CN106257054B - The model building method and detection device of GM refrigerator compressor units - Google Patents
The model building method and detection device of GM refrigerator compressor units Download PDFInfo
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- CN106257054B CN106257054B CN201610567438.7A CN201610567438A CN106257054B CN 106257054 B CN106257054 B CN 106257054B CN 201610567438 A CN201610567438 A CN 201610567438A CN 106257054 B CN106257054 B CN 106257054B
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000003434 inspiratory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 abstract 1
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- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002887 superconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B51/00—Testing machines, pumps, or pumping installations
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
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- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of model building method of GM refrigerator compressors unit, including：Under different GM refrigerator compressors unit Suck and exhaust pressures, test mass flow, Suck and exhaust pressure and the consumption electric work of GM refrigerator compressors unit to be detected, obtain the volume flow of GM refrigerator compressor units and the functional relation and efficiency of pressure ratio and the functional relation of pressure ratio；The high pressure volume and low pressure volume of GM refrigerator compressor units are asked for, the model parameter of completion GM refrigerator compressor units determines.The present invention is by based on actually measured compressor data, and analysis fitting obtains the characteristics such as flow, efficiency and the volume distribution of compressor, to form the model of compressor, for performance of the analog compression machine under different operating modes；On the basis of the model of the compressor, the cold head of GM type refrigeration machines can be optimized, the model of structure can more reflect the performance of practical refrigeration machine.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of low-temperature refrigeration, and particularly relates to a model construction method and a detection device for a GM refrigerator compressor unit.
Background
The rapid development of low-temperature vacuum, small helium liquefiers, low-temperature superconductors and other technologies has increased the demand of small-sized cryogenic refrigerators. In these industries, only one GM refrigerator is currently available for high volume applications. Compared with the GM refrigerator, the GM type pulse tube refrigerator has the outstanding advantages of no moving parts at low temperature, simple structure, high reliability, small mechanical vibration and electromagnetic noise and the like, and can be used as a substitute model of the GM refrigerator in the application occasions with extremely high requirements on low vibration. The GM type pulse tube refrigerator and the GM refrigerator (hereinafter collectively referred to as GM type refrigerator) adopt the same compressor, a cold head is connected with the compressor by a high-low pressure switching valve, and the alternating frequency of the cold head gas is usually 1-2 Hz. Compared with a Stirling type refrigerator with the working frequency of dozens of or even hundreds of hertz, the GM type refrigerator can obtain higher pressure ratio, and the heat exchange between the gas working medium in the heat regenerator and the heat regeneration filler is more sufficient, so that lower refrigerating temperature can be obtained more easily. Although GM type refrigerators have been commercially used, their refrigeration efficiency is still to be improved.
Radebaugh (RADEBAGH R. Stirling and Gifford McMahon Cryocoolers [ R ]. Handzhou: Institute of regeneration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University,2015) states that compressors used in GM type refrigerators (abbreviated GM compressors) typically have efficiencies around 50%. For a practical compressor, the efficiency of the compressor is changed along with the change of the suction pressure and the exhaust pressure.
When the compressor is used in a cryocooler system, the amount of gas contained in the compressor decreases as the cold head temperature decreases. The reason is that after the temperature of the cold head is reduced, the density of the gas is increased, and the gas in the whole system can be enriched towards the cold head. Therefore, when the GM refrigerator is used to refrigerate at different temperatures, the operating conditions of the compressor will also change, which will also have a large effect on the efficiency. At present, for the application, no method capable of simulating the performance of the compressor under various working conditions exists.
