CN105602735A - 一种利用废餐饮油脂的生物柴油及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种利用废餐饮油脂的生物柴油及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN105602735A
CN105602735A CN201510991642.7A CN201510991642A CN105602735A CN 105602735 A CN105602735 A CN 105602735A CN 201510991642 A CN201510991642 A CN 201510991642A CN 105602735 A CN105602735 A CN 105602735A
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吴优
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Abstract

本发明的利用废餐饮油脂的生物柴油，首先将脱水杂后的废餐饮油脂，浓硫酸，甲醇按重量比100:1.8:15，一同加入酯化反应罐，在78℃条件下，反应时间4h；然后将催化酯化的废餐饮油脂，KOH，甲醇按重量比100:1.1:19，加入酯交换反应罐，在68℃条件下，反应时间2h；然后通过水洗、蒸馏得到生物柴油原料油；然后由以下重量份数的组份调制成生物柴油：生物柴油原料油980份、异丙醇135份、二乙二醇单丁醚17份、硝酸异辛酯1.8份、蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚22份、癸基葡萄糖苷18份、二丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯37份、失水山梨醇单油酸酯聚氧乙烯醚35份、十四烷基三甲基溴化铵13份、水160份。

Description

一种利用废餐饮油脂的生物柴油及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及生物柴油技术领域，特别涉及一种利用废餐饮油脂的生物柴油及其制备方法。
背景技术
生物柴油(Biodiesel)提炼自动植物油，普遍用于拖拉机、卡车、船舶等。它是指以油料作物如大豆、油菜、棉、棕榈等，野生油料植物和工程微藻等水生植物油脂以及动物油脂、餐饮垃圾油等为原料油通过酯交换或热化学工艺制成的可代替石化柴油的再生性柴油燃料。生物柴油是生物质能的一种，其在物理性质上与石化柴油接近，但化学组成不同。生物柴油是含氧量极高的复杂有机成分的混合物，这些混合物主要是一些分子量大的有机物，几乎包括所有种类的含氧有机物，如:酯、醚、醛、酮、酚、有机酸、醇等。复合型生物柴油是以废弃的动植物油、废机油及炼油厂的副产品为原料，再加入催化剂，经专用设备和特殊工艺合成。
生物柴油具有优良的环保特性：生物柴油和石化柴油相比含硫量低，使用后可使二氧化硫和硫化物排放大大减少。权威数据显示，二氧化硫和硫化物的排放量可降低约30%。生物柴油不含对环境造成污染的芳香族化合物，燃烧尾气对人体的损害低于石化柴油，同时具有良好的生物降解特性。和石化柴油相比，柴油车尾气中有毒有机物排放量仅为10%,颗粒物为20%，二氧化碳和一氧化碳的排放量仅为10%，排放尾气指标可达到欧洲Ⅱ号和Ⅲ号排放标准。低温启动性能：和石化柴油相比，生物柴油具有良好的发动机低温启动性能，冷滤点达到-20℃。生物柴油的润滑性能比柴油好：可以降低发动机供油系统和缸套的摩擦损失，增加发动机的使用寿命，从而间接降低发动机的成本。具有良好的安全性能：生物柴油的闪点高于石化柴油，它不属于危险燃料，在运输、储存、使用等方面的优点明显。具有优良的燃烧性能：生物柴油的十六烷值比柴油高，因此燃料在使用时具有更好的燃烧抗暴性能，因此可以采用更高压缩比的发动机以提高其热效率。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种具有良好的燃烧压力和燃料经济性，以及优异的排放性能的利用废餐饮油脂的生物柴油及其制备方法。
本发明的利用废餐饮油脂的生物柴油，首先将脱水杂后的废餐饮油脂，浓硫酸，甲醇按重量比100:1.8:15，一同加入酯化反应罐，在78℃条件下，反应时间4h；然后将催化酯化的废餐饮油脂，KOH，甲醇按重量比100:1.1:19，加入酯交换反应罐，在68℃条件下，反应时间2h；然后通过水洗、蒸馏得到生物柴油原料油；然后由以下重量份数的组份调制成生物柴油：生物柴油原料油950～1000份、异丙醇120～150份、二乙二醇单丁醚15～20份、硝酸异辛酯1.5～2份、蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚20～25份、癸基葡萄糖苷15～20份、二丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯35～40份、失水山梨醇单油酸酯聚氧乙烯醚30～40份、十四烷基三甲基溴化铵12～15份、水150～180份。
作为优化，该利用废餐饮油脂的生物柴油，由以下重量份数的组份制成：生物柴油原料油980份、异丙醇135份、二乙二醇单丁醚17份、硝酸异辛酯1.8份、蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚22份、癸基葡萄糖苷18份、二丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯37份、失水山梨醇单油酸酯聚氧乙烯醚35份、十四烷基三甲基溴化铵13份、水160份。
制备本发明利用废餐饮油脂的生物柴油的方法，包括以下步骤：
a、取所述重量份数的异丙醇、二乙二醇单丁醚、硝酸异辛酯、蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚，加入到高速搅拌机，在50～55℃条件下，以1200～1400转/分钟转速搅拌3～5分钟；
b、取所述重量份数的癸基葡萄糖苷、二丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯、失水山梨醇单油酸酯聚氧乙烯醚、十四烷基三甲基溴化铵、水加入到生物柴油原料油中，在56～60℃条件下，以1000～1200转/分钟转速搅拌1～2分钟，然后采用超声波搅拌器，在62～65℃条件下，搅拌60～80分钟；
