CN106194297A - The double branch road heating system of a kind of cogeneration turbine - Google Patents
The double branch road heating system of a kind of cogeneration turbine Download PDFInfo
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- CN106194297A CN106194297A CN201610855742.1A CN201610855742A CN106194297A CN 106194297 A CN106194297 A CN 106194297A CN 201610855742 A CN201610855742 A CN 201610855742A CN 106194297 A CN106194297 A CN 106194297A
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 106
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 175
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 25
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000004087 circulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004899 motility Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000208340 Araliaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005035 Panax pseudoginseng ssp. pseudoginseng Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000003140 Panax quinquefolius Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000017531 blood circulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000008434 ginseng Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005619 thermoelectricity Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K17/00—Using steam or condensate extracted or exhausted from steam engine plant
- F01K17/02—Using steam or condensate extracted or exhausted from steam engine plant for heating purposes, e.g. industrial, domestic
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/14—Combined heat and power generation [CHP]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P80/00—Climate change mitigation technologies for sector-wide applications
- Y02P80/10—Efficient use of energy, e.g. using compressed air or pressurized fluid as energy carrier
- Y02P80/15—On-site combined power, heat or cool generation or distribution, e.g. combined heat and power [CHP] supply
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to steam turbine technology field, particularly relate to the double branch road heating system of a kind of cogeneration turbine, including high, medium and low cylinder pressure and reheater, the steam drain of high pressure cylinder is connected with the entrance of reheater by cold reheaing steam pipe, the outlet of reheater is connected with the air intake of intermediate pressure cylinder by hot reheat steam line, is provided with reheated steam inlet valve group on the air intake of intermediate pressure cylinder；Connecting on cold reheaing steam pipe has cold section of parallel with one another first to draw gas branch road and secondary cooling zone draws gas branch road, and first cold section of branch road that draws gas leads to the first heat supply network, is provided with first cold section of quick closing valve regulation valve that draws gas on first cold section of branch road that draws gas；The secondary cooling zone branch road that draws gas leads to the second heat supply network, is provided with secondary cooling zone and draws gas quick closing valve regulation valve on secondary cooling zone draws gas branch road.Can be extracted by two the cold section branch road that draws gas and obtain the steam that parameter is different, lead in two heat supply networks that the demand parameter that draws gas matches with it respectively, it is achieved that be the heat supplies respectively of two heat supply networks simultaneously.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to steam turbine technology field, particularly relate to the double branch road heating system of a kind of cogeneration turbine.
Background technology
Steam turbine is one of crucial power-equipment in power plant construction, is to convert thermal energy into mechanical energy and then be converted into electricity
The energy conversion device of energy.The high temperature that produced by boiler, high steam, through steam turbine, change heat energy with pressure potential
Becoming the mechanical energy of steam turbine, drive the acting of turbine rotor output shaft, this mechanical energy is passed to by turbine rotor output shaft
Electromotor, thus convert mechanical energy into electric energy.
Gas-steam Combined Cycle means gas turbine as preposition turbine, reclaims gas turbine with waste heat boiler
Exhaust heat, some grades of initial steams of output inject steam turbines, steam expansion work export electric energy in steam turbine.Combustion gas-
Steam Combined Cycle is having the gas turbine of higher average endothermic temperature and the steam turbine with relatively harmonic(-)mean exothermic temperature
Combine, make the high-temperature tail gas of gas turbine enter waste heat boiler and produce steam, and make steam continue acting in steam turbine
Generating, reaches the purpose maximized favourable factors and minimized unfavourable ones, mutually make up, makes the heat energy utilization level of whole combined cycle have compared with simple cycle bright
Aobvious raising.The net efficiency of combined cycle generation is up to 48%～62%.
At present conventional combined cycle system double pressures widely used just like E level circulating power station, without reheat system and F
Level circulating power station used three pressure, reheat system.The former net efficiency that generates electricity is about 50%, and the latter's net efficiency that generates electricity exists
More than 58%.Additionally, also generating efficiency H level combined cycle system more than 60%.Thermoelectricity (cold) coproduction, refers at steamer
Extracting a part of steam at the through-flow suitable location within of machine out and be used for factory steam, original intention is the rational gradient realizing the energy
Utilize.The combined cycle efficiency of cogeneration of heat and power can arrive more than 70%.
Existing combined heat and power blood circulation is provided only with a road extraction line for extracting steam and being sent to heat supply network heat supply, because of
This is only heat supply network and provides heat energy, and can not be the different heat supply network heat supply of two demand parameters that draw gas simultaneously.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is to provide a kind of cogeneration that can be two heat supply networks simultaneously and distinguish heat supplies
The double branch road heating system of steam turbine, to overcome the drawbacks described above of prior art.
In order to solve above-mentioned technical problem, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that the double branch road of a kind of cogeneration turbine
Heating system, including high pressure cylinder, intermediate pressure cylinder, low pressure (LP) cylinder and reheater, the steam drain of high pressure cylinder by cold reheaing steam pipe with
The entrance connection of reheater, the outlet of reheater is connected with the air intake of intermediate pressure cylinder by hot reheat steam line, at intermediate pressure cylinder
Air intake be provided with reheated steam inlet valve group；Connecting on cold reheaing steam pipe has cold section of parallel with one another first to draw gas
Branch road and secondary cooling zone draw gas branch road, and first cold section of branch road that draws gas leads to the first heat supply network, is provided with on first cold section of branch road that draws gas
First cold section of quick closing valve regulation valve that draws gas；The secondary cooling zone branch road that draws gas leads to the second heat supply network, is provided with on secondary cooling zone draws gas branch road
Secondary cooling zone draw gas quick closing valve regulation valve.
