CN106211986A - A kind of cultivation method of wax gourd and its harvesting and storage - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of ecological planting, and particularly relates to a high-quality and high-yield cultivation method for planting wax gourds by covering a wax gourds land with agricultural non-woven fabrics and a harvesting, storing and transporting method. According to the wax gourd cultivation method, the selection of cultivation seasons, land selection and preparation, seedling culture, field planting and non-woven fabric covering are matched for final field management, and the wax gourd cultivation method is found to be capable of improving the soil structure and soil fertility, promoting the growth of wax gourd, improving the yield of wax gourd and reducing the occurrence of soil-borne diseases such as wax gourd epidemic disease and the like.

Description

A kind of cultivation method of wax gourd and its harvesting and storage

technical field

The invention belongs to the technical field of ecological planting, and in particular relates to a high-quality and high-yield cultivation method and a harvesting, storage and transportation method for planting winter melons covered by agricultural non-woven fabrics.

Background technique

Winter melon is the main cultivated variety in South China. With the adjustment of the agricultural industry structure, the demand for Beiyun is increasing, and the planting area is constantly expanding. As a vegetable to adjust the off-season market, its high and stable yield is welcomed by vegetable farmers and consumers. Previous studies on wax gourd cultivation techniques mainly focused on seedling cultivation and planting, field management, harvesting and seed collection, pest control, etc. There are no literature reports on the effects of different mulching methods on the growth of wax gourd and the soil micro-ecology of wax gourd fields.

Contents of the invention

In order to solve the above problems, the object of the present invention is to provide a cultivation method of wax gourd. The method can not only promote the growth of the wax gourd, increase the yield of the wax gourd, but also reduce the occurrence of soil-borne diseases such as the wax gourd blight.

The second object of the present invention is to provide a method for harvesting and storing wax gourd cultivated by the method.

The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:

1. Cultivation season

Winter melon is a heat-loving and heat-tolerant late-maturing variety. The spring sowing period in South China is from January to March, and the autumn sowing period is from July to August. In other regions, suitable time can be arranged according to local climate characteristics and seasons.

2. Site selection and preparation

Choose sunny, well-drained, deep soil, and sandy loam rich in organic matter for planting. When preparing the soil, deep plowing should be carried out first, so that the root system has enough soil for growth. Then open a deep ditch to make a furrow to facilitate drainage. The width of the furrow can be adjusted according to local habits. Generally, the width of the furrow is about 180 cm (including the ditch), and the depth of the ditch is about 45 cm. The furrow is preferably in a north-south direction.

3. Seedling cultivation

Seed soaking in warm soup can be soaked in warm water at 50-55°C and then soaked for 7-9 hours (hours).

4. Planting and covering with non-woven fabric

According to the width of the winter melon field, select a non-woven fabric of appropriate size, cover the winter melon planting border with a non-woven fabric (generally choose black agricultural non-woven fabric), and compact the surrounding area with soil. According to the planting density of wax gourds, holes for planting are made on the non-woven fabric, and the grown seedlings of wax gourds are transplanted to the holes for planting. When planting, pay attention to the level of the upper surface of the seedlings and the soil surface, use loose soil to level the surroundings of the seedlings, do not press them firmly with hands, but seal the planting holes with fine tidal soil, and cultivate a raised hole around the seedlings. The small mounds on the furrow surface prevent the wind from blowing through the planting holes to damage the non-woven fabric and reduce water evaporation. The specification of the non-woven fabric is 20g/m ² . The non-woven fabric is a black agricultural non-woven fabric with strong light transmission and air permeability and good thermal insulation effect. It is covered with a single layer when used.

Before planting, apply enough base fertilizer, especially organic fertilizer; plant in two rows, generally plant 400-600 plants per 667m ² , pour enough water for rooting in time after planting, and topdress in time after slowing down seedlings.

4. Field management

To build a frame, 2 to 3 bamboos are used to build a figure frame or a drum frame, with a height of 1.3 to 1.5 meters. The drum frames are connected and fixed with horizontal bamboos (called dragon root bamboos), and then tied with ropes.