In contrast to the previous methods, some have tested the compressor and designed the refrigerator with this as a reference, and have failed to summarize the flow rate and efficiency characteristics of the compressor (independent of the charging pressure), and have not considered the effect of the internal volume distribution of the compressor on the overall refrigerator. For the simulation design of the refrigerating machine, the influence caused by the performance change of the compressor is not considered in the conventional research methods, and the high-pressure and the low-pressure are always assumed to be constant, or the pressure wave input into the cold head of the refrigerating machine is constant, or even simplified into a piecewise linear function, as shown in fig. 1. Therefore, the simulation methods can only simulate the result within a small working condition range, and cannot reflect the performance of the refrigerating machine in different use environments.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a model construction method of a GM refrigerator compressor unit, which is used for constructing a compressor model which changes along with the dynamic state of a system by fully considering the structural characteristics and the working performance characteristics of the GM refrigerator compressor unit and accurately simulating the overall performance of a refrigerator at different refrigeration temperatures.
The invention also provides a device for detecting the model parameters of the GM refrigerator compressor unit, which can be used for quickly detecting the dynamic model parameters of the GM refrigerator compressor unit and constructing a model which better accords with the actual running condition of the refrigerator.
A method of model building a GM refrigerator compressor unit comprising:
testing the mass flow, the air suction and exhaust pressure and the electric power consumption of the GM refrigerator compressor unit to be detected under the air suction and exhaust pressure of different GM refrigerator compressor units, and then carrying out the following processing:
(a) solving the corresponding volume flow, efficiency and pressure ratio under each air suction and exhaust pressure, and fitting to obtain a functional relation of the volume flow and the pressure ratio of the GM refrigerator compressor unit and a functional relation of the efficiency and the pressure ratio;
(b) fitting the air suction pressure data or the exhaust pressure data with the pressure difference data of the air suction pressure data and the exhaust pressure data to obtain the high-pressure volume and the low-pressure volume of the GM refrigerator compressor unit so as to complete the determination of the model parameters of the GM refrigerator compressor unit.
In the model construction process, the compressor can be measured under different initial inflation pressure states to obtain multiple groups of data, so that the fitting result or the volume calculation result is more accurate. The initial charge pressure state may be selected near the initial charge pressure state required by the chiller system and may be greater than, equal to, or less than this value. For example, if the charging pressure of the refrigerating system is 1.7MPa, 1.5MPa such as 1.7MPa or 1.6MPa can be selected.
The model constructed by the present invention contains three main characteristic relationships: (1) volume flow versus pressure ratio; (2) efficiency versus pressure ratio; (3) and the high pressure volume and the low pressure volume of the GM refrigerator compressor unit. Based on the three characteristics, a compressor model can be obtained through programming or by means of third-party software application, such as Sage, and is used for simulating the performance of the compressor under different working conditions so as to determine parameters such as flow, pressure, efficiency and the like of the compressor.
The present invention also provides a model parameter detecting device of a GM refrigerator compressor unit, comprising:
a regulating valve for regulating the suction and exhaust pressure of the GM refrigerator compressor unit;
the mass flow meter is used for measuring the mass flow of the GM refrigerator compressor unit;
a power meter for measuring the power consumed by the GM refrigerator compressor unit;
two pressure gauges for detecting the suction and exhaust pressures of the GM refrigerator compressor unit;
the regulating valve and the mass flowmeter form a loop with an air suction and exhaust port of a GM refrigerator compressor unit through a pipeline, the regulating valve is arranged close to an air outlet of the compressor unit, and the mass flowmeter is arranged close to an air suction port of the compressor unit; of course, the order of the mass flow meter and the regulating valve is not necessarily arranged in the above manner, and the positions can be exchanged depending on the calibration range of the flow meter.
Preferably, the air suction and exhaust ports of the GM refrigerator compressor unit are connected to a mass flow meter or a regulating valve via metal hoses, respectively. For the arrangement of the pressure gauge, the pressure gauge can preferably directly detect the pressure of air inlet and outlet of the compressor, and the influence of the connecting pipeline is reduced to the minimum as much as possible when the pressure gauge is arranged, namely the pressure gauge is respectively arranged at the air outlet of the high-pressure metal hose and the inlet of the low-pressure metal hose. Preferably, two pressure gauges are respectively arranged on a pipeline connected with a gas suction port of the regulating valve and a pipeline where a gas outlet of the flowmeter is arranged according to the gas flow direction.
