Background technique
In recent years, with the heavy constructions such as utilize of energy extraction, nuclear waste disposal, hydraulic engineering and the underground space
A large amount of to build, rock Seepage problems are increasingly paid close attention to, in geotechnical engineerings such as mining, water conservancy and hydropower, tunnel, slope reinforcements
In, fracture seepage has an important influence the stability of rock mass engineering project.One side rock cranny leads to underground engineering water damage
The presence of one of the major reasons, another aspect crack has been greatly reduced rock mass strength.It is well known that because the compressibility of water
Very little is easy transmitting pressure, can change the stress state in rock mass containing the Fluid pressure in water voids.But the deformation of rock mass
Property and the deformation property of fluid have apparent difference, so the change of stress field caused by Fluid pressure, and flowing
The consecutive variations of fluid stress caused by groundwater dynamic property all play very important shadow to the deformation behavior of geologic body
It rings.Therefore, the failure mechanism and strength characteristics for studying crack rock will stablize Hydroelectric Engineering Geology subject and rock mass engineering project
Subject has highly important theory significance and practical engineering application value.For rock material, failure by shear is that it is main
Damage -form, therefore the research of lithosome shear-seepage coupling failure mechanism has great significance to solving the above problems.
Bibliography 1 (design and application of novel numerical control rock joint shear seepage tests platform, Wang Gang, rock-soil mechanics, 30
(10), a kind of numerical control rock joint shear seepage tests platform, major function 2009) are proposed are as follows: in joint test specimen normal direction side
Upwards, testing stand has 3 class controllable boundary conditions: constant normal stress (CNL), constant Normal Displacement (CNV) and constant normal direction are rigid
It spends (CNS).Parallel cracks shear direction can apply shearing force or displacement, osmotic pressure.It can under 3 kinds of boundaries and loading condition
Carry out joint shearing test, joint permeability test, closure stress-infiltration coupling test, shear stress-infiltration coupling test, rock
The shearing seepage flow rheological test at stone joint and the radiant flux test of rock joint.
Fig. 1 is please referred to, the system is whole by axially loaded frame, lateral loading mechanism, axially and transversely creep control system
System, seepage flow subsystem, shear box and digital control system composition.Each chief component and its working principle are introduced as follows in detail:
Axially loaded frame includes load cylinder, main machine frame, force snesor, upper lower platen etc..Host uses frame knot
Configuration formula, load cylinder inversion are fixed on upper beam, and force snesor is mounted on piston.
Lateral loading mechanism includes load cylinder, shearing loading frame, force snesor, displacement sensor etc..Shearing load
Frame is all made of high grade spheroidal graphite cast-iron using four frame combined types, oil cylinder seat and strut beam and the side plate on two sides, keeps its frame rigid
Big (5000kN/mm) is spent, stable working is reliable;Shearing loading frame is placed on guide rail, is installed when carrying out shearing test
It is pushed it in main machine frame after sample, after setting other boundary conditions, it can carry out corresponding shearing test.
Laterally and axially control system uses German DO LI company imported with original packaging EDC Full-digital servo controller, the control
Device is controller leading in the world, has multiple Measurement channels, and each Measurement channel can carry out load, displacement, deformation respectively
Deng independent control or several Measurement channels jointly control, and may be implemented to convert without impact between multiple control modes.?
A stiffness reliability channel can be set in EDC, the normal direction calculated according to the obtained normal stress of measurement and normal deformation is rigid
Angle value feeds back to EDC control output channel as control parameter, and well-established law thus may be implemented to stiffness reliability.This function exists
It cannot achieve in other controllers.The Measure Precision of EDC is high, easy to operate, defencive function is complete, may be implemented to mark automatically
It is fixed, automatic clear 0 and fault self-diagnosis.
Seepage flow subsystem includes infiltration compression system, Japanese import Panasonic's servo motor and controller, EDC controller.It adopts
Multistage controllable permanent osmotic pressure and seepage discharge control may be implemented with the system.In the water outlet of shear box, a set of liquid is set
Pressure sensor, flow measurement device and stable-pressure device, and a pressure difference control channel is set in EDC Control System Software, come
The difference of inlet pressure and outlet pressure is measured, realizes the closed-loop control of shear box import and export osmotic pressure difference.And it can be real
Existing stable state and the control of transient state osmotic pressure.