Introduce the tendrils, when the wax gourd seedlings grow to 7 leaves, cultivate the soil, bring the seedlings to the bamboo when the seedlings grow to about 15 leaves, and tie the tendrils to the dragon root bamboo when the seedlings grow to about 0.5 meters longer than the dragon root bamboo. In the same direction, according to the wind blowing direction at that time.

After the female flowers are open, control the fertilizer and water to prevent excessive growth and melon. When the fruit grows to 0.3-0.5kg, the management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened, and the fertilizer should be applied once every time the melon is harvested. During the flowering period, artificial pollination is carried out at 8-9 am every morning to improve the fruit setting rate; pest control is carried out according to local conditions, and special attention is paid to the control of thrips and whitefly.

6. Harvesting and storage

Generally, about 60 to 70 days after the fruit is set, the hair on the skin of the melon has fallen off, the melon skin is hard, and the color is dark and shiny, and it can be harvested. When storing, choose a ventilated, shady and cool place and pad it with straw. During the storage period, carry out overturning and inspection at regular intervals (20-30 days), and if it is found that the rotten melons are cleaned up in time, the storage period can be extended.

Wax gourd is a warm-loving and heat-tolerant crop. In southern my country, the sowing period of spring planting is usually from December to March of the following year, and the sowing period of autumn planting is from June to July. The invention is covered with non-woven fabric, which not only has the functions of cold protection and heat preservation, but also has the characteristics of light transmission, air permeability, light weight, strong durability, and not easy to be damaged. It can be covered in a single layer or in multiple layers. The service life is generally 3 ~4 years, with proper use and storage, the service life can be as long as 5 years. In addition, wax gourds are often threatened by soil-borne diseases such as fusarium wilt and blight during the growth and development process. The present invention studies the influence of non-woven fabric covering on the growth of wax gourds and finds that using non-woven fabrics to cover wax gourd fields can improve soil structure and improve soil quality. Fertility can not only promote the growth of wax gourd, increase the yield of wax gourd, but also reduce the occurrence of soil-borne diseases such as wax gourd blight. Therefore, the present invention proposes a high-quality and high-yield cultivation technique of wax gourd covered by non-woven fabrics, and it is hoped that the popularization and application of this new covering cultivation technique will be strengthened in the future cultivation of wax gourd.

The present invention has the following advantages:

(1) Covering the winter melon field with non-woven fabric can reduce the growth of weeds, promote the growth of wax gourd, and increase the yield of wax gourd;

(2) Non-woven fabrics have good cold-proof and heat-preserving effects, which are very beneficial to the high-yield and stable-yield cultivation of spring-planted wax gourds;

(3) Covering with non-woven fabric can reduce the incidence of soil-borne diseases such as wax gourd blight and wilt, and ensure the quality and output of wax gourd;

(4), increase the content of organic matter, available nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), available copper, available manganese, and available zinc in the soil of wax gourd fields, improve soil structure, and increase soil fertility;

(5) Reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria in the soil of the winter melon field, transform the soil microbial flora of the winter melon field into a "bacterial type" that is beneficial to crop growth, and promote the enrichment of beneficial bacteria.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 The growth of wax gourd after using non-woven cloth to cover the cultivation of wax gourd,

Fig. 2 The incidence rate, disease index and relative control effect of wax gourd blight after different mulch treatments,

Fig. 3 Comparison of the number of soil microorganisms in wax gourd fields after different covering cultivations,

Fig. 4 Changes of soil physical and chemical properties under different mulching treatments,

Fig. 5 Changes of soil physical and chemical properties under different mulching treatments.

specific implementation

The present invention will be further described in detail below in combination with specific embodiments, so as to help those skilled in the art understand the present invention.

1. Cultivation season

Winter melon is a heat-loving and heat-tolerant late-maturing variety. The spring sowing period in South China is from January to March, and the autumn sowing period is from July to August. In other regions, suitable time can be arranged according to local climate characteristics and seasons.

2. Site selection and preparation

Choose sunny, well-drained, deep soil, and sandy loam rich in organic matter for planting. When preparing the soil, deep plowing should be carried out first, so that the root system has enough soil for growth. Then open a deep ditch to make a furrow to facilitate drainage. The width of the furrow can be adjusted according to local habits. Generally, the width of the furrow is 180 cm (including the ditch), and the depth of the ditch is 45 cm. The furrow is preferably in a north-south direction.