Preferably, the downstream first cold section of branch road that draws gas regulating valve at first cold section of quick closing valve that draws gas is provided with first cold section and subtracts
Temperature decompressor.
Preferably, first cold section of branch road that draws gas regulates valve string in the downstream of first cold section of reducing-and-cooling plant by quick closing valve
It is associated with subordinate's reducing-and-cooling plant.
Preferably, subordinate's reducing-and-cooling plant is provided with multiple, and between the adjacent subordinate's reducing-and-cooling plant of each two all
It is provided with a quick closing valve regulation valve.
Preferably, the downstream first cold section of branch road that draws gas regulating valve at first cold section of quick closing valve that draws gas is provided with back pressure type steam turbine
Machine.
Preferably, secondary cooling zone draw gas branch road and the first heat supply network connection.
Preferably, secondary cooling zone draws gas and is provided with secondary cooling zone subtracts in the draw gas downstream of quick closing valve regulation valve of secondary cooling zone on branch road
Temperature decompressor.
Preferably, draw gas at hot reheat steam line and secondary cooling zone and be communicated with hot arc between branch road and draw gas branch road, and heat
The section branch road that draws gas is connected at the secondary cooling zone downstream of the quick closing valve regulation valve branch road that draws gas with secondary cooling zone that draws gas；Draw gas branch road at hot arc
Be provided with hot arc draw gas quick closing valve regulation valve.
Preferably, hot arc draws gas and is provided with hot arc reducing-and-cooling plant in the draw gas downstream of quick closing valve regulation valve of hot arc on branch road.
Preferably, secondary cooling zone draws gas and is provided with steam header in the draw gas downstream of quick closing valve regulation valve of secondary cooling zone on branch road,
The hot arc branch road that draws gas connects with steam header.
Preferably, hot arc draws gas and is provided with hot arc draws gas shut-off valve in the draw gas upstream of quick closing valve regulation valve of hot arc on branch road.
Preferably, cold reheaing steam pipe is provided with extraction line, extraction line connect first cold section draw gas branch road and
Secondary cooling zone draws gas branch road, is provided with the cold section of shut-off valve that draws gas on extraction line.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has the most progressive: uses height row to draw gas, and is provided with two in parallel cold section
Draw gas branch road, can be extracted the steam obtaining different parameters by two the cold section branch road that draws gas, and lead to demand ginseng of drawing gas respectively
In two heat supply networks that number matches with it, thus realize is the heat supplies respectively of two heat supply networks simultaneously, can meet the confession of different heat supply network
Heat demand, has been obviously improved motility and the adaptability of cogeneration system, has decreased the phenomenon of high-quality energy waste.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is a kind of structural representation of the double branch road heating system of cogeneration turbine of the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the another kind of structural representation of the double branch road heating system of cogeneration turbine of the embodiment of the present invention.
In figure:
HP, high pressure cylinder IP, intermediate pressure cylinder LP, low pressure (LP) cylinder
2, reheater the 3, first heat supply network 4, condenser
5, first cold section of reducing-and-cooling plant 6, high pressure main steam inlet valve group 6a, high pressure main stop valve
6b, septum valve 7, reheated steam inlet valve group 7a, reheating main steam valve
7b, reheat control valve 8, low pressure filling valve group 8a, low pressure stop valve
8b, low pressure modulating valve 9, high exhaust check valve 10, first cold section draw gas quick closing valve regulation valve
11, hot arc draw gas quick closing valve regulation valve 12, high pressure bypass valve the 13, first spray water control valve
14, intermediate pressure by-pass valve the 15, second spray water control valve 16, low voltage bypass valve
17, the 3rd spray water control valve 18, high row ventilation valve 19, the cold section of shut-off valve that draws gas
20, hot arc draws gas shut-off valve 21, high row shut-off valve 22, hot arc reducing-and-cooling plant
23, the second heat supply network 24, secondary cooling zone draw gas quick closing valve regulation valve 25, steam header
26, subordinate's reducing-and-cooling plant 27, quick closing valve regulation valve 28, secondary cooling zone reducing-and-cooling plant
29, back pressure turbine
100, cold reheaing steam pipe 101, first cold section draws gas branch road 102, air pipeline
103, secondary cooling zone draws gas branch road 104, extraction line 200, hot reheat steam line
201, hot arc draws gas branch road 202, intermediate pressure by-pass 300, High Pressure Steam Host Piping
301, high pressure turbine by 400, low pressure gas filling pipeline 401, low voltage bypass
500, first water pipeline the 600, second water pipeline the 700, the 3rd water pipeline
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings the detailed description of the invention of the present invention is described in further detail.These embodiments are only used for
The present invention is described, and not limitation of the present invention.
In describing the invention, it should be noted that term " on ", D score, "front", "rear", "left", "right", " perpendicular
Directly ", orientation or the position relationship of the instruction such as " level ", " top ", " end " " interior ", " outward " is based on orientation shown in the drawings or position
Relation, is for only for ease of the description present invention and simplifies description rather than instruction or imply that the device of indication or element must have
Have specific orientation, with specific azimuth configuration and operation, be therefore not considered as limiting the invention.Additionally, term " the
One ", " second " be only used for describe purpose, and it is not intended that instruction or hint relative importance.
As depicted in figs. 1 and 2, a kind of embodiment of the double branch road heating system of the cogeneration turbine of the present invention.This reality
The double branch road heating system of cogeneration turbine executing example includes high pressure cylinder HP, intermediate pressure cylinder IP, low pressure (LP) cylinder LP, reheater 2, condensing
Device 4, cold reheaing steam pipe 100, hot reheat steam line 200, High Pressure Steam Host Piping 300 and low pressure gas filling pipeline 400.?