Shear box inside dimension is 200mm (water penetration direction) × 100mm (infiltration width) × 100mm (height).Seepage flow
Shear box is made of upper and lower shear box, and upper shear box is made of upper spliced body, upper seal, upper knife body cushion block;Lower shear box by
Lower spliced body, lower seal, lower knife body cushion block composition.The characteristics of sealing ring is this programme and critical component, it be by elasticity and
Liquid rubber, casting compression molding is made in the moderate polyurethane of hardness.Polyurethane rubber has not only soft but also hard, the small equal spies of friction
Point.Sealing ring be it is hollow, the liquid plastics of certain pressure will be injected after sample installs, in cavity, upper seal is being pressed
The surrounding of the sample upper half is affixed tightly under power, and the surrounding that lower seal is affixed tightly to sample lower half under stress realizes
Sealing, while the contact surface of upper seal and lower seal also receives pressure thight contact, realizes sealing.When upper and lower shearing
When box generates relative movement, the contact surface of upper seal and lower seal still maintains compression seal in slip conditions, until
Sealing ring disengages.There is an inlet opening to shear sweat to rock sample in upper knife body, another hole is gas vent;Lower knife body
In have an apopore, to be discharged penetrate into rock sample shear surface in water.
In the implementation of the present invention, it is found by the applicant that the pressurization of existing rock sample seepage flow test device and water flowing two
Part is provided separately, and causes circuit design very chaotic, also, same direction different location hydraulic pressure is applied on rock sample
Add unevenly, influences the accuracy of test result.
In addition, for numerical control rock joint shear seepage tests platform shown in FIG. 1, primarily directed to three-dimensional rock sample
Be designed, so it carries out normal direction load from bottom to top, carry out shearing load from right-to-left, however three-dimensional rock cranny by
Complicated, hidden in it, internal rupture mechanism can not be disclosed really under the prior art.And the prior art is proposed
Three-dimensional fracture is not real " three-dimensional ", and the only plane of rule, essence are still two dimension.Therefore, two-dimentional rock is tried
Sample carries out test with more realistic meaning.And there is no be directed to what two-dimentional rock sample Fracture Networks were tested in the prior art
Device.
Specific embodiment
Water flowing and pressurization function are combined into one by the way that water-filled pipe to be set to inside pressing plate by the present invention, from simplifying
It pressurizes in two-dimentional rock sample seepage flow test device and the structure of water flowing designs, and rock can be simulated based on this exploitation and composition one kind
The pilot system of stone sample mechanism characteristic under stress field and water flow field collective effect, can be adapted for rock fracture in stress field
With the failure mechanism experimental study under water flow field collective effect.
It should be noted that two dimension pressurization water flowing mechanism is as two-dimentional rock sample seepage tests in following examples
Device is illustrated.Certainly, in other embodiments of the present invention, two dimension pressurization water flowing mechanism can also be used alone or make
For the subsidiary body of other equipment.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a kind of two-dimentional rock sample seepage flow test device is provided.This reality
It applies in example, test object is rectangular bluestone board A, size are as follows: long 500mm, wide 500mm, 10~20mm of thickness.Add on the bluestone board
Work has Fracture Networks, and Fracture Networks position is fixed, cut through by engraving machine, side surface be nature it is coarse, without polishing.