Preferably, the volume flow rate is calculated from the mass flow rate and the gas density in the inspiratory state. As a positive displacement compressor, the suction volume flow should ideally be independent of the charge pressure, since the suction flow is determined primarily by the suction volume of the compressor. The inspiratory flow is defined as the ratio of the mass flow to the gas density in the inspiratory state:
wherein,for mass flow, TlAnd plRespectively, the gas temperature and pressure in the inspiratory (or inspiratory) state.
The COP is an important performance index of the refrigerator, and if a model is used for simulating the COP of the refrigerator under different working conditions, the efficiency of the compressor under different working conditions needs to be simulated firstly. Since the compressor suction and discharge temperature is found to be almost the same as the room temperature in the actual experiment, the three are assumed to be the same in the model. Compressor output according to first and second laws of thermodynamicsCan be defined as:
for mass flow, h (p, T) is the enthalpy of the helium gas corresponding to the pressure p and temperature T, s (p, T) is the entropy of the corresponding helium gas, the subscript h indicates the high pressure (compressor discharge pressure) condition, l indicates the low pressure (compressor suction pressure) condition, and 0 indicates the ambient condition.
Efficiency (i.e. compressor efficiency) may be expressed as compressor outputAnd its input electric work (consumption electric work)) The ratio of (A) to (B):
through the analysis and processing of the measured data, a relational expression of the suction flow or the efficiency of the compressor and the pressure ratio can be obtained, the relation of the suction volume flow and the pressure ratio under the condition that the compressor works stably is almost irrelevant to the inflation pressure, and the relational expression of the volume flow or the efficiency and the pressure ratio can be obtained by adopting polynomial fitting, and the following formula is shown in the specification:
f(x)＝C0+C1x+C2x2+…+Cnxn(4)
the value of n can be reasonably selected according to the result of processing data, and C is obtained by fitting0，C1…CnEqual in value, thereby determining the relationship of the volume flow rate and the pressure ratio. The relation is independent of the inflation pressure, and when the compressor model is applied to the simulation of the refrigerator, the formula is also applicable, and the performance of the refrigerator at different refrigeration temperatures can be predicted because the influence of the change of the working condition of the compressor caused by the temperature reduction of the cold head is avoided.
Preferably, for a pressure gauge measuring exhaust pressure, the pressure data and the pressure difference are in a first order function relationship, and the slope of the pressure data and the pressure difference is as follows:
kh＝Vl/(Vl+Vh) (A1)
for a pressure gauge measuring inspiratory pressure, the pressure data and the differential pressure are in a first order functional relationship, and the slope is as follows:
kl＝-Vh/(Vl+Vh) (A2)
obtaining the internal high-pressure volume V of the GM refrigerator compressor unit according to the formula (A1) or the formula (A2) by combining the total volume of the GM refrigerator compressor unithAnd a low pressure volume Vl。
For current GM type pulse tube refrigerators, the compressor unit package contains mainly the components of the pressure bag, water cooled heat exchanger, oil separator and adsorber, all of which have a certain amount of non-negligible volume, but the specific values are not fully ascertained. The models constructed in the prior art generally do not take these components into account, resulting in very low model accuracy. According to the invention, these volumes can be simplified into two parts, a high-pressure volume and a low-pressure volume, and the volume distribution in the compressor can be determined by analyzing the pressure parameters.
The total volume of the compressor can be obtained by filling a certain amount of gas working medium into the compressor and calculating according to the pressure change before and after filling. To simplify the analysis, the following assumptions were made:
1. helium is an ideal gas;
2. the respective internal pressures and temperatures of the high and low pressure volumes are uniform and the temperature is the same as the room temperature;
3. the chamber volume is compressed neglectedly.