In the present embodiment, high pressure cylinder HP, intermediate pressure cylinder IP and low pressure (LP) cylinder LP can use high pressure cylinder HP individually to divide cylinder, intermediate pressure cylinder IP and low pressure
Cylinder LP closes the structure of cylinder, it would however also be possible to employ high pressure cylinder HP and intermediate pressure cylinder IP conjunction cylinder, low pressure (LP) cylinder LP individually divide structure or the height of cylinder
Cylinder pressure HP, intermediate pressure cylinder IP and low pressure (LP) cylinder LP the most individually divide the structure of cylinder.The double branch road of the cogeneration turbine of the present embodiment supplies
Especially suitable three pressures of hot systems, reheating combined cycle thermoelectric co-feeding system, below with three pressures, reheating combined cycle thermoelectric alliance system
As a example by system.In three pressures, reheating combined cycle thermoelectric co-feeding system, the steam produced in waste heat boiler includes three strands: high pressure master
Steam, reheat heat steam and low-pressure steam, each lead in high pressure cylinder HP, intermediate pressure cylinder IP and low pressure (LP) cylinder LP.Reheater 2 is for right
The gaseous mixture of the middle pressure steam in the cold reheated steam of high pressure cylinder HP discharge and waste heat boiler carries out reheating and producing reheat heat
Steam.
Specifically, in the present embodiment, the air intake of high pressure cylinder HP connects with High Pressure Steam Host Piping 300, by high pressure master
Jet chimney 300 is passed through high pressure main steam in high pressure cylinder HP.The air intake of high pressure cylinder HP is provided with high pressure main steam and enters vapour
Valve group 6, for controlling and regulate the throttle flow of high pressure main steam.High pressure main steam inlet valve group 6 include high pressure main stop valve 6a and
Septum valve 6b, high pressure main stop valve 6a and septum valve 6b connect.The steam drain of high pressure cylinder HP is by cold reheated steam pipe
Road 100 connects with the entrance of reheater 2, and high row's steam (the coldest reheated steam) that high pressure cylinder HP steam drain is discharged is steamed through cold reheating
Steam pipe road 100 is passed through in reheater 2 and reheats.Cold reheaing steam pipe 100 is provided with high exhaust check valve 9, is used for preventing
Only cold reheated steam flows backwards in high pressure cylinder HP.
The outlet of reheater 2 is connected by the air intake of hot reheat steam line 200 with intermediate pressure cylinder IP, produces in reheater 2
Raw reheat heat steam is in hot reheat steam line 200 is passed through intermediate pressure cylinder IP.The air intake of intermediate pressure cylinder IP is provided with reheating
Steam inlet valve group 7, for controlling and regulate the throttle flow of reheat heat steam.Reheated steam inlet valve group 7 includes the main vapour of reheating
Valve 7a and reheat control valve 7b, reheating main steam valve 7a and reheat control valve 7b connect.
Connect on the air intake of low pressure (LP) cylinder LP and have low pressure gas filling pipeline 400, by low pressure gas filling pipeline 400 in low pressure (LP) cylinder LP
It is passed through low-pressure steam.The air intake of low pressure (LP) cylinder LP is provided with low pressure filling valve group 8, for controlling and regulating entering of low-pressure steam
Vapour amount.Low pressure filling valve group 8 includes that low pressure stop valve 8a and low pressure modulating valve 8b, low pressure stop valve 8a and low pressure modulating valve 8b go here and there
Connection.Preferably, on low pressure gas filling pipeline 400, the upstream of low pressure filling valve group 8 can also arrange a low pressure and mend steam control valve group
(not shown), at big flow height, row draws gas under operating mode, and low pressure mends the regulation valve in steam control valve group can control low pressure benefit
Steam valve group 8 pressure in front of the door.
In the present embodiment, cold reheaing steam pipe 100 connects and has cold section of parallel with one another first to draw gas branch road 101 He
Secondary cooling zone draws gas branch road 103.First cold section of branch road 101 that draws gas leads to the first heat supply network 3, is used for extracting cold reheaing steam pipe
The cold reheated steam of part in 100, and by extraction cold reheated steam send into the first heat supply network 3 is thought the first heat supply network 3 provide heat
Amount.First cold section of quick closing valve regulation valve 10 that draws gas it is provided with on draw gas branch road 101 at first cold section.Draw gas branch road 103 of secondary cooling zone leads to
To the second heat supply network 23, for extracting the cold reheated steam of part in cold reheaing steam pipe 100, and by the cold reheated steam of extraction
Send into the second heat supply network 23 heat supply.Be provided with on secondary cooling zone draws gas branch road 103 secondary cooling zone draw gas quick closing valve regulation valve 24.
When the temperature parameter of the first heat supply network 3 and the second heat supply network 23 demand steam is suitable with high row's vapor (steam) temperature, first
In the case of the amount of drawing gas of heat supply network 3 and the second heat supply network 23 demand is less, first cold section is drawn gas branch road 101 and secondary cooling zone draws gas
Steam flow in road 103 is less, by first cold section draw gas quick closing valve regulation valve 10 and secondary cooling zone draw gas quick closing valve regulation valve 24
The regulation of aperture size can realize first cold section and draw gas branch road 101 and secondary cooling zone draws gas and extracts steam pressure in branch road 103
Regulation, thus obtain the steam of the demand pressure match parameters with the first heat supply network 3 and the second heat supply network 23, to be respectively fed to the
One heat supply network 3 and the second heat supply network 23 heat supply.