Fig. 2 is the structural schematic diagram according to two dimension rock sample seepage flow test device of the embodiment of the present invention.Fig. 5 is Fig. 2 institute
Show the stress diagram of two-dimentional rock sample in two-dimentional rock sample seepage flow test device.As shown in Figure 2 and Figure 5, the present embodiment
Two-dimentional rock sample seepage flow test device includes:
Chassis 10, top are divided into sample introduction region and test zone, have between the sample introduction region and test zone and slide
Rail 11,12;
Sealing mechanism 20 opens up permeable respectively for sealing two-dimentional rock sample on four sides of the sealing mechanism
Region 23a~23d;
Rock sample pedestal 30, can be free to slide on the slide rail, for by the two-dimentional rock sample being horizontally arranged by into
Sample region is transported to test zone;
Longitudinal loading mechanism is fixed on the top of the test zone of chassis 10, generally liftable structure, is transporting two dimension
When rock sample, which is risen, after two-dimentional rock sample is transported to test zone, the longitudinal direction loading mechanism
It falls, longitudinal pressure is applied to the two-dimentional rock sample for being transported to test zone;
Lateral loading mechanism 50, is fixed on the top of the test zone of chassis 10, generally liftable structure, and described
Longitudinal loading mechanism is staggered, and when transporting two-dimentional rock sample, which is risen, and is transported in two-dimentional rock sample
To test zone, which is fallen, and applies lateral pressure to the two-dimentional rock sample for being transported to test zone;
Osmotic system, for the pressurization water board by lateral loading mechanism head into sealing mechanism two-dimentional rock sample
Fracture Networks apply preset osmotic pressure;It is collected simultaneously the water of exudation;And
Data acquisition module, for seepage parameters of the two-dimentional rock sample under pressurized condition to be acquired and handled.
Wherein, sealing mechanism 20, lateral loading mechanism 50 and osmotic system form a kind of novel two dimension pressurization water flowing machine
The detailed construction of structure, each component part will be explained below.
Each component part of the present embodiment two dimension rock sample seepage flow test device is described in detail below.
In the present embodiment, Fracture Networks are machined on two-dimentional rock sample A, as shown in Figure 5.The position of Fracture Networks is solid
It is fixed, it is carved out before test with engraving machine.
Shape, depth and artistic carving etc. about the Fracture Networks, can be reasonably selected by those skilled in the art,
It is not limited to form given by the present embodiment.
Referring to figure 2., chassis 10 is in frame-like construction.In order to facilitate staff's operation, which has certain height
Degree, and all kinds of electrical control mechanisms is installed in side.
The top of the chassis 10 is equipped with non-interference sliding rail 11,12 in two perpendicular direction, thus via corresponding
Rock sample pedestal 30 two-dimentional rock sample can be transported to test zone, Jin Ershi by sample introduction region from both direction
The test of existing two different forms and content.
Due to guarantee that water is moved only along crack when test, so needing to be sealed six sides of rock sample.
Sealing mechanism 20 includes: longitudinal sealing pad 21,22, is located at the upper and lower part of two-dimentional rock sample, realizes two-dimentional rock
The sealing of Sample A upper and lower surfaces;Lateral seal ring 23 is in " returning " font, is surrounded from surrounding by two-dimentional rock sample A,
Realize the sealing of four sides of two-dimentional rock sample.Permeable region is offered respectively on four sides of lateral seal ring 23
23a~23d, as shown in Figure 5.
It is transparent PVC material for longitudinal sealing pad 21,22, facilitates observation two-dimentional rock sample during the test
State and infiltration situation.For lateral seal ring 23, it is polyurethane material, is made by Shooting Technique, can bears
Biggish pressure.The combination of the longitudinal sealing pad 21,22 and lateral seal ring 23, may be implemented the sealing of 2MPa water.
It can connect and be integrated between the longitudinal sealing pad 21,22 and lateral seal ring 23, be also possible to separately positioned.Only
It wants two-dimentional rock sample A can be surrounded.Since longitudinal loading mechanism can be longitudinally applied to pressure, and lower section chassis meeting
Counter-force is provided, thus even if not connected between longitudinal sealing pad 21,22 and lateral seal ring 23, under the effect of the pressure, three
Person also can tightly be attached onto, will not leak.
Fig. 3 is the schematic diagram of longitudinal loading mechanism in two dimension rock sample seepage flow test device shown in Fig. 2.Referring to figure 2.
And Fig. 3, the longitudinal direction loading mechanism 40 include: the four columns 41 being fixed on above chassis test zone;It is fixed on four columns
The motor mounting plate 42 at top;It is fixed on above motor mounting plate, and extends downwardly four first longitudinal direction liters of output threaded rod
Motor 43 drops;The double-deck loading frame 44 comprising relative position fixed upper load plate 44a and lower load plate 44b.