According to the ideal gas state equation, the method can obtain
phVh＝nhRT0(5)
plVl＝nlRT0(6)
pf(Vh+Vl)＝(nh+nl)RT0(7)
Where V is the volume, n is the molecular weight, R is the gas constant and the subscript f indicates the same inflation state as ambient temperature. By the three equations above, expressing high and low pressures as a function of differential pressure can be obtained:
Δp＝ph-pl(10)
therefore, the high pressure and the low pressure are in a linear relation with the pressure difference and are consistent with the data measured by the experiment. The slope may be calculated by fitting the experimental data of each group, and the average value may be calculated, and the volume distribution in the compressor may be calculated based on the expression of the slope in equation (8) or equation (9). In the test system, VhAnd VlThe volumes of the metal hoses are respectively the sum of the high-pressure volume and the high-pressure metal hose in the compressor and the sum of the low-pressure volume and the low-pressure metal hose in the compressor, and are as follows:
Vh＝Vhb+Vhl(11)
Vl＝Vlb+Vll(12)
the sum of the high pressure volume and the low pressure volume in the compressor, which is the total volume of the compressor, is as follows
Vhb+Vlb＝Vcom(13)
Wherein the metal hose can be approximated as a smooth straight tube whose volume (given the tube length and inner diameter) is calculated. Therefore, the volume distribution in the compressor unit can be determined, the complete machine simulation of the refrigerator can be closer to the actual refrigerator performance due to the definition of the characteristic, and the helium working medium quality contained in each part can be accurately simulated in the operation process of the refrigerator.
The method analyzes and fits the compressor data based on actual measurement to obtain the characteristics of the compressor such as flow, efficiency, volume distribution and the like, so as to form a model of the compressor, wherein the model is used for simulating the performance of the compressor under different working conditions; on the basis of the model of the compressor, the cold head of the GM type refrigerator can be optimally designed, and the constructed model can better reflect the performance of the actual refrigerator.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a prior art refrigerator pressure waveform design.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural view of a model parameter detection apparatus of a GM refrigerator compressor unit according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a graph of inspiratory volumetric flow rate versus pressure ratio obtained in the examples section.
FIG. 4 is a graph of efficiency versus pressure ratio obtained in the example section.
FIG. 5 is a graph of pressure versus differential pressure obtained in the example section.
FIG. 6 is a graph comparing the calculated pressure waveform with the experimental results (32.9K, 2.3Hz) obtained in the example section.
FIG. 7 is a graph comparing the calculated pressure waveform with the experimental results (76.5K, 2.3Hz) obtained in the example section.
Fig. 8 is a simulation and experimental comparison of the refrigeration capacity change obtained in the example section.
Fig. 9 is a simulation and experimental comparison of COP refrigeration temperature variation obtained in the example section.
Fig. 10 is a schematic structural view of a refrigerator for some experiments according to the embodiment.
Detailed Description
Example 1
Taking the compressor RW2 as an example, the package of the compressor RW2 contains a pressure bag, a water-cooled heat exchanger, an oil separator, an adsorber, and the like, the test condition of the compressor is selected, the inflation pressure of the pulse tube refrigerator driven by the compressor RW2 is generally 1.7MPa, and three inflation pressures of 1.7MPa, 1.6MPa, and 1.5MPa are selected for the test. A test system is built according to the diagram shown in FIG. 2, and a RW2 compressor unit is communicated with a metal hose 2, a regulating valve 4, a mass flowmeter 5 and the metal hose 2 sequentially through an air path to form a loop. The air suction and exhaust pressure of the compressor is adjusted through the adjusting valve 4, the mass flow meter 5 measures mass flow, the power consumption of the compressor is measured by the power meter 6, the air suction and exhaust pressure is measured by two pressure meters (respectively, a pressure meter 3a and a pressure meter 3b, the pressure meter 3a is used for measuring the exhaust pressure of the compressor, and the pressure meter 3b is used for measuring the suction pressure of the compressor), and the air suction and exhaust pressure and the suction pressure are respectively arranged in front of the adjusting valve and behind the flow. The mass flow in a certain pressure difference range and the corresponding consumed electric work of the compressor are measured.