3. Seedling cultivation

Seed soaking in warm soup can be soaked in warm water at 50-55°C and then soaked for 7-9 hours (hours).

4. Planting and covering with non-woven fabric

According to the width of the winter melon field, select a non-woven fabric of appropriate size, cover the winter melon planting border with a non-woven fabric (generally choose black agricultural non-woven fabric), and compact the surrounding area with soil. According to the planting density of wax gourds, holes for planting are made on the non-woven fabric, and the grown seedlings of wax gourds are transplanted to the holes for planting. When planting, pay attention to the level of the upper surface of the seedlings and the soil surface, use loose soil to level the surroundings of the seedlings, do not press them firmly with hands, but seal the planting holes with fine tidal soil, and cultivate a raised hole around the seedlings. The small mounds on the furrow surface prevent the wind from blowing through the planting holes to damage the non-woven fabric and reduce water evaporation.

Before planting, apply enough base fertilizer, especially organic fertilizer; plant in two rows, generally plant 400-600 plants per 667m ² , pour enough water for rooting in time after planting, and topdress in time after slowing down seedlings.

4. Field management

To build a frame, 2 to 3 bamboos are used to build a figure frame or a drum frame, the frame height is 1.3 to 1.5 meters, and each drum frame is connected and fixed with horizontal bamboos (called dragon root bamboo). Then tie it with rope.

Introduce the tendrils, when the wax gourd seedlings grow to 7 leaves, cultivate the soil, bring the seedlings to the bamboo when the seedlings grow to about 15 leaves, and tie the tendrils to the dragon root bamboo when the seedlings grow to about 0.5 meters longer than the dragon root bamboo. In the same direction, according to the wind blowing direction at that time.

After the female flowers are open, control the fertilizer and water to prevent excessive growth and melon. When the fruit grows to 0.3-0.5kg, the management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened, and the fertilizer should be applied once every time the melon is harvested. Flat frame cultivation is adopted, with single or double vine pruning; artificial pollination is carried out at 8 to 9 am every morning during the flowering period to improve the fruit setting rate; pest control is carried out according to local conditions, and special attention is paid to the control of thrips and whitefly.

6. Harvesting and storage

Generally, about 60 to 70 days after the fruit is set, the hair on the skin of the melon has fallen off, the melon skin is hard, and the color is dark and shiny, and it can be harvested. When storing, choose a ventilated, shady and cool place and pad it with straw. During the storage period, carry out overturning and inspection at regular intervals (20-30 days), and if it is found that the rotten melons are cleaned up in time, the storage period can be extended.

The above-described embodiments are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Therefore, all equivalent changes or modifications made with the features and principles described in the claims of the present invention should be included in the present invention. within the scope of the claims.

1. Experiments on the effects of different mulching treatments on the growth, yield and disease incidence of wax gourd:

In the autumn of 2013, experiments on the effects of different covering treatments on the growth and yield of wax gourd were carried out at the vegetable base of Dongguan Banana Vegetable Research Institute. ), and 3 treatments of straw mulching, repeated 3 times, the plot area is about 200m ² .

Two months after the wax gourd was planted, the incidence of wax gourd blight of each treatment was investigated, and the relative control effect of the incidence of each treatment was calculated, and Figure 2 was drawn according to the investigation results. During the winter melon harvesting period, the yield per plant and yield per mu were investigated. The yield per plant was the average yield (unit ㎏) of a single winter melon plant; the total yield was the sum of the yields from the first harvest to the last harvest (unit ㎏).

Disease prevention effect = (control incidence rate - treatment incidence rate) / control incidence rate × 100%.