In order to meet the first heat supply network 3, at the temperature parameter of its demand steam, the most quite or demand is taken out with high row's vapor (steam) temperature
Vapour amount increase time demand of drawing gas, it is preferable that as it is shown in figure 1, on branch road 101 can being drawn gas at first cold section first cold section draw gas
The downstream of quick closing valve regulation valve 10 arranges first cold section of reducing-and-cooling plant 5, the cold reheating of extraction in first cold section of branch road 101 that draws gas
Steam can obtain temperature after first cold section of reducing-and-cooling plant 5 pressure and temperature reducing processes and pressure is all joined with the first heat supply network 3 demand
The steam that number matches, sends into the first heat supply network 3 heat supply.According to the needs of actual heat supply, at first cold section of reducing-and-cooling plant 5
Can also be connected one or more subordinate's reducing-and-cooling plant 26 by quick closing valve regulation valve 27 in downstream, every adjacent Liang Ge subordinate subtracts
A quick closing valve regulation valve 27 it is respectively connected with between temperature decompressor 26.Steam in first cold section of reducing-and-cooling plant 5 is through subordinate
After the further pressure and temperature reducing of reducing-and-cooling plant 26, the heat supply network heat supply that pressure demand is lower can be gone.As in figure 2 it is shown, the present embodiment
On can also draw gas branch road 101 at first cold section, the downstream of first cold section of quick closing valve regulation valve 10 that draws gas arranges a back pressure turbine
29, steam drain and first heat supply network 3 of back pressure turbine 29 connect.The back pressure of back pressure turbine 29 can be set to the first heat supply network 3
Heat demand pressure, thus be embodied as the first heat supply network 3 and the steam that matches with its demand parameter be provided, it is possible to reduce energy damage
Lose, it is to avoid high-quality energy waste.Preferably, the branch road 103 that can be drawn gas by secondary cooling zone also connects with the first heat supply network 3, at the back of the body
When pressure type steam turbine 29 can not meet the heat demand of the first heat supply network 3, the secondary cooling zone branch road 103 that draws gas supply to the first heat supply network 3
Heat.
In order to meet the second heat supply network 23 its demand steam temperature parameter and high row's vapor (steam) temperature the most quite or demand
Demand of the drawing gas when amount of drawing gas increases, the present embodiment draws gas at hot reheat steam line 200 and secondary cooling zone and connects between branch road 103
Being connected with hot arc to draw gas branch road 201, the hot arc branch road 201 that draws gas is positioned at the upstream of reheated steam inlet valve group 7, and hot arc draws gas branch road
201 are connected at the secondary cooling zone downstream of quick closing valve regulation valve 24 branch road 103 that draws gas with secondary cooling zone that draws gas.Draw gas branch road at hot arc
201 be provided with hot arc draw gas quick closing valve regulation valve 11.Hot arc draws gas branch road 201 for extracting the portion in hot reheat steam line 200
Point reheat heat steam, and after the cold reheated steam that extracts of the branch road 103 that the reheat heat steam of extraction and secondary cooling zone drawn gas mixes
Send into the second heat supply network 23 heat supply, can increase total extraction flow and be lifted in secondary cooling zone reducing-and-cooling plant 28 cold
The temperature of reheated steam, it is to avoid secondary cooling zone draw gas the flow of cold reheated steam of branch road 103 extraction and temperature relatively low and can not
Meet the actual demand of drawing gas of the second heat supply network 23 so that the flow of the steam of extraction and temperature and the actual demand of the second heat supply network 23
Match.
Preferably, hot arc draws gas and is provided with hot arc pressure and temperature reducing in the draw gas downstream of quick closing valve regulation valve 11 of hot arc on branch road 201
Device 22, hot arc draw gas branch road 201 extraction reheat heat steam through hot arc reducing-and-cooling plant 22 pressure and temperature reducing process after again with
Secondary cooling zone draw gas branch road 103 extraction cold reheated steam mixing.Further, it is possible on secondary cooling zone draws gas branch road 103
The draw gas downstream of quick closing valve regulation valve 24 of secondary cooling zone arranges a steam header 25, and the hot arc branch road 201 that draws gas connects with steam header 25,
Hot arc draws gas in branch road 201 steam after hot arc reducing-and-cooling plant 22 pressure and temperature reducing and secondary cooling zone draws gas, and branch road 103 is taken out
The cold reheated steam taken mixes in steam header 25, is then fed into the second heat supply network 23 heat supply.It is highly preferred that can be cold second
Section the draw gas downstream of quick closing valve regulation valve 24 of secondary cooling zone on branch road 103 of drawing gas arranges secondary cooling zone reducing-and-cooling plant 28, and the
Secondary cooling zone reducing-and-cooling plant 28 is positioned at the upstream of steam header 25, and the secondary cooling zone cold reheating of extraction in branch road 103 of drawing gas is steamed
Vapour enters steam header 25 after secondary cooling zone reducing-and-cooling plant 28 pressure and temperature reducing processes, and draws gas warp in branch road 201 with hot arc
Steam after hot arc reducing-and-cooling plant 22 pressure and temperature reducing, it is thus achieved that temperature and pressure all with the second heat supply network 23 demand parameter phase
The steam of coupling, sends into the second heat supply network 23 heat supply.