c、将步骤a中的混合物加入到步骤b中的混合物中，在45～50℃条件下，以1000～1000转/分钟转速搅拌1～2分钟；然后采用超声波搅拌器，在50～60℃条件下，搅拌100～120分钟，冷却即成。
本发明利用废餐饮油脂的生物柴油，采用多种活性成分和多种复合乳化添加剂，通过特殊的工艺制备而成；各组分之间协同作用十分突出。因此本发明生物柴油具有了优良的缸内燃烧压力，并且相对于普通的乳化生物柴油具有良好比能耗，燃油消耗量低，同时NOX排放量更低，环保性能更好。
附图说明
图1是1500r/min、平均有效压力0.531MPa时，三组燃料燃烧压力参数的对比图。
图2是1500r/min，三组燃料燃料消耗率对比图。
图3是为1500r/min负荷特性下，三组燃料NOX排放对比图。
具体实施方式
下面给出的实施例拟对本发明作进一步说明，但不能理解为是对本发明保护范围的限制，本领域技术人员根据本发明内容对本发明的一些非本质的改进和调整，仍属于本发明的保护范围。
实施例1：首先将脱水杂后的废餐饮油脂，浓硫酸，甲醇按重量比100:1.8:15，一同加入酯化反应罐，在78℃条件下，反应时间4h；然后将催化酯化的废餐饮油脂，KOH，甲醇按重量比100:1.1:19，加入酯交换反应罐，在68℃条件下，反应时间2h；然后通过水洗、蒸馏得到生物柴油原料油；然后通过以下步骤制成；
a、取异丙醇135千克、二乙二醇单丁醚17千克、硝酸异辛酯1.8千克、蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚（EL-20）22千克，加入到高速搅拌机，在50～55℃条件下，以1200～1400转/分钟转速搅拌3～5分钟；
b、取癸基葡萄糖苷（APG10）18千克、二丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯37千克、失水山梨醇单油酸酯聚氧乙烯醚35千克、十四烷基三甲基溴化铵13千克、水160千克加入到980千克的生物柴油原料油中，在56～60℃条件下，以1000～1200转/分钟转速搅拌1～2分钟，然后采用超声波搅拌器，在62～65℃条件下，搅拌60～80分钟；
c、将步骤a中的混合物加入到步骤b中的混合物中，在45～50℃条件下，以1000～1000转/分钟转速搅拌1～2分钟；然后采用超声波搅拌器，在50～60℃条件下，搅拌100～120分钟，冷却即成。
实施例2：首先将脱水杂后的废餐饮油脂，浓硫酸，甲醇按重量比100:1.8:15，一同加入酯化反应罐，在78℃条件下，反应时间4h；然后将催化酯化的废餐饮油脂，KOH，甲醇按重量比100:1.1:19，加入酯交换反应罐，在68℃条件下，反应时间2h；然后通过水洗、蒸馏得到生物柴油原料油；然后通过以下步骤制成；
a、取异丙醇120千克、二乙二醇单丁醚15千克、硝酸异辛酯1.5千克、蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚（EL-20）20千克，加入到高速搅拌机，在50～55℃条件下，以1200～1400转/分钟转速搅拌3～5分钟；
b、取癸基葡萄糖苷（APG10）15千克、二丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯35千克、失水山梨醇单油酸酯聚氧乙烯醚30千克、十四烷基三甲基溴化铵12千克、水150千克加入到950千克的生物柴油原料油中，在56～60℃条件下，以1000～1200转/分钟转速搅拌1～2分钟，然后采用超声波搅拌器，在62～65℃条件下，搅拌60～80分钟；
c、将步骤a中的混合物加入到步骤b中的混合物中，在45～50℃条件下，以1000～1000转/分钟转速搅拌1～2分钟；然后采用超声波搅拌器，在50～60℃条件下，搅拌100～120分钟，冷却即成。
实施例3：首先将脱水杂后的废餐饮油脂，浓硫酸，甲醇按重量比100:1.8:15，一同加入酯化反应罐，在78℃条件下，反应时间4h；然后将催化酯化的废餐饮油脂，KOH，甲醇按重量比100:1.1:19，加入酯交换反应罐，在68℃条件下，反应时间2h；然后通过水洗、蒸馏得到生物柴油原料油；然后通过以下步骤制成；
a、取异丙醇150千克、二乙二醇单丁醚20千克、硝酸异辛酯2千克、蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚（EL-20）25千克，加入到高速搅拌机，在50～55℃条件下，以1200～1400转/分钟转速搅拌3～5分钟；
b、取癸基葡萄糖苷（APG10）20千克、二丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯40千克、失水山梨醇单油酸酯聚氧乙烯醚40千克、十四烷基三甲基溴化铵15千克、水180千克加入到1000千克的生物柴油原料油中，在56～60℃条件下，以1000～1200转/分钟转速搅拌1～2分钟，然后采用超声波搅拌器，在62～65℃条件下，搅拌60～80分钟；
c、将步骤a中的混合物加入到步骤b中的混合物中，在45～50℃条件下，以1000～1000转/分钟转速搅拌1～2分钟；然后采用超声波搅拌器，在50～60℃条件下，搅拌100～120分钟，冷却即成。
对比例：取生物柴油原料油1000千克，水180千克，山梨醇单油酸酯聚氧乙烯醚40千克，十四烷基三甲基溴化铵15千克，以1000～1000转/分钟转速搅拌1～2分钟；然后采用超声波搅拌器，在50～60℃条件下，搅拌100～120分钟。
相关实验：试验用发动机为ZH1105W型单缸直喷式柴油机，缸径为105mm，活塞行程为115mm，压缩比为16.5，排量为0.996L，标定功率为11.03kw，原机喷油提前角为22°CA。最大扭矩对应转速为1500r/min。采用由日本小野公司生产的CB566燃烧分析仪、电荷放大器、压力传感器、光电传感器以及曲轴转角发生器等组成的一套动态测试分析仪测录发动机的示功图。分为三组进行测试。组一实施例1中生物柴油、组二对比例中的生物柴油、组三本发明中生物柴油原料油。
图1为1500r/min、平均有效压力0.531MPa时，三组燃料燃烧压力参数的对比。从图1中可见采用实施例1中生物柴油的组一的缸压峰值为8.21MPa明显高于其他组。图2为1500r/min，三组燃料燃料消耗率对比。从图2中可见采用实施例1中生物柴油的组一的比能耗明显高于组二。图3为1500r/min负荷特性下，三组燃料NOX排放对比。从图3中可见采用实施例1中生物柴油的组一的比能耗明显高于组三。