Table 1. Comparison of wax gourd yields with different treatments

deal with Yield per plant (㎏) Compared with control (%) Yield per mu (㎏/mu) Compared with control (%) non-woven cover 2.9a 11.50 2860.5a 19.19 straw mulch 2.7b 3.85 2456.8b 2.37 CK (not covered) 2.6b 2400.0b

The growth of wax gourd after using non-woven fabric covering cultivation is shown in Figure 1. The actual output of each treatment is shown in Table 1. In each treatment, the non-woven fabric mulching treatment has the highest yield, the average yield per mu is 2860.5kg, which is 19.19% higher than the control, and the average single plant yield is 11.50% higher than the control; Secondly, the yield per plant and yield per mu increased by 3.85% and 2.37% respectively compared with the control. According to the results of variance analysis, there is a very significant difference between the non-woven fabric mulching treatment and the control, but there is no significant difference between the straw mulching treatment and the control. The above results show that the use of non-woven fabrics to cover the furrow surface to cultivate wax gourd has a very obvious effect on increasing the yield of wax gourd.

Figure 2 shows that the incidence of wax gourd blight in the three different treatments is not high, the incidence of CK treatment is 6.7%, the incidence of straw mulch and non-woven fabric mulch treatment are 4.5% and 3.5%, respectively, indicating that the use of rice straw Both non-woven and non-woven fabrics have a certain effect on the prevention and control of wax gourd blight, and non-woven fabrics have the best effect.

2. Effects of different mulching cultivation of wax gourd fields on soil microorganisms

1. Experimental design and basic conditions

The variety of winter melon planted is "Guanyan No. 1 Small Winter Melon", provided by Dongguan Banana Vegetable Research Institute. The test was carried out at the test base of Dongguan Banana Vegetable Research Institute. Three treatments were set up in the experiment: (1), when planting wax gourd, rice straw was used to cover; (2), when wax gourd was planted, non-woven fabric was used to cover; (3), CK (open field cultivation, no cover), each treatment was repeated 3 times. The non-woven fabrics for testing were purchased from Hainan Furuixing Agricultural Trade Co., Ltd. The rice straws were harvested and air-dried naturally, collected from rice fields in Machong Town, Dongguan City.

2. Soil sampling

At the end of the test, the soil sticking to the root system of the wax gourd plant was shaken and packed into a sterile paper bag, and brought back to the laboratory immediately, and each sample was repeated 3 times.

3. Measurement method

Dilution plate counting method was adopted, the beef extract peptone agar plate surface coating method was used for bacteria; the Martin’s (Martin) medium plate surface coating method was used for fungi; the modified Gaoshi No. 1 synthetic medium plate surface coating method was used for actinomycetes (add 1ml of 3% potassium dichromate in every 300ml of culture medium to inhibit the growth of bacteria and molds), and the results are represented by the amount contained in every gram of fresh soil. The number of Phytophthora in soil was determined using the medium and method proposed by Jiang Houchun et al.

4. Test results and analysis

It can be seen from Figure 3 that compared with the use of straw and non-woven fabrics, the number of bacteria in the soil can increase, the number of molds can be reduced, and the B/F and A/F values can be significantly increased. It is the treatment covered with non-woven fabrics, the B/F value of which is 24.8% higher than that of CK, and the number of Phytophthora in the soil is reduced; but when covered with straw, the number of Phytophthora in the soil increases, which may be related to the After decomposition, it can provide certain nutrients for the growth of mold in the soil.

3. Effects of Different Covering Cultivation of Winter Melon on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties

1. Experimental design and basic conditions: Same as implementation case 2.

2. Soil sampling

The five-point mixed sampling method was adopted, and the 0-20cm soil layer samples were taken with soil augers, and each sample was repeated three times, mixed separately, put into sterile paper bags, and brought back to the laboratory to be air-dried indoors.

3. Measurement method

Using the ASI method (soil nutrient system research method) to measure soil pH, organic matter, exchangeable acid, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, boron, The determination method refers to "Soil Agricultural Chemical Analysis Method".

Figure 4 shows that, compared with the blank control (no mulch), the contents of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, available sulfur and available iron in the soil covered by non-woven fabrics and rice straws all increased significantly, It shows that non-woven fabric mulching and straw mulching can significantly increase the content of available nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in soil. After non-woven fabric mulching treatment, soil ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium content were significantly higher than those of rice straw mulching treatment, which may be related to the better nutrient retention and leaching effect of non-woven fabric mulching treatment on soil. And related.