Four corner locations of upper load plate 44a offer sliding eye, and four columns pass through four sliding eyes, add on this
Support plate slides up and down offer limit.Upper load plate 44a is in the correspondence position of the output threaded rod of four first longitudinal direction lifting motors
It sets and offers corresponding threaded hole, the output threaded rod of four first longitudinal direction lifting motors is screwed into corresponding threaded hole.It is lower to add
The lower surface of support plate 44b is fixed with armorplate glass 45.In four driven situations of first longitudinal direction lifting motor, four defeated
Threaded rod pushes the double-deck loading frame to move down out, and the two-dimentional rock sample of lower section is pushed down by armorplate glass.
Fig. 4 is lateral chassis and lateral loading mechanism in two dimension rock sample shear-seepage coupling test device shown in Fig. 2
Schematic diagram.Referring to figure 2. and Fig. 4, lateral loading mechanism 50 include: three second longitudinal direction lifting motors 51, reaction frame 52,
X is to extruding force force application mechanism 53 and Y-direction extruding force force application mechanism 56.
The bottom of three second longitudinal direction lifting motors 51 is fixed on chassis 10.Wherein, two second longitudinal direction lifting motors
51 are located at the ipsilateral of extruding force force application mechanism 53, and a first from left is right;Another second longitudinal direction lifting motor is located at extruding force force machine
The opposite side of structure 53.
Reaction frame 52 is fixed on the top of three second longitudinal direction lifting motor output shafts, and with longitudinal loading mechanism
Four columns 41 are staggered.Wherein, reaction frame 52 has spiral shell in the position of three second longitudinal direction lifting motor output threaded rods
Pit.Three second longitudinal direction lifting motor output threaded rods pass through corresponding threaded hole on reaction frame 52.At this three second
In longitudinal driven situation of lifting motor, the output threaded rod of three second longitudinal direction lifting motors pushes reaction frame to rise
Or decline.When reaction frame 52 is located at decline state, reaction frame 52 is embedding by the two-dimentional rock sample A for being located at test zone
Together in wherein.
It should be noted that the present embodiment uses three second longitudinal direction lifting motors 51, and in other embodiments of the invention
In, the quantity of second longitudinal direction lifting motor can also be set as needed.Under normal circumstances, two second longitudinal direction liters are at least needed
Motor is dropped, the opposite two sides of reaction frame are separately positioned on.
Fig. 5 is the stress diagram of two-dimentional rock sample in two dimension rock sample seepage flow test device shown in Fig. 2.It please refers to
Fig. 2 and Fig. 5, X are installed on the side of reaction frame 52 to extruding force force application mechanism 53, pass through the first pressurization water board of front end
53a applies the extruding force of X-direction to two-dimentional rock sample, and the counter-force of the extruding force is by reaction frame with respect to the of another side front end
Two pressurization water board 53b are provided, to squeezed in X-direction two-dimentional rock sample.Y-direction extruding force force application mechanism 56 is installed
In the front of reaction frame 52 on reaction frame, Y is applied to two-dimentional rock sample by the third pressurization water board 56a of front end
The extruding force in direction, fourth pressurization water board 56b of the counter-force of the extruding force by reaction frame with respect to another side front end are provided, from
And two-dimentional rock sample is squeezed in the Y direction.
Wherein, the first pressurization water board 53a and third pressurization water board 56a have inlet pipeline, and the two alignment is lateral close
Permeable region in seal ring respective side edge adds water to the two-dimentional rock sample being sealed on the inside of lateral seal ring.Second pressurization is logical
The pressurization of water plate 53b and the 4th water board 56b has outlet pipeline, which is similarly aligned in lateral seal ring respective side edge
Permeable region, to collect through the water that oozes of Fracture Networks on two dimension rock sample.
Fig. 6 is that X is logical to the pressurization of extruding force force application mechanism head first in two dimension rock sample seepage flow test device shown in Fig. 2
The schematic diagram of water plate.As shown in fig. 6, offering the seepage tank of several segments, each seepage flow on the inside of first pressurization water board 53a
Slot is connected with an inlet opening of the first pressurization water board upper surface.It is shown in solid in inlet opening such as Fig. 5.It when in use, if should
Seepage tank in dry section seepage tank alignment lateral seal ring respective side edge, is intake by corresponding inlet opening respectively.