In the present embodiment, first cold section of quick closing valve regulation valve 10 that draws gas is for controlling and regulating first cold section of branch road that draws gas
Extract and send into the flow of the cold reheated steam of the first heat supply network 3 in 101, secondary cooling zone draw gas quick closing valve regulation valve 24 for control and
Regulating secondary cooling zone to draw gas the flow of the cold reheated steam extracting and sending into the second heat supply network 23 in branch road 103, hot arc draws gas quick closing valve
Regulation valve 11 draws gas the flow of reheat heat steam of branch road 201 extraction for controlling and regulating hot arc.Drawn gas by first cold section
Quick closing valve regulation valve 10, secondary cooling zone draw gas, and quick closing valve regulates valve 24, hot arc draws gas quick closing valve regulation valve 11 and reheated steam inlet valve group 7
In reheat control valve 7b cooperate, first cold section can be drawn gas branch road 101 and secondary cooling zone draws gas branch road 103 and cold reheating
Cold reheated steam assignment of traffic in jet chimney 100, hot arc draw gas branch road 201 with the heat in hot reheat steam line 200 again
Vapours assignment of traffic is adjusted and controls, it is achieved adjustable steam extraction, improves the heat capacity of turbine system.Cold by first
Draw gas quick closing valve regulation valve 10, secondary cooling zone of section draws gas quick closing valve regulation valve 24 and hot arc draws gas the turning off or on of quick closing valve regulation valve 11
Then optional give the first heat supply network 3 and the second heat supply network 23 heat supply or only to one of them heat supply simultaneously.
The present embodiment can illustrate to the parameter of drawing gas when the first heat supply network 3 and the second heat supply network 23 heat supply with declared working condition simultaneously
It is bright as follows: first cold section of branch road 101 that draws gas extracts high row's steam that flow is 167.25t/h from cold reheaing steam pipe 100,
The high row's steam wherein having 116.5t/h flow enters first cold section of pressure and temperature reducing dress through first cold section of quick closing valve regulation valve 10 that draws gas
Put in 5, after first cold section of reducing-and-cooling plant 5 processes, obtain the lower temperature steam that flow is 120t/h, send into the first heat
Net 3 heat supply；High row's steam of 50.75t/h flow is also had to adjust through the secondary cooling zone quick closing valve that draws gas of the secondary cooling zone on branch road 103 that draws gas
Joint valve 24 and secondary cooling zone reducing-and-cooling plant 28 enter in steam header 25.Hot arc draws gas branch road 201 from reheat heat steam pipe
Extracting the reheat heat steam that flow is 9.25t/h in road 200, under declared working condition, hot arc reducing-and-cooling plant 22 need not be opened, heat
The reheat heat steam that draws gas in branch road 201 of section enters in steam header 25 through the hot arc quick closing valve regulation valve 11 that draws gas, cold with through second
Section is drawn gas high row's steam that branch road 103 enters in steam header 25, it is thus achieved that flow is the higher temperature steam of 60t/h, send
Enter the second heat supply network 23 heat supply.When the steam consumption that the second heat supply network 23 needs is more than rated heating capacity, hot arc pressure and temperature reducing can be opened
Device 22, increases the hot arc amount of drawing gas, and high row's steam of the branch road 103 that draws gas with secondary cooling zone extraction mixes in steam header 25 and reaches
The second heat supply network 23 is sent into after desired parameters and flow.
Preferably, the present embodiment is provided with extraction line 104 on cold reheaing steam pipe 100, and extraction line 104 connects
One cold section is drawn gas branch road 101 and secondary cooling zone draws gas branch road 103, is provided with the cold section of shut-off valve 19 that draws gas on extraction line 104.?
For under thermal condition, the cold section of shut-off valve 19 that draws gas is in normally open, and first cold section is drawn gas branch road 101 and secondary cooling zone draws gas branch road
103 normally work.If now the first heat supply network 3 or the second heat supply network 23 break down, can cut by closing the cold section of shut-off valve 19 that draws gas
Disconnected first cold section is drawn gas branch road 101 and secondary cooling zone draws gas the circulation status of branch road 103, disconnect cold reheaing steam pipe 100 with
First heat supply network 3 and the connection of the second heat supply network 23, thus avoid because the first heat supply network 3 or the second heat supply network 23 fault affect turbine system
Run and cause compressor emergency shutdown, set grid-connection safe and stable operation is played a protective role.Supply under thermal condition, due to first non-
Cold section is drawn gas quick closing valve regulation valve 10 and the secondary cooling zone quick closing valve regulation valve 24 that draws gas there may be and is not closed completely close problem and easy
Produce the leakage of cold reheated steam, now by closing the cold section of shut-off valve 19 that draws gas, it is possible to ensure to draw gas first cold section branch road 101
Close tightly with the secondary cooling zone branch road 103 that draws gas, it is to avoid the leakage waste of cold reheated steam occurs.
Further, being additionally provided with hot arc and draw gas shut-off valve 20 on hot arc draws gas branch road 201, the hot arc shut-off valve 20 that draws gas is positioned at
Hot arc draw gas quick closing valve regulation valve 11 upstream.When hot arc draw gas branch road 201 also assist in heat supply time, with cold section of shut-off valve 19 phase of drawing gas
With ground, the hot arc shut-off valve 20 that draws gas is in normally open, and the hot arc branch road 201 that draws gas normally works.If now the second heat supply network 23
Raw fault, can cut off hot arc draw gas the circulation status of branch road 201 by closing the hot arc shut-off valve 20 that draws gas, disconnect reheat heat steam
Pipeline 200 and the connection of the second heat supply network 23, thus avoid causing machine because the second heat supply network 23 fault affects turbine system operation
Group is shut down, and plays a protective role set grid-connection safe and stable operation.Non-under thermal condition, owing to hot arc draws gas quick closing valve regulation
Valve 11 there may be and is not closed completely close problem and easily produces the leakage of reheat heat steam, draws gas shutoff now by closing hot arc
Valve 20, it is possible to the branch road 201 that ensures to draw gas hot arc is closed tightly, it is to avoid occur the leakage of reheat heat steam to waste.