Figure 5 shows that the organic matter, available copper, available manganese, available zinc, and available boron in the soil treated with non-woven fabric mulch and straw mulch are all higher than those of the control treatment. The content of manganese and available zinc was significantly higher than that of straw mulching treatment, and the difference of soil organic matter content between non-woven fabric mulching and straw mulching treatment was not significant. Compared with CK, the soil pH value after the non-woven fabric mulching treatment increased significantly, reaching 5.32, but the soil pH value after the straw mulching treatment did not change significantly; decreased, but increased after the straw mulching treatment.

The results of this study comprehensively show that the use of non-woven fabrics in wax gourd fields can improve soil structure and soil fertility. It can not only improve the stress resistance of crops, but also increase the number and activity of beneficial microorganisms and antagonistic bacteria for soil-borne diseases in the soil. The growth of wax gourd increases the yield of wax gourd. Therefore, the popularization and application of this new covering cultivation technique should be strengthened in the future cultivation of wax gourd.

Claims (8)

1. the cultural method of a Fructus Benincasae, it is characterised in that particularly as follows:

1) cultivation season

According to local climate feature and season, arrange suitable time sowing；

2) selection of land and whole

Selection of land: select on the sunny side, draining is good, soil layer is deep, rich in organic sandy loam plantation；

Wholelyly: first plough deeply, then open zanjon bedding；

3) nursery

Hot water treatment of seeds, can be first with steeping 7～9h, then accelerating germination sowing, seedling culture hole plate or seedling bed nursery after 50～55 DEG C of water seed soakings；

4) field planting and covering non-woven fabrics

First selecting sizeable non-woven fabrics, cover non-woven fabrics on Fructus Benincasae kind planting-line face, periphery is real by soil pressure；Further according to Fructus Benincasae Planting density, accomplishes fluently field planting hole on non-woven fabrics, and in the Fructus Benincasae transplantation of seedlings being bred as to field planting hole；

5) field management

Built, is barricaded as man-like shelf or drum with 2～3 bamboos, and frame is high 1.3～1.5 meters, each drum connects fixing with horizontal bamboo, then Tie with rope；

Draw climing, the soil dressing when Seedling grows to 7 leaves, grow to bamboo on 15 leaf left and right belt Seedlings at Seedling, cross 0.5 meter of root bamboo of dragon in Seedling length Left and right bundlees climing taking on Long Genzhu, Seedling wants same direction, by wind direction at that time；

After female flower is open, control fertilizer control water；When fruit grows to 0.3～0.5kg, strengthen rich water quality management, often receive 1 melon and execute 1 fertilizer； Every morning 8 in florescence～9 carry out artificial pollination；Carry out the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control simultaneously treatment in accordance with local conditions.

2. the cultural method of as claimed in claim 1 Fructus Benincasae, it is characterised in that described when opening zanjon bedding wholely, furrow wide 170～ 190 centimetres, ditch depth 35～55 centimetres.

3. the cultural method of Fructus Benincasae as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that described furrow are south-north direction.

4. the cultural method of as claimed in claim 1 Fructus Benincasae, it is characterised in that described Fructus Benincasae Seedling grow to two leaves wholeheartedly time carry out fixed Plant.

5. the cultural method of Fructus Benincasae as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that described non-woven fabrics is 20g/m²The agricultural nothing of black Spin cloth.

6. the cultural method of Fructus Benincasae as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that during Fructus Benincasae Seedling field planting, the upper surface that Seedling sticks together and soil Table level, sticks together flat with training of loosening the soil around, with thin moisture soil, field planting hole is obturaged simultaneously, and around Seedling, training one exceeds furrow face Hill.

7. the cultural method of Fructus Benincasae as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that use sufficient base manure, particularly fertilizer before field planting；Double Row plantation, general every 667m²Plant 400～600 strains, drench foot after field planting in time and determine root water, topdress after slow Seedling in good time.

8. the Fructus Benincasae that the cultivation method of Fructus Benincasae as described in any one in claim 1-7 obtains is gathered and stores and transports, and it is special Levy and be, within 60～70 days after setting, gather；Select ventilation, shady and cool place when depositing and padded Caulis et Folium Oryzae, depositing period every Carried out an overturning and inspection every 20～30 days, find that rotten melon is cleared up in time.