The volume flow rate corresponding to each mass flow rate was calculated from the intake air temperature of 300K according to equation (1), and is plotted as shown in fig. 3. It can be seen that inspiratory volume flow is independent of inflation pressure and nearly linear with pressure ratio. Thus, by selecting n as 1 according to (4) and fitting the curve in fig. 3, a graph of the relationship between the intake volume flow rate and the pressure ratio can be obtained:
the relationship between the efficiency and the pressure ratio obtained by processing the data according to the expressions (2) and (3) is shown in fig. 4. For this image, n is selected to be 3, and the relationship between efficiency and pressure ratio obtained by fitting is:
ηex,r＝-1.575+3.201Pr-1.712Pr 2+0.288Pr 3(15)
during control of the regulator valve, changes in pressure conditions may be recorded, as indicated by the dots in FIG. 5. A linear fit to the high pressure set pressure resulted in high pressure slopes of 0.552, 0.536 and 0.507, respectively. The high-pressure volume and the low-pressure volume in the compressor can be calculated to be 4.45 liters and 5.12 liters respectively by taking the average value of the three and combining the formula (8) (slope), the formulae (11) and (13), the total volume of the compressor (9.57 liters), the length of the metal hose (4.5 meters) and the diameter (0.012 meters).
Based on the three characteristics (1) the relation between the suction volume flow and the pressure ratio, (2) the relation between the efficiency and the pressure ratio, and (3) the high-pressure volume and the low-pressure volume, the simulation of the compressor and the whole refrigerating machine can be carried out by means of third-party commercial software Sage.
The obtained result can accurately simulate the change of the pressure waveform along with the refrigerating temperature, and as shown in fig. 6 and 7, the average pressure of the whole system rises, the cold head impedance rises and the pressure ratio of the compressor rises when the cold head temperature changes.
The refrigerating capacity and the COP of the whole machine (as shown in figure 10) can be accurately simulated, namely the refrigerating capacity is divided by the input electric work, as shown in figures 8 and 9, the performance of the whole machine of the refrigerating machine at different refrigerating temperatures can be accurately simulated, the simulation reliability of the compressor is also reflected, and as the refrigerating temperature rises, the refrigerating capacity and the COP do not show absolute linear change along with the temperature, which is caused by the fact that the pressure ratio rises and the mass flow rate falls along with the rising of the refrigerating temperature, and the slope also gradually falls.
The invention carries out experimental tests on the RW2 compressor, and obtains the following main conclusions according to the analysis of the measured data:
1. the compressor can be simplified into a model formed by combining three characteristics of flow, efficiency and volume distribution;
2. inspiratory volume flow andthe efficiency can be fitted as a function of the pressure ratio, independent of the inflation pressure;
3. the volume distribution in the compressor has great influence on the pressure working condition of the system, and the invention provides an estimation method of the volume distribution and is verified.
On the basis of the model of the compressor, the cold head of the GM type refrigerator can be optimally designed, and the obtained result can better reflect the performance of the actual refrigerator.
Claims (7)
1. A method of model building a GM refrigerator compressor unit, comprising:
testing the mass flow, the air suction and exhaust pressure and the electric power consumption of the GM refrigerator compressor unit to be detected under the air suction and exhaust pressure of different GM refrigerator compressor units, and then carrying out the following processing:
(a) solving the corresponding volume flow, efficiency and pressure ratio under each air suction and exhaust pressure, and fitting to obtain a functional relation of the volume flow and the pressure ratio of the GM refrigerator compressor unit and a functional relation of the efficiency and the pressure ratio;
(b) fitting the air suction pressure data or the exhaust pressure data with the pressure difference data of the air suction pressure data and the exhaust pressure data to obtain the high-pressure volume and the low-pressure volume of the GM refrigerator compressor unit so as to complete the determination of the model parameters of the GM refrigerator compressor unit.