Further, in the present embodiment, between High Pressure Steam Host Piping 300 and cold reheaing steam pipe 100, it is communicated with height
Pressure bypass 301, high pressure turbine by 301 is positioned at the upstream of high pressure main steam inlet valve group 6.High pressure turbine by 301 is provided with by high pressure
Road valve 12, high pressure bypass valve 12 connects with the first water pipeline 500, and the first water pipeline 500 is provided with the first spray water control valve
13。
Being provided with intermediate pressure by-pass 202 on hot reheat steam line 200, intermediate pressure by-pass 202 is positioned at hot arc and draws gas branch road 201
Upstream, intermediate pressure by-pass 202 connects with condenser 4.Intermediate pressure by-pass 202 is provided with intermediate pressure by-pass valve 14, intermediate pressure by-pass valve 14 with
Second water pipeline 600 connects, and the second water pipeline 600 is provided with the second spray water control valve 15.
Low pressure gas filling pipeline 400 is provided with low voltage bypass 401, and low voltage bypass 401 is positioned at the upper of low pressure filling valve group 8
Trip, low voltage bypass 401 connects with condenser 4.Low voltage bypass 401 is provided with low voltage bypass valve 16, low voltage bypass valve 16 and
Three water pipelines 700 connect, and the 3rd water pipeline 700 is provided with the 3rd spray water control valve 17.
Additionally, be provided with air pipeline 102 on cold reheaing steam pipe 100, and air pipeline 102 is positioned at high exhaust check valve
The upstream of 9, air pipeline 102 connects with condenser 4, is provided with high row's ventilation valve 18 on air pipeline 102.
Thus, the double branch road heating system of the cogeneration turbine of the present embodiment is in steam turbine fault or at the first heat supply network 3
And second heat demand of heat supply network 23 when strengthening further, still can realize heat supply, steam turbine can be excised, it is achieved steamer
Machine fault condition or full cut condition heat supply, thus realize the maximization of heat capacity.Now, gas turbine is normal with waste heat boiler
Run, the high pressure main steam inlet valve group 6 of turbine system, reheated steam inlet valve group 7, low pressure filling valve group 8 and high row
Non-return valve 9 Close All.After high pressure main steam enters High Pressure Steam Host Piping 300, can enter in high pressure turbine by 301, through height
It is passed through in cold reheaing steam pipe 100 after pressure bypass valve 12 and the first spray water control valve 13 spray cooling and is divided into two-way: its
In a road enter in extraction line 104, and send into the first heat supply network 3 and/or the second heat supply network 23 heat supply；The cold reheating of another Lu Zejing is steamed
Steam pipe road 100 enters in reheater 2, and is passed through hot reheat steam line 200 from the outlet of reheater 2, subsequently into hot arc
Draw gas branch road 201, sends into the second heat supply network 23 heat supply after steam header 25.Low-pressure steam in waste heat boiler then can be sent to and take out
The heat supply network heat supply that vapour demand pressure parameter is relatively low, it is also possible in low voltage bypass 401 sends into condenser 4.
Further, the present embodiment is additionally provided with high row's shut-off valve 21, high row's shut-off valve 21 on cold reheaing steam pipe 100
In the upstream of first cold section of branch road 101 that draws gas the downstream that is positioned at high exhaust check valve 9.When non-faulting operating mode heat supply, Gao Paiguan
Disconnected valve 21 is shown in a fully open operation.When fault condition heat supply, close height row's shut-off valve 21, can prevent because high exhaust check valve 9 is closed
Imprecision and produce steam leakage, it is to avoid high pressure main steam is leaked into height by cold reheaing steam pipe 100 through high exhaust check valve 9
In cylinder pressure HP.
In sum, the double branch road heating system of the cogeneration turbine of the present embodiment uses height row to draw gas, and is provided with two
The cold section of branch road that draws gas of individual parallel connection, can be extracted the steam obtaining different parameters, and lead to respectively by two the cold section branch road that draws gas
In two heat supply networks that the demand parameter that draws gas matches with it, it is achieved thereby that be the heat supplies respectively of two heat supply networks simultaneously, Ke Yiman
The heat demand of the different heat supply network of foot.Particularly height row steam temperature be only capable of meet a heat supply network heat supply temperature parameter want
Ask, and when can not meet the heat supply temperature parameter request of another heat supply network, utilize double of the cogeneration turbine of the present embodiment
Road heating system, it is possible to achieve simultaneously meet the heat demand of the two heat supply network.Such as: the heating parameter demand of the first heat supply network 3
For: 1.8MPa, 280 DEG C, flow is 120t/h；The heating parameter demand of the second heat supply network 23 is 2.0MPa, 350 DEG C, and flow is
80t/h.High row's steam (cold reheated steam) parameter of general F level Combined Cycle Unit is 3.0MPa, about 330 DEG C, extraction
The pressure of high row's steam can meet the first heat supply network 3 and heat supply pressure demand of the second heat supply network 23, but the height of extraction arranges steam
Temperature cannot meet the heat supply temperature demand of the second heat supply network 23.Now, the double branch road of cogeneration turbine of the present embodiment is used
Heating system, is supplemented by hot arc branch road 201 drawing gas of branch road 103 of drawing gas secondary cooling zone of drawing gas, and it is cold to improve second
Section is drawn gas the temperature of the cold reheated steam of extraction in branch road 103, such that it is able to meet the second heat supply network 23 higher heat supply temperature need
Ask (higher than height row's vapor (steam) temperature).Thus, it is not necessary to the flow on whole cold section of extraction for heat supply pipeline is carried out entirety and joins vapour intensification,
Vapour joined on a small quantity by the branch road 103 that only draws gas secondary cooling zone.The cogeneration turbine of the present embodiment double branch road heat supply system
System has been obviously improved motility and the adaptability of cogeneration system, decreases the phenomenon of high-quality energy waste.