Claims (3)

1.一种利用废餐饮油脂的生物柴油；其特征在于；将脱水杂后的废餐饮油脂，浓硫酸，甲醇按重量比100:1.8:15，一同加入酯化反应罐，在78℃条件下，反应时间4h；然后将催化酯化的废餐饮油脂，KOH，甲醇按重量比100:1.1:19，加入酯交换反应罐，在68℃条件下，反应时间2h；然后通过水洗、蒸馏得到生物柴油原料油；然后由以下重量份数的组份调制成生物柴油：生物柴油原料油950～1000份、异丙醇120～150份、二乙二醇单丁醚15～20份、硝酸异辛酯1.5～2份、蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚20～25份、癸基葡萄糖苷15～20份、二丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯35～40份、失水山梨醇单油酸酯聚氧乙烯醚30～40份、十四烷基三甲基溴化铵12～15份、水150～180份。
2.根据权要求1所述的利用废餐饮油脂的生物柴油，其特征在于由以下重量份数的组份制成：生物柴油原料油980份、异丙醇135份、二乙二醇单丁醚17份、硝酸异辛酯1.8份、蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚22份、癸基葡萄糖苷18份、二丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯37份、失水山梨醇单油酸酯聚氧乙烯醚35份、十四烷基三甲基溴化铵13份、水160份。
3.一种制备以上任一项权利要求所述利用废餐饮油脂的生物柴油的方法，其特征在于包括以下步骤：
a、取所述重量份数的异丙醇、二乙二醇单丁醚、硝酸异辛酯、蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚，加入到高速搅拌机，在50～55℃条件下，以1200～1400转/分钟转速搅拌3～5分钟；
b、取所述重量份数的癸基葡萄糖苷、二丙二醇甲醚乙酸酯、失水山梨醇单油酸酯聚氧乙烯醚、十四烷基三甲基溴化铵、水加入到生物柴油原料油中，在56～60℃条件下，以1000～1200转/分钟转速搅拌1～2分钟，然后采用超声波搅拌器，在62～65℃条件下，搅拌60～80分钟；
c、将步骤a中的混合物加入到步骤b中的混合物中，在45～50℃条件下，以1000～1000转/分钟转速搅拌1～2分钟；然后采用超声波搅拌器，在50～60℃条件下，搅拌100～120分钟，冷却即成。
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