoothed out in the rubble layer surface perfusion two-component polyurethane adhesive ramming material tamped.
2. a kind of room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the two-component Polyurethane adhesive ramming material is made of host agent and curing agent, and wherein host agent is that the end NCO that polyalcohol and polyisocyanates react is pre- Aggressiveness, wherein the mass fraction of-NCO group is 5% ~ 10%;Curing agent is mainly made of active hydride, chain extender and filler, Weight ratio are as follows: 100:5 ~ 15:50 ~ 100;It is additionally added the catalyst for accounting for curing agent weight 0.5% ~ 1.0% in curing agent and consolidates The ultraviolet absorber of agent weight 0.1% ~ 1.0%.
3. a kind of room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the metalling Including at least two layers of metalling with single particle size rubble;The single particle size rubble be 3 ~ 5mm, 5 ~ 10mm, 10 ~ 15mm and One of 15 ~ 20mm.
4. a kind of room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the flexibility is filled out It is fixedly connected between material and transverse joint plate by locating pin.
5. a kind of room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the transverse joint plate Width be width of rebate 60 ~ 70%;The locating pin interlock be set to notch and the former interfacial level being in contact of mating formation 1/3 ~ At 3/4.
6. a kind of room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the notch with Original mats formation the interface being in contact equipped with adhesive layer.
7. a kind of construction method at room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint, which comprises the following steps:
Step 1: notch is formed above gap between adjacent beams;
Step 2: the interface being in contact with notch of mating formation to original carries out sandblasting punishment, forms sandblasting and punish interface;
Step 3: the filling flexible filler in adjacent beam body gap, pastes the transverse joint plate of film in pocket bottom seating surface;
Step 4: layering dispenses single particle size rubble, then it is tamped, forms metalling;
Step 5: then smoothing out in the rubble layer surface perfusion two-component polyurethane adhesive ramming material tamped, room temperature filling type is formed Bridge gapless expansion joint.
8. a kind of construction method at room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint according to claim 7, it is characterised in that: The step 2 is further comprising the steps of: binder brushed in sandblasting punishment interface, is brushed with a thickness of 1 ~ 2mm, dosage is 1 ~ 1.2kg/m2
9. a kind of construction method at room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint according to claim 7, it is characterised in that: Between the step 3 and step 4 further include: at sandblasting punishment interface away from interlaced arrangement locating pin at pocket bottom 1/3 ~ 3/4; Transverse joint plate is fixedly connected with flexible filler using locating pin.
10. a kind of construction method at room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint according to claim 7, feature exist In: the two-component polyurethane adhesive ramming material layer is made of host agent and curing agent, and wherein host agent is that polyalcohol and polyisocyanates are anti- The end NCO performed polymer that should be obtained, wherein the mass fraction of-NCO group is 5% ~ 10%;Curing agent is mainly by active hydride, expansion Chain agent and filler composition, weight ratio are as follows: 100:5 ~ 15:50 ~ 100;Be additionally added in curing agent account for curing agent weight 0.5% ~ 1.0% catalyst and the ultraviolet absorber of curing agent weight 0.1% ~ 1.0%.
CN201611086092.5A 2016-11-30 2016-11-30 A kind of room temperature filling type bridge gapless expansion joint and its construction method Active CN106498848B (en)

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CN110965422B (en) * 2019-12-13 2021-11-05 江苏中路工程技术研究院有限公司 Flexible splicing paving structure and construction method thereof
CN111364353A (en) * 2020-03-11 2020-07-03 南京林业大学 A continuous bridge expansion joint structure
CN117468503B (en) * 2023-11-14 2024-03-19 青岛文德超建筑工程有限公司 Ultra-long concrete expansion joint-free structure and construction process thereof

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