The above is only the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is noted that for the ordinary skill people of the art
For Yuan, on the premise of without departing from the technology of the present invention principle, it is also possible to make some improvement and replacement, these improve and replace
Also should be regarded as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (12)
1. the double branch road heating system of a cogeneration turbine, it is characterised in that include high pressure cylinder (HP), intermediate pressure cylinder (IP),
Low pressure (LP) cylinder (LP) and reheater (2), the steam drain of described high pressure cylinder (HP) is by cold reheaing steam pipe (100) and described reheating
The entrance connection of device (2), the outlet of described reheater (2) is by hot reheat steam line (200) and medium pressure cylinder (IP)
Air intake connects, and is provided with reheated steam inlet valve group (7) on the air intake of medium pressure cylinder (IP)；In described cold reheated steam
Pipeline (100) is upper to be connected has cold section of branch road that draws gas (101) of parallel with one another first and secondary cooling zone to draw gas branch road (103), described
First cold section of branch road that draws gas (101) leads to the first heat supply network (3), is provided with first cold on described first cold section of branch road that draws gas (101)
Section draw gas quick closing valve regulation valve (10)；The described secondary cooling zone branch road (103) that draws gas leads to the second heat supply network (23), at described secondary cooling zone
The branch road (103) that draws gas be provided with secondary cooling zone draw gas quick closing valve regulation valve (24).
The double branch road heating system of cogeneration turbine the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described first cold section
The downstream at described first cold section quick closing valve regulation valve (10) that draws gas of drawing gas on branch road (101) is provided with first cold section of reducing-and-cooling plant
(5)。
The double branch road heating system of cogeneration turbine the most according to claim 2, it is characterised in that described first cold section
Draw gas on branch road (101) under the downstream of described first cold section of reducing-and-cooling plant (5) is in series with by quick closing valve regulation valve (27)
Level reducing-and-cooling plant (26).
The double branch road heating system of cogeneration turbine the most according to claim 3, it is characterised in that described subordinate desuperheat
Decompressor (26) is provided with multiple, and is equipped with a quick closing valve regulation between the adjacent subordinate's reducing-and-cooling plant (26) of each two
Valve (27).
The double branch road heating system of cogeneration turbine the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described first cold section
The downstream at described first cold section quick closing valve regulation valve (10) that draws gas of drawing gas on branch road (101) is provided with back pressure turbine (29).
The double branch road heating system of cogeneration turbine the most according to claim 5, it is characterised in that described secondary cooling zone
The branch road (103) that draws gas connects with described first heat supply network (3).
The double branch road heating system of cogeneration turbine the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described secondary cooling zone
Draw gas and be provided with secondary cooling zone reducing-and-cooling plant in the draw gas downstream of quick closing valve regulation valve (24) of described secondary cooling zone on branch road (103)
(28)。
The double branch road heating system of cogeneration turbine the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that at described reheat heat
Jet chimney (200) and described secondary cooling zone draw gas and are communicated with hot arc between branch road (103) and draw gas branch road (201), and described heat
The section branch road (201) that draws gas draws gas branch road at draw gas downstream and the described secondary cooling zone of quick closing valve regulation valve (24) of described secondary cooling zone
(103) connect；Be provided with on described hot arc draws gas branch road (201) hot arc draw gas quick closing valve regulation valve (11).
The double branch road heating system of cogeneration turbine the most according to claim 8, it is characterised in that described hot arc draws gas
On branch road (201) described hot arc draw gas quick closing valve regulation valve (11) downstream be provided with hot arc reducing-and-cooling plant (22).
The double branch road heating system of cogeneration turbine the most according to claim 8, it is characterised in that described second cold
Section is drawn gas, and branch road (103) is upper to be regulated the downstream of valve (24) be provided with steam header (25) at the described secondary cooling zone quick closing valve that draws gas, described
The hot arc branch road (201) that draws gas connects with described steam header (25).
The double branch road heating system of 11. cogeneration turbines according to claim 8, it is characterised in that described hot arc is taken out
It is provided with hot arc draws gas shut-off valve (20) in the draw gas upstream of quick closing valve regulation valve (11) of described hot arc on vapour branch road (201).
The double branch road heating system of 12. cogeneration turbines according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described cold again
Vapours pipeline (100) is provided with extraction line (104), and described extraction line (104) connects described first cold section of branch road that draws gas
(101) draw gas branch road (103) with secondary cooling zone, described extraction line (104) is provided with the cold section of shut-off valve that draws gas (19).