2. The method of modeling a GM refrigerator compressor unit of claim 1, wherein the volumetric flow rate is calculated from the mass flow rate and the gas density in the suction state.
3. The method of model building for a GM refrigerator compressor unit of claim 1 wherein the efficiency is given by the formula:
wherein:
for mass flow, h (p, T) is the enthalpy of the helium gas corresponding to the pressure p and temperature T, s (p, T) is the entropy of the corresponding helium gas, subscript h represents the discharge state of the GM refrigerator compressor unit, l represents the suction state of the GM refrigerator compressor unit, 0 represents the ambient state;to consume electrical power;for output of compressor
4. The method of modeling a GM refrigerator compressor unit of claim 1 wherein the pressure data and differential pressure are first order functional relationships with respect to suction or discharge pressure, and the absolute values of the slopes are:
slope k for exhaust pressurehSatisfies the following conditions:
|kh|＝Vl/(Vl+Vh)
slope k for inspiratory pressurelSatisfies the following conditions:
|kl|＝Vh/(Vl+Vh)
wherein VlIs a low pressure volume, VhA high pressure volume;
according to the above formula, the high pressure volume and the low pressure volume of the GM refrigerator compressor unit are obtained by simultaneously combining the total volume of the GM refrigerator compressor unit.
5. The method of model building for a GM refrigerator compressor unit of claim 1 wherein the GM refrigerator compressor unit is measured at different initial inflation pressure conditions to obtain multiple sets of data for fitting.
6. A model parameter detection device for a GM refrigerator compressor unit, comprising:
a regulating valve for regulating the suction and exhaust pressure of the GM refrigerator compressor unit;
the mass flow meter is used for measuring the mass flow of the GM refrigerator compressor unit;
a power meter for measuring the power consumed by the GM refrigerator compressor unit;
two pressure gauges for detecting the suction and exhaust pressures of the GM refrigerator compressor unit;
and the regulating valve and the mass flow meter form a loop with a suction and exhaust port of a GM refrigerator compressor unit through a pipeline.
7. The GM refrigerator compressor unit model parameter detection apparatus of claim 6, where the GM refrigerator compressor unit suction and exhaust ports are connected to a mass flow meter or a regulating valve through metal hoses, respectively.
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| CN111637654A (en) * | 2020-06-11 | 2020-09-08 | 安徽万瑞冷电科技有限公司 | Variable-volume refrigeration system, variable-volume method and system applied to cryogenic pump |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH11248278A (en) * | 1998-03-05 | 1999-09-14 | Idotai Tsushin Sentan Gijutsu Kenkyusho:Kk | Pulse tube refrigerating machine |
| JP2007205607A (en) * | 2006-01-31 | 2007-08-16 | Sumitomo Heavy Ind Ltd | Gm refrigerating machine |
| CN101144658A (en) * | 2007-10-19 | 2008-03-19 | 浙江大学 | Single screen vacuum multi-layer heat insulated single-stage pulse tube refrigerator |
| JP2008215783A (en) * | 2007-03-08 | 2008-09-18 | Toshiba Corp | Cryogenic refrigerating machine and cryogenic refrigerating method |
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- 2016-07-15 CN CN201610567438.7A patent/CN106257054B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH11248278A (en) * | 1998-03-05 | 1999-09-14 | Idotai Tsushin Sentan Gijutsu Kenkyusho:Kk | Pulse tube refrigerating machine |
| JP2007205607A (en) * | 2006-01-31 | 2007-08-16 | Sumitomo Heavy Ind Ltd | Gm refrigerating machine |
| JP2008215783A (en) * | 2007-03-08 | 2008-09-18 | Toshiba Corp | Cryogenic refrigerating machine and cryogenic refrigerating method |
| CN101144658A (en) * | 2007-10-19 | 2008-03-19 | 浙江大学 | Single screen vacuum multi-layer heat insulated single-stage pulse tube refrigerator |
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