Herein, the seepage tank of multistage is set, and the corresponding independent inlet opening of each seepage tank is to guarantee in two-dimentional rock
The different location of stone sample side, can receive identical water pressure.The seepage tank of the multistage is divided into positioned at different level
Two rows, also, adjacent seepage tank is located on different levels, and is not connected to.Do so is to be located to guarantee two-dimentional rock examination
On the different height of sample side, there is water flow infiltration.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that can according to need the number of segment that seepage tank is arranged and position in the horizontal plane
It sets, also, the permeable region on lateral seal ring side can also be segmented.In the case where requiring not stringent, can also only set
Setting in one section of seepage tank on horizontal plane, but in this case in the water of the same side different location of two-dimentional rock sample
Pressure will less uniformly, it is possible to influence test result.
Third pressurization water board 56a is identical as the first pressurization structure of water board 53a.And second pressurization water board 53b and
4th pressurization water board 56b is substantially the same with the first pressurization water board 53a, and difference is only that, each seepage tank and corresponding pressurization
One apopore of water board lower surface is connected, as shown in phantom in Figure 5.The course of work about three is herein no longer specifically
It is bright.
By the lateral loading mechanism, the lateral load capability of the present embodiment test device is 100KN, and infiltration hydraulic pressure is
2MPa。
Osmotic system includes: water supply compression system and return water system.Water supply compression system includes: driven by stepper motors
Hydraulic controller.Hydraulic controller by piping connection in first pressurization water board and third pressurize water board upper surface into
Water hole.After the completion of two-dimentional rock sample lateral force applies, hydraulic controller passes through inlet opening to the crack of two-dimentional rock sample
Network applies preset osmotic pressure.Return water system includes catch basin.Under second pressurization water board and the 4th pressurization water board
The apopore on surface passes through piping connection to the catch basin.Water body in catch basin can be discharged;Outer water pump can also be passed through
It is pumped into hydraulic controller, to be recycled.
Data acquisition module is for seepage parameters (the Bidirectional-squeezing power, hydraulic pressure to two-dimentional rock sample under pressurized condition
Power and seepage flow water volume) it is acquired comprising: two weighing sensors, a water pressure sensor and two flows
Meter.Wherein, two weighing sensor ranges are 100kN.Be installed in respectively X, Y-direction extruding force force application mechanism 53,56 and its
Between the pressurization water board in front, the axial compressive force for being applied to two-dimentional rock sample in the process is tested for measuring.Water pressure passes
Sensor range is 2MPa, is installed in the outside of water inlet, infiltrates water pressure for measure that test infiltrates end in the process.Flow
Cheng Junwei 5ml/s is measured, the outside of the second pressurization water board and the 4th pressurization water board apopore is installed in respectively, for surveying
Ooze out the flow of water flow during amount test in direction along Fracture Networks.It should be noted that since two-dimentional rock tries
The internal crack of sample is identical, and it is identical that both direction, which infiltrates hydraulic pressure, so to be placed on which end all right for water pressure sensor;And it flows
Amount is then respectively in the second pressurization water board and the 4th pressurization water board both direction measurement.
It should be noted that close in this present embodiment first longitudinal direction lifting motor, second longitudinal direction lifting motor, X to extruding
Power force application mechanism and Y-direction extruding force force application mechanism, have corresponding electric-control system to control it.And the electric-control system is adopted
It is electric-control system commonly used in the art, is no longer described in detail herein.And the sensor in data acquisition module is also this
General sensor in field, those skilled in the art should be quite familiar with it, no longer be described in detail herein.
After the structure to the present embodiment two dimension rock sample seepage flow test device is described in detail, below to its work
It is illustrated as principle:
(1) sample prepares: carving Fracture Networks on two-dimentional rock sample with engraving machine;
(2) sample introduction: two-dimentional rock sample A or more is disposed into longitudinal sealing pad 21,22, is placed in rock sample pedestal 30
On, surrounding connects lateral sealing ring 23, and makes the permeable regional alignment Fracture Networks of 23 inside of lateral seal ring;Under passing through later
The whole push-in test zone of portion's sliding rail 11.