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| CN201610855742.1A CN106194297A (en) | 2016-09-27 | 2016-09-27 | The double branch road heating system of a kind of cogeneration turbine |
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| CN201610855742.1A CN106194297A (en) | 2016-09-27 | 2016-09-27 | The double branch road heating system of a kind of cogeneration turbine |
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| CN201610855742.1A Pending CN106194297A (en) | 2016-09-27 | 2016-09-27 | The double branch road heating system of a kind of cogeneration turbine |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106640239A (en) * | 2016-12-19 | 2017-05-10 | 河南省电力勘测设计院 | Temperature reducing and pressure reducing device |
| CN107060917A (en) * | 2016-12-16 | 2017-08-18 | 大唐东北电力试验研究所有限公司 | Cogeneration units depth peak regulation system and method are improved using unit bypass heat supply |
| CN108223028A (en) * | 2018-02-11 | 2018-06-29 | 华电郑州机械设计研究院有限公司 | A kind of filling formula back pressure turbine heating system |
| CN109404075A (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-03-01 | 上海电气电站设备有限公司 | Small turbine back pressure controls therrmodynamic system and its control method |
| CN109854315A (en) * | 2019-02-02 | 2019-06-07 | 华电电力科学研究院有限公司 | A kind of heating system and its operation method integrated for Combined cycle gas-steam turbine unit steam extraction |
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| CN112049701A (en) * | 2020-08-28 | 2020-12-08 | 中国联合工程有限公司 | Steam extraction and heat supply adjusting method for steam turbine for mixing new steam in heat supply power station |
| CN112197252A (en) * | 2020-10-30 | 2021-01-08 | 华电郑州机械设计研究院有限公司 | A main steam heating system with supplementary steam bypass |
| CN112502788A (en) * | 2020-09-30 | 2021-03-16 | 广西电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 | Control method of combined heat and power generation unit based on reheater cold and hot section cooperative steam extraction |
| CN112502789A (en) * | 2020-09-30 | 2021-03-16 | 广西电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 | Combined heat and power generation unit with reheater cold and hot sections for steam extraction in cooperation |
| CN113137650A (en) * | 2021-04-16 | 2021-07-20 | 浙江大学 | Steam heat network system combined with distributed power generation and regulation and control method |
| CN114658497A (en) * | 2022-03-01 | 2022-06-24 | 华电电力科学研究院有限公司 | Switching front-end control system and control method for steam extraction system of double-extraction back steam turbine |
| CN115217560A (en) * | 2022-07-08 | 2022-10-21 | 西安热工研究院有限公司 | Heating network auxiliary peak regulation system and method |
| CN115388394A (en) * | 2022-08-25 | 2022-11-25 | 南京金陵石化建筑安装工程有限公司 | Steam system fault quick response method, device, equipment and storage medium |
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| CN107060917A (en) * | 2016-12-16 | 2017-08-18 | 大唐东北电力试验研究所有限公司 | Cogeneration units depth peak regulation system and method are improved using unit bypass heat supply |
| CN106640239A (en) * | 2016-12-19 | 2017-05-10 | 河南省电力勘测设计院 | Temperature reducing and pressure reducing device |
| CN108223028A (en) * | 2018-02-11 | 2018-06-29 | 华电郑州机械设计研究院有限公司 | A kind of filling formula back pressure turbine heating system |
| CN109404075A (en) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-03-01 | 上海电气电站设备有限公司 | Small turbine back pressure controls therrmodynamic system and its control method |
| CN109854315A (en) * | 2019-02-02 | 2019-06-07 | 华电电力科学研究院有限公司 | A kind of heating system and its operation method integrated for Combined cycle gas-steam turbine unit steam extraction |
| CN109854315B (en) * | 2019-02-02 | 2023-09-08 | 华电电力科学研究院有限公司 | Heating system for gas-steam combined cycle unit steam extraction integration and operation method thereof |
| CN109870295A (en) * | 2019-02-20 | 2019-06-11 | 华电电力科学研究院有限公司 | A kind of online service life evaluation system of thermal power plant jet chimney and method |
| CN109870295B (en) * | 2019-02-20 | 2023-09-22 | 华电电力科学研究院有限公司 | Steam pipeline online life assessment system and method for thermal power plant |
| CN112049701B (en) * | 2020-08-28 | 2022-06-21 | 中国联合工程有限公司 | Steam turbine extraction and heat supply adjusting method for mixing new steam in heating power station |
| CN112049701A (en) * | 2020-08-28 | 2020-12-08 | 中国联合工程有限公司 | Steam extraction and heat supply adjusting method for steam turbine for mixing new steam in heat supply power station |
| CN112502789B (en) * | 2020-09-30 | 2022-11-22 | 广西电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 | Combined heat and power generation unit with reheater cold and hot sections for steam extraction in cooperation |
| CN112502789A (en) * | 2020-09-30 | 2021-03-16 | 广西电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 | Combined heat and power generation unit with reheater cold and hot sections for steam extraction in cooperation |
| CN112502788B (en) * | 2020-09-30 | 2022-11-22 | 广西电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 | Control method of combined heat and power generation unit based on reheater cold and hot section cooperative steam extraction |
| CN112502788A (en) * | 2020-09-30 | 2021-03-16 | 广西电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 | Control method of combined heat and power generation unit based on reheater cold and hot section cooperative steam extraction |
| CN112197252A (en) * | 2020-10-30 | 2021-01-08 | 华电郑州机械设计研究院有限公司 | A main steam heating system with supplementary steam bypass |
| CN113137650A (en) * | 2021-04-16 | 2021-07-20 | 浙江大学 | Steam heat network system combined with distributed power generation and regulation and control method |
| CN113137650B (en) * | 2021-04-16 | 2022-06-24 | 浙江大学 | A control method for steam heating network system combined with distributed power generation |
| CN114658497A (en) * | 2022-03-01 | 2022-06-24 | 华电电力科学研究院有限公司 | Switching front-end control system and control method for steam extraction system of double-extraction back steam turbine |
| CN114658497B (en) * | 2022-03-01 | 2023-08-29 | 华电电力科学研究院有限公司 | Switching front-end control method for steam extraction system of double-extraction back steam turbine |
| CN115217560A (en) * | 2022-07-08 | 2022-10-21 | 西安热工研究院有限公司 | Heating network auxiliary peak regulation system and method |
| CN115217560B (en) * | 2022-07-08 | 2023-10-20 | 西安热工研究院有限公司 | Auxiliary peak shaving system and method for heat supply network |
| CN115388394A (en) * | 2022-08-25 | 2022-11-25 | 南京金陵石化建筑安装工程有限公司 | Steam system fault quick response method, device, equipment and storage medium |
| CN115388394B (en) * | 2022-08-25 | 2025-03-04 | 南京金陵石化建筑安装工程有限公司 | Steam system fault rapid response method, device, equipment and storage medium |
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Application publication date: 20161207 |