(3) longitudinal register: four first longitudinal direction lifting motors 43 of driving make the double-deck loading frame 44 compress armorplate glass
45 simultaneously compress rock sample in turn.
(4) horizontal direction positions: four second longitudinal directions of driving go up and down electrode 51, decline reaction frame 52 and two-dimentional rock sample
It is completely fitted;
(5) it presses: squeezing for X-direction being applied to extruding force force application mechanism 53 by X in the direction in front and back (front → reverse side)
The counter-force of pressure, the extruding force of this X-direction is provided by the other side of reaction frame 52;Simultaneously in left and right (left side → right side) direction
Apply the extruding force of Y-direction by Y-direction extruding force force application mechanism 56, the counter-force of the extruding force of this Y-direction is by the another of reaction frame
Side provides.
(6) water flowing: hydraulic controller is by piping connection in the upper table of the first pressurization water board and third pressurization water board
The inlet opening in face.After the completion of rock sample extruding force applies, hydraulic controller passes through those inlet openings to two-dimentional rock sample
The preset osmotic pressure of the application of Fracture Networks;The respective opposite other end in two-dimentional rock sample crack collects exudation simultaneously
Water body is simultaneously directed into catch basin;
(7) data acquire: acquire respectively by two weighing sensors be applied to during test rock panel X, Y-direction it is crowded
Pressure, water pressure sensor acquire the water pressure for infiltrating end, and two flowmeters are for acquiring respectively along rock panel crack along two
The water body volume of a direction exudation.
Two-dimentional rock is tried test proves that the present embodiment two dimension rock sample seepage flow test device can be realized smoothly
The load of sample, and seepage flow coupling measurement is carried out, there is stronger practicability.
So far, attached drawing is had been combined the present embodiment is described in detail.According to above description, those skilled in the art
Not only should be to two-dimentional rock sample seepage flow test device, and should have clearly to two dimension pressurization water flowing mechanism therein
Understanding.
It should be noted that in attached drawing or specification text, the implementation for not being painted or describing is affiliated technology
Form known to a person of ordinary skill in the art, is not described in detail in field.In addition, the above-mentioned definition to each element and method is simultaneously
It is not limited only to various specific structures, shape or the mode mentioned in embodiment, those of ordinary skill in the art can carry out letter to it
It singly changes or replaces, such as:
(1) above-mentioned lateral loading mechanism can also replace lateral reaction frame structure using opposite direction load;
(2) above-mentioned seepage flow water outlet mouth can also substitute pipeline direct emission using hydraulic controller;
(3) position etc. of the inlet and outlet setting of sealing mechanism, can also be according to crack on two-dimentional rock sample
The position of network is adjusted, in addition, the position of Fracture Networks is also not limited to the center of two-dimentional rock sample;
(4) structure and connection about osmotic system and data acquisition module, those skilled in the art can according to need
Rationally setting, and can be using molding Related product in the market;
(5) it can provide the demonstration of the parameter comprising particular value herein, but these parameters are worth without definite equal to corresponding, and
It is that can be similar to analog value in acceptable error margin or design constraint;
(6) direction term mentioned in embodiment, such as "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right" etc. are only ginsengs
The direction for examining attached drawing, the protection scope being not intended to limit the invention.
In conclusion the present invention provides one kind by the way that water-filled pipe to be set to inside pressing plate, by water flowing and pressurization function
It is combined into one, is designed from simplifying to pressurize in two-dimentional rock sample seepage flow test device with the structure of water flowing, and based on this exploitation
Making one kind can be with the pilot system of simulation rock sample mechanism characteristic under stress field and water flow field collective effect, can be with mould
The test of quasi- rock sample mechanism characteristic under stress field and water flow field collective effect, while being suitable for rock fracture in stress field
With the failure mechanism experimental study under water flow field collective effect, there is stronger practical value.
Particular embodiments described above has carried out further in detail the purpose of the present invention, technical scheme and beneficial effects
It describes in detail bright, it should be understood that the above is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, is not intended to restrict the invention, it is all
Within the spirit and principles in the present invention, any modification, equivalent substitution, improvement and etc. done should be included in guarantor of the invention
Within the scope of shield.